514:, at a time when the economic phenomena of increased output merged with England's cyclical inability to maintain both sales and unemployment. This led many to believe that there was a limit to the growth of production, and there may come a point when there is no means of purchasing all output generated. Say's Law of Markets deals with the fact that production of commodities causes income to be paid to suppliers of the components of capital, labor, and land used in producing these goods and services. The sale price of these commodities is the sum of the payments of wages, rents, and profit. Income generated during production of a commodity equals the value of that commodity. Therefore, an increase in the supply of output will result in an increase in the income necessary to generate demand for those products.
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463:, who criticized it as in the former two, equating all four of these statements to mean the same thing. Some economists, including some advocates of Say's law who dispute this characterization as a misrepresentation, have disputed his interpretation, claiming that Say's law can actually be summarized more accurately as "production precedes consumption" and that Say was claiming that in order to consume one must produce something of value so that one can trade this (either in the form of money or barter) in order to consume later.
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1415:, his main economic work, Say stated that any production process required effort, knowledge and the "application" of the entrepreneur. According to him, entrepreneurs are intermediaries in the production process who combine productive agents such as land, capital and labor in order to meet the demand of consumers. As a result, they play a central role in the economy and fulfil a coordinating role.
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his hands. Nor is he less anxious to dispose of the money he may get for it; for the value of money is also perishable. But the only way of getting rid of money is in the purchase of some product or other. Thus the mere circumstance of creation of one product immediately opens a vent for other products.
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It is worthwhile to remark that a product is no sooner created than it, from that instant, affords a market for other products to the full extent of its own value. When the producer has put the finishing hand to his product, he is most anxious to sell it immediately, lest its value should diminish in
477:
In Say's language, "products are paid for with products" (1803, p. 153) or "a glut can take place only when there are too many means of production applied to one kind of product and not enough to another" (1803, pp. 178–179). Explaining his point at length, he wrote the following:
255:. During the latter period, he was employed successively by two London-based firms of sugar merchants, James Baillie & Co and Samuel and William Hibbert. At the end of 1786, he accompanied Samuel Hibbert on a voyage to France which ended in December with Hibbert's death in
1430:
As he emphasized the coordinating function of entrepreneurs, Say viewed entrepreneurial income primarily as high wages that are paid in compensation for the skills and expert knowledge of entrepreneurs. He did so by making a distinction between the enterprise function and the
1426:
Say also thought about which qualities are essential for successful entrepreneurs and highlighted the quality of judgement. To his mind, entrepreneurs have to continuously assess market needs and the means which could meet them, which requires an "unerring market sense".
44:
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which employed some 400–500 people, mainly women and children. He devoted his leisure time to revising his economic treatise which had been out of print for some time, but the system of state censorship in place prevented him from republishing it.
474:(1808). The Scottish classical economist James Mill restates Say's law in 1808, writing that "production of commodities creates, and is the one and universal cause which creates a market for the commodities produced".
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there is an abundance of obstacles to be surmounted, of anxieties to be repressed, of misfortunes to be repaired, and of expedients to be devised there is always a degree of risk attending such undertakings.
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supply-of-capital-function which allowed him to look at the earnings of the entrepreneur on the one hand and the remuneration of capital on the other hand. This clearly differentiates his theory from that of
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372:, who had professed himself his pupil. In the same year, the French government sent him to study the economic condition of the United Kingdom. The results of his observations appeared in a tract,
199:—also known as the law of markets—which he popularized, although scholars disagree as to whether it was Say who first articulated the theory. Moreover, he was one of the first economists to study
491:
Money performs but a momentary function in this double exchange; and when the transaction is finally closed, it will always be found, that one kind of commodity has been exchanged for another.
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However, Although
Braudel notes a variety of different readings of Say's Law, they all agree around some formulation of whereby supply creates demand at least eventually if not immediately.
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348:, Say was removed from the office of tribune in 1804. He turned to industrial activities and after having familiarised himself with the processes of cotton manufacture he established a
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Sometimes a manufacturer discovers a process, calculated either to introduce a new product, to increase the beauty of an old one, or to produce with greater economy.
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5:11 – "When goods increase, they are increased that eat them: and what good is there to the owners thereof, saving the beholding of them with their eyes?" (
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247:. Say was intended to follow a commercial career and in 1785 was sent with his brother Horace to complete his education in England. He lodged for a time in
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When a workman carries on an enterprise on his own account, as the knife grinder in the streets, he is both workman and entrepreneur.
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Clower, Robert W. (2004). "Trashing J.B. Say: the story of a mare's nest". In
Fitoussi, Jean-Paul; Velupillai, Kumaraswamy (eds.).
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and conceptualized entrepreneurs as organizers and leaders of the economy. He was also closely involved in the development of the
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Say also wrote that it is not the abundance of money, but the abundance of other products in general that facilitates sales:
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Traité d'économie politique ou simple exposition de la manière dont se forment, se distribuent et se composent les richesses
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when discussing entrepreneurship, although he never deeply investigated their relationships. However, Say stated:
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Say's first literary attempt was a pamphlet on the liberty of the press, published in 1789. He later worked under
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Thweatt, William O. (2000). "Early
Formulators of Say's Law". In Wood, John Cunningham; Kates, Steven (eds.).
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Republicanism and the French
Revolution: An Intellectual History of Jean-Baptiste Say's Political Economy
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as "the most distinguished example of the stability of economic ideas, including when they are wrong".
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2015:
Jean-Baptiste Say and the
Classical Canon in Economics: the British Connection in French Classicism
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Say is well known for Say's law, or the law of markets, often controversially summarised as:
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In 1814, Say availed himself (to use his own words) of the relative liberty arising from the
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1790:. Translated from the fourth edition of the French in 2001. Batoche Books Kitchener. p. 57.
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Besides studying large-scale entrepreneurs, Say looked at people working for themselves:
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Macroeconomic theory and economic policy : essays in honour of Jean-Paul
Fitoussi
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1505:. He lost his wife in January 1830 and from that time his health declined. When the
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broke out, Say was named a member of the council-general of the department of the
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Lancaster, Brian (2015). "Jean-Baptiste Say's First Visit to
England (1785/6)".
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Lancaster, Brian (March 2012), "Jean-Baptiste Say's 1785 Croydon street plan",
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2002:
1940:. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 274–275.
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322:. He had by this time established his reputation as a publicist and when the
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344:. Having proved unwilling to compromise his convictions in the interests of
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in the world. In 1831, he was made professor of political economy at the
345:
327:
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was established in 1799 he was selected as one of the 100 members of the
236:
1591:
Koolman, G. (1971). "Say's
Conception of the Role of the Entrepreneur".
3652:
1942:
THe second part of this article is Ingram's appreciation of Say's work.
1612:
248:
220:
259:. Say returned to Paris, where he found employment in the office of a
2185:
1568:
The Wheels of
Commerce: Civilisation and Capitalism 15th–18th Century
383:
A chair of industrial economy was established for him in 1819 at the
256:
252:
240:
1604:
466:
Similar sentiments through different wordings appear in the work of
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to bring out a second edition of the work dedicated to the emperor
215:
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at McMaster
University Archive for the History of Economic Thought
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at McMaster University Archive for the History of Economic Thought
1994:
1917:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1510:
1488:
278:
214:
86:
336:
Olbie, ou essai sur les moyens de réformer les mœurs d'une nation
1895:. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. p. 329.
1880:. Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger. p. 331.
1469:
In 1793, Say married Mlle Deloche, daughter of a former lawyer.
1440:
387:. In 1825, he became a member of the improvement council of the
228:
64:
3656:
3374:
2276:
459:
The exact phrase "supply creates its own demand" was coined by
285:
Lettres à M. Malthus, sur différens sujets d'économie politique
1501:
In his later years, Say became subject to attacks of nervous
2272:
1516:
Say died in Paris on 15 November 1832 and was buried in the
391:, later renamed École Supérieure de Commerce de Paris, now
207:, historically the first business school to be established.
2174:
Letters to Malthus on Several Subjects of Political Economy
299:. In 1792, he took part as a volunteer in the campaign of
2186:
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
2053:
Jean-Baptiste Say: Revolutionary, Entrepreneur, Economist
1953:
Hart, David (2008). "Say, Jean-Baptiste (1767–1832)". In
1651:
Croydon Natural History & Scientific Society Bulletin
195:
and lifting restraints on business. He is best known for
187:
French economist and businessman who argued in favor of
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
251:
and afterwards (following a return visit to France) in
444:
Say's law is instead uncontroversially summarized as:
307:
fashion the pseudonym Atticus and became secretary to
243:
for some time in consequence of the revocation of the
2190:
314:
From 1794 to 1800, he edited a periodical, entitled
3629:
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2932:
2666:
2415:
2380:
2310:
2182:
Guide to the Jean Baptiste Say Collection 1794–1821
151:
133:
121:
111:
106:
94:
75:
50:
34:
1586:
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1582:
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3881:Conservatoire national des arts et métiers alumni
1477:In 1826, Say was elected a foreign member of the
510:Say's law emerged during the early period of the
316:La Decade philosophique, litteraire, et politique
3876:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
338:. In 1803, he published his principal work, the
1458:
1453:
1420:
489:
480:
3668:
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2288:
1829:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1392:
8:
2031:Garello, Jacques Garello (29 January 2011).
231:. His father Jean-Etienne Say was born to a
27:French economist and businessman (1767–1832)
1541:. Vol. 5. London: Routledge. pp.
405:Cours complet d'économie politique pratique
183:; 5 January 1767 – 15 November 1832) was a
3675:
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3379:
3371:
2295:
2281:
2273:
2107:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1399:
1385:
521:
42:
31:
495:Say's law may also have been culled from
389:École spéciale de commerce et d'industrie
366:entrance of the allied powers into France
318:, in which he expounded the doctrines of
205:École spéciale de commerce et d'industrie
2095:L'oeuvre économique de Jean-Baptiste Say
3851:Academic staff of the Collège de France
2197:
1539:Jean-Baptiste Say: Critical Assessments
1529:
1513:, but he found it necessary to resign.
533:
275:Writings, teaching and entrepreneurship
3755:James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale
2100:
1636:
303:. In 1793, he assumed in keeping with
271:(1774–1840) also became an economist.
223:, drawn by the 18-year-old Say in 1785
178:
7:
1802:Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went
503:). Say's law has been considered by
3856:French classical liberal economists
2142:Works by or about Jean-Baptiste Say
448:"Supply constitutes its own demand"
3637:List of Austrian-school economists
2017:, London and New York: Routledge,
1960:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
1755:"Information on Jean-Baptiste Say"
330:, resigning the editorship of the
25:
3841:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
2076:Say's Law: An Historical Analysis
1827:Say's Law: An Historical Analysis
1709:. London: Routledge. p. 92.
1479:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
403:. In 1828–1830, he published his
385:Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers
3836:19th-century French male writers
3765:Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi
2818:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2200:
2033:"Portrait: J.B. Say (1767–1832)"
1910:
1852:"Catechism of Political Economy"
1800:Galbraith, John Kenneth (1975),
1366:
1354:
541:
3871:French male non-fiction writers
3861:19th-century French politicians
3642:The Use of Knowledge in Society
2166:A Treatise on Political Economy
2156:Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas
1893:A Treatise on Political economy
1878:A Treatise on Political Economy
1788:A Treatise on Political Economy
1775:A Treatise on Political Economy
643:Concepts, theory and techniques
3831:19th-century French economists
2078:, Princeton University Press,
374:De l'Angleterre et des Anglais
1:
2754:Critique of political economy
2160:article (Volume 11, Number 1)
2151:Say's Law and Economic Growth
438:Supply creates its own demand
311:, the then finance minister.
1804:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin,
1682:10.1080/01916599.2014.989676
235:family which had moved from
2120:, Oxford University Press,
1891:Say, Jean-Baptiste (1880).
1876:Say, Jean-Baptiste (1880).
1850:Say, Jean-Baptiste (1821).
1786:Say, Jean-Baptiste (1803).
1773:Say, Jean-Baptiste (1803).
453:Traité d'économie politique
3897:
3770:Johann Heinrich von Thünen
2892:Real business-cycle theory
2116:Whatmore, Richard (2001),
1977:10.4135/9781412965811.n274
518:Theory of entrepreneurship
414:
3690:
3601:Richard Ritter von Strigl
3332:
1743:"Chapter VI: Consumption"
1670:History of European Ideas
1566:Braudel, Fernand (1979).
1439:). Say also touched upon
376:. A third edition of the
334:. In 1800, Say published
165:
102:
41:
3846:Businesspeople from Lyon
2093:Teilhac, Ernest (1927).
631:JEL classification codes
3785:Edward Gibbon Wakefield
2532:Industrial organization
2362:Computational economics
2050:Schoorl, Evert (2012).
1937:Encyclopædia Britannica
1825:Sowell, Thomas (1972).
1507:revolution of that year
817:Industrial organization
674:Computational economics
2737:Modern monetary theory
2402:Experimental economics
2372:Pluralism in economics
2357:Mathematical economics
2038:24 August 2020 at the
1518:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1498:
1495:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1462:
1457:
1424:
669:Experimental economics
505:John Kenneth Galbraith
493:
485:
470:(1848) and his father
288:
224:
3780:Nassau William Senior
3750:John Ramsay McCulloch
3460:Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk
3422:French liberal school
1963:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
1761:26 March 2009 at the
1492:
1485:Later years and death
512:Industrial Revolution
415:Further information:
370:Alexander I of Russia
282:
218:
180:[ʒɑ̃batistsɛ]
128:French Liberal School
3684:Classical economists
3551:Jesús Huerta de Soto
3480:Friedrich von Wieser
2611:Social choice theory
2367:Behavioral economics
1971:. pp. 449–450.
1737:Mill, James (1808).
896:Social choice theory
393:ESCP Business School
305:French Revolutionary
297:Courrier de Provence
283:Title page of Say's
263:company directed by
3581:William H. Peterson
3444:School of Salamanca
3437:Gustave de Molinari
3417:Classical economics
2695:American (National)
2395:Economic statistics
1361:Business portal
684:Operations research
664:National accounting
461:John Maynard Keynes
410:
395:, one of the first
324:consular government
287:, published in 1820
3866:French Protestants
3700:Bernard Mandeville
3541:Hans-Hermann Hoppe
3526:Gottfried Haberler
3489:Other contributors
2056:. London: London.
2044:La nouvelle lettre
1928:Say, Jean Baptiste
1924:Ingram, John Kells
1499:
1493:Say's tomb in the
1437:Schumpeterian rent
694:Industrial complex
689:Middle income trap
380:appeared in 1817.
289:
225:
3808:
3807:
3720:Jean-Baptiste Say
3695:Francis Hutcheson
3650:
3649:
3432:Jean-Baptiste Say
3368:
3367:
2899:New institutional
2158:Economic Insights
2011:Hollander, Samuel
1739:Commerce Defended
1433:Joseph Schumpeter
1409:
1408:
401:Collège de France
172:Jean-Baptiste Say
169:
168:
138:Richard Cantillon
116:Political economy
69:Kingdom of France
36:Jean-Baptiste Say
18:Jean Baptiste Say
16:(Redirected from
3888:
3790:Frédéric Bastiat
3775:John Stuart Mill
3715:Anders Chydenius
3677:
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1986:978-1412965804
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1955:Hamowy, Ronald
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1777:. pp. 138–139.
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3795:Thomas Tooke
3719:
3616:Mark Skousen
3566:Peter Leeson
3536:Robert Higgs
3516:Frank Fetter
3501:Walter Block
3431:
3356:Publications
3312:Publications
3279:
2964:
2875:Neoclassical
2865:Mercantilism
2774:Evolutionary
2636:Sociological
2609: /
2507:Geographical
2487:Evolutionary
2462:Digitization
2427:Agricultural
2390:Econometrics
2330:Price theory
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2014:
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1859:. Retrieved
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921:Sociological
894: /
792:Geographical
772:Evolutionary
747:Digitization
712:Agricultural
616:Mathematical
587:Econometrics
509:
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171:
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146:Pietro Verri
81:(1832-11-15)
29:
3826:1832 deaths
3821:1767 births
3470:Carl Menger
3150:von Neumann
2919:Supply-side
2904:Physiocracy
2848:Marginalism
2537:Information
2477:Engineering
2457:Development
2452:Demographic
2335:Game theory
2312:Theoretical
1637:Ingram 1911
1447:as well as
1445:uncertainty
1167:von Neumann
822:Information
762:Engineering
742:Development
737:Demographic
679:Game theory
621:Methodology
189:competition
95:Nationality
3815:Categories
3730:James Mill
3710:Adam Smith
3705:David Hume
3591:Larry Reed
3410:Influences
3307:Economists
3180:Schumacher
3085:Schumpeter
3055:von Wieser
2975:von Thünen
2935:Economists
2834:Circuitism
2799:Humanistic
2794:Historical
2769:Ecological
2759:Democratic
2732:Chartalism
2722:Behavioral
2685:Mainstream
2646:Statistics
2641:Solidarity
2562:Managerial
2527:Humanistic
2522:Historical
2467:Ecological
2432:Behavioral
2243:Liberalism
2046:. 1064: 8.
1995:2008009151
1552:0415232406
1524:References
1449:innovation
1326:Economists
1197:Schumacher
1102:Schumpeter
1072:von Wieser
992:von Thünen
955:economists
931:Statistics
926:Solidarity
847:Managerial
812:Humanistic
807:Historical
752:Ecological
717:Behavioral
611:Mainstream
472:James Mill
320:Adam Smith
233:Protestant
211:Early life
193:free trade
142:Adam Smith
134:Influences
57:1767-01-05
3404:economics
3225:Greenspan
3190:Samuelson
3170:Galbraith
3140:Tinbergen
3080:von Mises
3075:Heckscher
3035:Edgeworth
2914:Stockholm
2909:Socialist
2809:Keynesian
2789:Happiness
2749:Classical
2710:Mutualism
2705:Anarchist
2690:Heterodox
2587:Personnel
2547:Knowledge
2512:Happiness
2502:Financial
2472:Education
2447:Democracy
2382:Empirical
2304:Economics
2219:Economics
2103:cite book
2003:750831024
1926:(1911). "
1861:13 August
1725:252932434
1690:144520487
1593:Economica
1242:Greenspan
1207:Samuelson
1187:Galbraith
1157:Tinbergen
1097:von Mises
1092:Heckscher
1052:Edgeworth
872:Personnel
832:Knowledge
797:Happiness
787:Financial
757:Education
732:Democracy
626:Political
592:Heterodox
535:Economics
417:Say's law
411:Say's law
301:Champagne
197:Say's law
156:Say's law
124:tradition
3630:See also
3453:Founders
3336:Category
3316:journals
3302:Glossary
3255:Stiglitz
3220:Rothbard
3200:Buchanan
3185:Friedman
3175:Koopmans
3165:Leontief
3145:Robinson
3030:Marshall
2880:Lausanne
2784:Georgism
2779:Feminist
2727:Buddhist
2717:Austrian
2616:Regional
2592:Planning
2567:Monetary
2497:Feminist
2442:Cultural
2437:Business
2267:Politics
2207:Business
2097:. Paris.
2074:(1973),
2036:Archived
2013:(2005),
1759:Archived
1745:. p. 81.
1503:apoplexy
1497:in Paris
1413:Treatise
1335:journals
1321:Glossary
1272:Stiglitz
1237:Rothbard
1217:Buchanan
1202:Friedman
1192:Koopmans
1182:Leontief
1162:Robinson
1047:Marshall
953:Notable
901:Regional
877:Planning
852:Monetary
782:Feminist
727:Cultural
722:Business
527:a series
525:Part of
346:Napoleon
328:Tribunat
293:Mirabeau
89:, France
3351:Outline
3322:Schools
3314: (
3275:Piketty
3270:Krugman
3135:Kuznets
3125:Kalecki
3100:Polanyi
2990:Cournot
2985:Bastiat
2970:Ricardo
2960:Malthus
2950:Quesnay
2853:Marxian
2744:Chicago
2674:history
2669:Schools
2656:Welfare
2626:Service
2417:Applied
2193:Portals
2184:at the
2144:at the
1957:(ed.).
1934:(ed.).
1921::
1613:2552843
1473:Honours
1411:In the
1341:Schools
1333: (
1292:Piketty
1287:Krugman
1152:Kuznets
1142:Kalecki
1117:Polanyi
1007:Cournot
1002:Bastiat
987:Ricardo
979:Malthus
969:Quesnay
941:Welfare
911:Service
582:Applied
558:Outline
553:History
356:in the
295:on the
249:Croydon
221:Croydon
219:Map of
185:liberal
176:French:
3260:Thaler
3240:Ostrom
3235:Becker
3230:Sowell
3210:Baumol
3115:Myrdal
3110:Sraffa
3105:Frisch
3095:Knight
3090:Keynes
3065:Fisher
3060:Veblen
3045:Pareto
3025:Menger
3020:George
3015:Jevons
3010:Walras
3000:Gossen
2924:Thermo
2602:Public
2597:Policy
2552:Labour
2517:Health
2231:France
2176:(1821)
2124:
2082:
2060:
2021:
2001:
1993:
1983:
1930:". In
1915:
1833:
1808:
1723:
1713:
1688:
1611:
1572:p. 181
1549:
1277:Thaler
1257:Ostrom
1252:Becker
1247:Sowell
1227:Baumol
1132:Myrdal
1127:Sraffa
1122:Frisch
1112:Knight
1107:Keynes
1082:Fisher
1077:Veblen
1062:Pareto
1042:Menger
1037:George
1032:Jevons
1027:Walras
1017:Gossen
887:Public
882:Policy
837:Labour
802:Health
659:Market
378:Traité
332:Decade
257:Nantes
253:Fulham
241:Geneva
98:French
3346:Lists
3341:Index
3292:Lists
3265:Hoppe
3250:Lucas
3215:Solow
3205:Arrow
3195:Simon
3160:Lange
3155:Hicks
3130:Röpke
3120:Hayek
3070:Pigou
3040:Clark
2955:Smith
2870:Mixed
2829:Post-
2651:Urban
2631:Socio
2621:Rural
1686:S2CID
1657:: 2–5
1609:JSTOR
1543:78–93
1511:Seine
1314:Lists
1282:Hoppe
1267:Lucas
1232:Solow
1222:Arrow
1212:Simon
1177:Lange
1172:Hicks
1147:Röpke
1137:Hayek
1087:Pigou
1057:Clark
974:Smith
936:Urban
916:Socio
906:Rural
606:Macro
602:Micro
563:Index
237:Nîmes
112:Field
87:Paris
3281:more
3005:Marx
2995:Mill
2980:List
2858:Neo-
2814:Neo-
2122:ISBN
2109:link
2080:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2019:ISBN
1999:OCLC
1991:LCCN
1981:ISBN
1965:Sage
1863:2019
1831:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1721:OCLC
1711:ISBN
1547:ISBN
1443:and
1441:risk
1298:more
1022:Marx
1012:Mill
997:List
229:Lyon
76:Died
65:Lyon
51:Born
3245:Sen
2965:Say
2824:New
2557:Law
1973:doi
1678:doi
1655:144
1601:doi
1262:Sen
983:Say
842:Law
501:KJV
352:at
239:to
3817::
2105:}}
2101:{{
2042:.
1997:.
1989:.
1979:.
1967:;
1854:.
1741:.
1719:.
1684:.
1674:41
1672:.
1653:,
1621:^
1607:.
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1595:.
1579:^
1570:.
1545:.
1520:.
1481:.
604:/
529:on
407:.
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2131:.
2111:)
2089:.
2066:.
2028:.
2005:.
1975::
1865:.
1839:.
1815:.
1757:.
1727:.
1692:.
1680::
1615:.
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