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662:. It was generally recognized that the first road would be the prime venue for the French to reach Brussels, and the second one was indispensable for maintaining communications between the two Coalition armies. For that reason occupying the crossroads was essential; whichever army controlled it would have a decisive strategic advantage. For that reason Rebecque, as chief of staff of the Netherlands army ordered the commander of the Netherlands 2nd division,
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traumatic experience in the
Tuileries in 1792) now counseled playing the military card. He is credited with (or blamed for) having made the plan for the assault on Brussels on 21 September, which ended catastrophically, and caused much bloodshed. Rebecque himself was wounded in the street fighting. The Dutch army retreated to Antwerp where the next catastrophe, the indefensible bombardment of the city by general Chassé, happened.
718:
busily oiling the wheels of command and occasionally playing a decisive command role himself, as when he helped rally the broken Dutch militia battalions of
Bijlandt's Brigade when they retreated to the position of the steadfast 5th Militia Battalion, which sustained such heavy casualties at Waterloo, only to be maligned by later historians. For his gallantry Rebecque was made a Knight Commander in the
765:
overtones therefore came as a rude shock. At first they reacted with indecision and with reluctance to apply military severity. Especially the Prince of Orange had the illusion that he could rely on his undoubted popularity (he was far more liberal than his paternalistic father, and for that reason hardly on speaking terms with the king) and might be able to reason with the insurrectionists.
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reconnaissances across the French border. The
Netherlands cavalry was not so constrained, and did reconnoitre the border area, but the three Netherlands cavalry brigades were too thin on the ground to cover the area thoroughly. When Napoleon, therefore, started his lightning offensive, this was not discovered before it was almost too late. He was already in
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defeat each army in turn (as his Army of the North was larger than each of the
Coalition armies separately). For this to succeed he needed the element of surprise, because if the Coalition allies would have known his exact intentions, and would have been able to react in time, they could of course have combined their armies in time and blocked his purpose.
678:. Because of this possibility of being outflanked, and being cut off from the escape route to the coast, Wellington on the evening of 15 June decided to concentrate his army around Nivelles. His orders went out to all British troops directly, and to the Netherlands troops through the intermediary of the Prince of Orange and his staff (as described above).
701:. A lesser man might have just sent a suggestion to Wellington, meanwhile letting the order stand. Wellington was not known for looking kindly upon having his orders disregarded, let alone countermanded, as Rebecque must have been well aware, as one of Wellington's former staff officers. He therefore displayed that rare commodity: moral courage.
822:, the Prussian liaison officer at Wellington's headquarters recounts an anecdote where two commanders of cavalry brigades at Waterloo, Vivian and Vandeleur, were so scared of disobeying Wellington's order not to move, that they refused to come to the aid of Ponsonby's troopers when those were slaughtered at Waterloo (
525:. In July 1814 he was appointed in a commission that was charged with the formation of a combined Dutch-Belgian army. He played a leading role in that commission. Next he helped Prince Frederick of the Netherlands found the headquarters of the Netherlands Mobile Army, that was to play such an important part in the
689:, and saw the alarm beacons lighted, the order to evacuate surprised him. He alerted the divisional commander, De Perponcher, who immediately put the other brigade of his division (then at Nivelles) on alert, and sent a staff officer, captain De Gargen, to the Netherlands headquarters at Braine-le-Comte.
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succeeded in occupying the crossroads and the road to the north, as
Napoleon intended, the way would have been wide open for the French to quickly march north after their victory at Ligny; Brussels would probably have fallen, without Wellington being able to do anything about it; and with the fall of
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Wellington himself had traversed the country on his way to Paris in 1814 and he had at that occasion scouted the area around
Waterloo and was aware of its advantages as a battlefield in case Brussels was to be defended. He also commissioned one of his staff officers to survey the area and to assess
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Rebecque was back the next year, when he helped organise the ill-fated Ten Days
Campaign. This attempt to retrieve terrain lost, was executed brilliantly in a military sense, but politically it was a disaster. One wonders what Rebecque and his political masters hoped to achieve, even if the French
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erupted in which
Rebecque was to play a controversial role. During the years the United Kingdom of the Netherlands existed, several complaints were raised by the Belgians towards the regulations of the government. This eventually led to the Brussels insurrection of August 1830, with its anti-Dutch
641:
are located, makes only a few invasion routes feasible. Besides, the number of highways was limited in 1815, and this further limited the movements of the opposing armies. Belgium has always been an important theatre of war in the course of the centuries, but in 1815 it had been peaceful since the
617:
and bestow it upon his eldest son as a courtesy title. That eldest son was now also put in charge of the new
Netherlands Mobile Army, though at the same time the Duke of Wellington was appointed a field-marshal in the Dutch army. The arrangement was to be that Wellington would command the combined
740:
After the
Netherlands Mobile Army returned from the campaign in France in 1816, Rebecque was confirmed as Chief of the General Staff of the Netherlands army (which he would remain until his retirement). As such he capably organised that army and the system of conscription on which it was based in
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in 1875. This work caused a furore, because Eenens accused a number of prominent Belgians of treason in the course of the Revolution. And he also raked up the old alleged ceasefire violation, accusing the Prince of Orange of culpability. All of this caused a heated polemic with a number of Dutch
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As it was, Ney was frustrated by the far-outnumbered Netherlands troops; Wellington won the Battle of Quatre Bras; the Anglo-allied was able to make a strategic withdrawal to Wellington's preferred battleground near Waterloo. Rebecque of course was also present at that battle as a staff officer,
669:
However, Napoleon achieved his strategic surprise, because of a certain reticence on the part of the Coalition allies: the Prussians and British had not declared war on France, just on Napoleon personally (a subtle, but important difference) and they, therefore, refrained from conducting cavalry
768:
However, the Ă©chec of Orange's brave entry into the hostile city on 1 September with only a few companions (of which Rebecque was one), which almost ended in a lynching, put an end to that. Rebecque (who was the political antipode of his liberal nephew Benjamin Constant, probably because of his
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over a wide area, with the Prussians taking the south-eastern part, and the Anglo-allies the north-western part. Napoleon strategy was to exploit the dispersal of the two encamped armies by thrusting his Army of the North into the demarcation line between the two armies and by moving quickly to
510:, returned to the Netherlands in November 1813, Rebecque was appointed a lieutenant-colonel in the Orange-Nassau Legion. He advanced very rapidly after that: colonel and aide-de-camp of the Sovereign Prince on 31 December 1813, and Quarter-master-general on 15 January 1814. He took part in the
777:. As White makes clear, the real objective may more properly have been to strengthen the Dutch position in the following negotiations, which the Dutch successes arguably did. But a reunification of the two countries, as king William seems to have hoped for, was never in the cards.
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Here, Rebecque (on the strength of De Gargen's report), in consultation with De Perponcher, decided to countermand Wellington's order, and instead ordered De Perponcher to reinforce Saxe-Weimar immediately with the 1st Brigade, 2nd Netherlands Division, under major-general
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Anglo-allied army that was now assembling in the "Belgian" part of the United Netherlands, but that the Prince of Orange would be in charge of the Belgian-Dutch troops (with his younger brother Frederick nominally commanding a corps). Only Wellington and his chief of staff
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declared war on Napoleon personally and started to prepare for the inevitable showdown. The Sovereign Prince of the Netherlands also brought his plans for forming his Kingdom of the United Netherlands forward and proclaimed himself king on 16 March 1815 (see
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his regiment was massacred by French revolutionaries, but he escaped with his life. He returned to Switzerland where he was in military service until he (like his ancestors before him) entered the service of the Dutch Republic in 1793 in the regiment of
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The decision was not a minor one. Rebecque probably made it to keep communications with BlĂĽcher open, which may not have been the first thing on Wellington's mind. In any case, in the event Wellington did not come to BlĂĽcher's aid at the
709:. But the strategic importance of Quatre Bras did not only hinge on the Nivelles-Namur road. Probably even more important was the Charleroi-Brussels road for Napoleon's political objective: the speedy occupation of Brussels. Had Marshal
411:(1729–1800) and his second wife Louise Cathérine Gallatin (1736–1814). The father was, like the grandfather Samuel Constant de Rebecque (1676–1782) (who reached the rank of lieutenant-general), a Swiss officer in the service of the
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Brussels king William's little project of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands would have failed and his budding country might have been pushed out of the war. In any case, there probably would not have been a battle of Waterloo.
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as a model, and not the British system. Nevertheless, because Rebecque had long served as a staff officer in Wellington's army, he was well acquainted with British procedures, and knew his opposite numbers personally.
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had not intervened? They could easily beat the nascent Belgian army, but what would have been next? It seems unlikely that the Dutch would have had the stomach for the kind of repression that Russia used to quell the
745:(tutor) of the young sons of the Prince of Orange, like he had been the tutor of their father from 1805. When in 1830 king William was asked to act as arbiter in the matter of the conflict over the delineation of the
801:
Rebecque retired from the service in 1837. He was made a Dutch baron on 25 August 1846 by his old protégé, now king William II. He retired to his estates in Silesia and died there in 1850, almost 77 years old.
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thought he saw a Dutch violation of the ceasefire and opened fire on the Dutch troops. This minor incident got a peculiar follow-up when Eenens (by then a lieutenant-general and military historian), published
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victory of the French revolutionary armies in 1794, and most generals involved had last campaigned in the country when they were young officers, if at all. Strategic information was therefore at a premium.
622:
would be able to give direct orders to the Belgian/Dutch troops, but in practice Wellington always went "through channels" and conveyed his orders to the Belgian/Dutch units via the Prince of Orange.
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in a regiment of Swiss Guards in 1788. He started a journal that year that he faithfully kept every day of the rest of his life, thereby providing useful source material to historians. During the
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before the French were discovered and when news of this sudden appearance reached Wellington he still worried that this was just a feint, and that the true advance would come by way of
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in the Belgian Netherlands, as this part of the country formally still was a Coalition military governorate-general (with king William as its governor-general). The two armies were
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and Rebecque likewise entered British service again on 12 May 1811 as a major, and participated in every battle the Duke (and William) fought there, distinguishing himself at the
685:, at Quatre Bras at the time, would have evacuated this essential strategic point. As Saxe-Weimar was aware of the oncoming French because he heard firing from the vicinity of
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One small detail of the Campaign involved Rebecque posthumously. The armistice was signed on 12 August 1832 but shortly afterwards a young Belgian artillery officer,
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Beside the element of surprise the geo-strategical shape of the theatre of war was also important. The terrain in south-eastern Belgium, where the hilly
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he first entered British service (1795–1798) and subsequently Prussian service (1798–1811). During that Prussian service from 1805 he tutored the future
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in 1813–1815. On 11 April 1814 he was appointed chief of staff of the new Netherlands Mobile Army that was then formed to besiege the French in
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who distinguished himself in Dutch service. As chief of staff of the Netherlands Mobile Army, he countermanded the order of the
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Documents historiques sur l'origine du royaume de Belgique. Les conspirations militaires de 1831 (Bruxelles, 1875, 2 vols.)
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697:. He immediately reported this decision to the Prince of Orange in Brussels, who informed Wellington of it at the famous
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1003:; T'Serclaes, Jacques Augustin Joseph Alphonse Regnier Laurent Ghislain T'Serclaes de Wommerson (comte de) (1908),
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close cooperation with Prince Frederick. He was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1816. In 1826 he was appointed
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Le prince d'Orange et son chef d'état-major pendant la journée du 12 août 1831, d'après des documents inédits
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in military science and helped him pass his exams as a Prussian officer. When William started his studies at
419:. Jean Victor Constant de Rebecque married Isabella Catharina Anna Jacoba baroness van Lynden (1768–1836) in
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this new army was organized along the lines of the French army. In any case its general staff took
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Rebecque played a very prominent role in the organization from scratch of the armed forces of the
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See for an appreciation of the importance of the actions of Rebecque and Perponcher before the
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generals and historians. A grandson of Rebecque published an extract of Rebecque's journal as
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border, the Northeastern Boundary Dispute (a matter that was only finally settled by the
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in 1842, Rebecque headed the fact-finding commission that prepared the arbitrage award.
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Beside the Anglo-allied army there also was still a Prussian army under field-marshal
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and quickly overthrew the restored Bourbon monarchy in March 1815, he quickly formed
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Recueil historique, généalogique, chronologique et nobiliaire des maisons et ...
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These orders to the 2nd Brigade, 2nd Netherlands Division under major-general
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Passages from My Life: Together with Memoirs of the Campaign of 1813 and 1814
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La campagne de 1815 aux Pays-Bas d'après les rapports officiels néerlandais
1006:
La campagne de 1815 aux Pays-Bas d'après les rapports officiels néerlandais
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its strategic choke points. One of those points was the crossroads of the
1126:(in French), vol. 1 (volume 1 Quatre Bras; Vol. 2 Waterloo ed.)
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International Law Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied by the United States
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Nationaal Archief, Jean Victor baron de Constant Rebecque (1773–1850)
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he accompanied the young prince there and obtained a doctorate
472:). After the fall of the Republic, and the proclamation of the
415:. A nephew (not a brother as sometimes erroneously stated) was
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for various reasons. Threatened by this military build-up the
514:, and then was promoted to major-general on 30 November 1814.
1093:(in French) (Cabedita ed.), Cabédita, pp. 511–512,
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to evacuate Dutch troops from Quatre Bras on the eve of the
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Les Vaudois de Napoléon: des Pyramides à Waterloo 1798–1815
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The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806
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613:). Incidentally, this allowed him to give up his title of
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Dutch military personnel of the French Revolutionary Wars
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18th-century military personnel of the Republic of Geneva
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Waterloo. New Perspectives. The Great Battle Reappraised
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This award was made in August 1830, just about when the
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Victor, (Customary Marquis) Baron of Constant Rebecque
600:), though he had to do without Marshals Berthier and
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Probably because many Dutch officers (like generals
798:, in an attempt to contradict Eenens' accusations.
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1170:Knights Commander of the Military Order of William
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1165:Dutch military commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
1190:Swiss military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars
361:(22 September 1773 – 12 June 1850) was a
1065:, Oxford University Press, pp. 515–523,
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8:
448:Rebecque entered the service of France as a
1009:(in Dutch), vol. 1, A. Dewit, p.
381:from occupying that strategic crossroads.
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666:to secure it at all times on 6 May 1815.
1210:People of the War of the First Coalition
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726:Belgian Revolution and Ten Days Campaign
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683:Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
1022:, John Wiley & Sons, p. 177,
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495:of the Duke of Wellington during the
7:
1135:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
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436:Guillaume Baron Constant de Rebecque
1185:Swiss emigrants to the Netherlands
433:Charles Baron Constant de Rebecque
25:
592:, with the help of veterans like
519:Kingdom of the United Netherlands
1205:People of the Battle of Waterloo
1131:Jean-Victor Constant de Rebecque
792:Constant Rebecque, J.D.C.C.W. de
775:Polish Insurrection of 1830–1831
359:Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque
355:Jean Victor Constant de Rebecque
160:
146:
132:
118:
105:
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31:Jean Victor Constant de Rebecque
18:Jean Victor de Constant Rebecque
699:ball of the Duchess of Richmond
512:Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1814)
454:Insurrection of 10 August 1792
216:Insurrection of 10 August 1792
1:
1109:The Belgic revolution of 1830
1018:Hamilton-Williams, D (1993),
506:When William, and his father
488:from Oxford himself in 1811.
478:William II of the Netherlands
377:, thereby preventing Marshal
508:William I of the Netherlands
1195:19th-century Swiss nobility
1036:MĂĽffling, K.F. von (1853),
975:, pp. 221 ff, 337–359.
695:Willem Frederik van Bylandt
540:) had served in the French
491:William was next appointed
470:William V, Prince of Orange
439:Louise Constant de Rebecque
402:Samuel Constant de Rebecque
365:and member of the house of
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820:Karl Freiherr von MĂĽffling
729:
562:
393:
290:War of the Sixth Coalition
221:War of the First Coalition
920:Bas & T'Serclaes 1908
841:Bas & T'Serclaes 1908
263:Battle of San Millan-Osma
45:Jan Baptist van der Hulst
36:
1122:Bas, F. de (1908–1909),
755:Webster-Ashburton Treaty
611:Eight Articles of London
559:Quatre Bras and Waterloo
400:Rebecque was the son of
1089:Tornare, A.-J. (2003),
650:-Brussels road and the
295:Siege of Bergen op Zoom
243:Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo
204:Netherlands Mobile Army
908:Hamilton-Williams 1993
720:Military William Order
594:Anne-François Mellinet
577:
347:Military William Order
283:Battle of the Pyrenees
278:Siege of San Sebastián
837:Battle of Quatre Bras
576:
565:Battle of Quatre Bras
375:Battle of Quatre Bras
307:Battle of Quatre Bras
185:Years of service
1180:Constant de Rebecque
826:, pp. 245, ff).
782:Alexis-Michel Eenens
396:Constant de Rebecque
367:Constant de Rebecque
253:3rd Siege of Badajoz
248:2nd Siege of Badajoz
1059:Israel, Jonathan J.
1049:Hyde, C.H. (1922),
987:, pp. 324–325.
963:, pp. 116–117.
922:, pp. 395–411.
596:(who organized the
529:, on 9 April 1815.
426:They had children:
326:Assault on Brussels
258:Battle of Salamanca
1053:, pp. 116–117
843:, pp. 440–444
762:Belgian Revolution
732:Belgian Revolution
582:Napoleon Bonaparte
578:
569:Battle of Waterloo
552:état-major-général
501:Battle of Vittoria
465:(a younger son of
423:on 29 April 1798.
371:Duke of Wellington
321:Belgian Revolution
312:Battle of Waterloo
196:lieutenant-general
63:Republic of Geneva
1200:Swiss mercenaries
1107:White, C (1835),
949:Nationaal Archief
736:Ten Days Campaign
590:Army of the North
527:Waterloo Campaign
482:Oxford University
474:Batavian Republic
417:Benjamin Constant
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345:Knight Commander
331:Ten Days Campaign
273:Siege of Pamplona
268:Battle of Vitoria
226:Flanders campaign
101:Kingdom of France
56:22 September 1773
16:(Redirected from
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824:MĂĽffling 1853
821:
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664:De Perponcher
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623:
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872:Tornare 2003
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543:Grande Armée
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493:aide-de-camp
490:
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421:Braunschweig
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302:Hundred Days
209:Battles/wars
72:12 June 1850
43:Portrait by
1155:1850 deaths
1150:1773 births
1040:, pp.
660:Quatre Bras
598:Jeune Garde
467:stadtholder
405: [
168:Netherlands
82:Schönfeld,
1144:Categories
1084:(in Dutch)
994:References
985:White 1835
973:White 1835
932:White 1835
743:gouverneur
711:Michel Ney
550:'s famous
379:Michel Ney
90:Allegiance
76:1850-06-13
1133:] in the
961:Hyde 1922
851:Citations
672:Charleroi
648:Charleroi
620:Lord Hill
385:Biography
188:1788–1837
1061:(1995),
818:General
658:road at
652:Nivelles
639:Ardennes
631:cantoned
175:Service/
794:(1875)
687:Frasnes
523:Antwerp
456:at the
140:Prussia
74: (
1097:
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580:After
534:Chassé
390:Family
342:Awards
177:branch
165:
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137:
123:
110:
59:Geneva
47:, 1842
806:Notes
747:Maine
656:Namur
602:Murat
409:]
1095:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1024:ISBN
1013:–411
839:see
749:and
734:and
676:Mons
586:Elba
567:and
538:Trip
536:and
201:Unit
193:Rank
69:Died
53:Born
1042:245
1011:395
357:or
1146::
1044:ff
939:^
900:^
879:^
503:.
407:nl
61:,
951:.
654:-
78:)
20:)
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