Jean de Vivonne - Knowledge (XXG)

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receiving 85 of his letters. Only three letters from Catherine to Saint-Gouard survive for the period 1572–1580. Gellard argues from this that given the regularity of her correspondence we have for the 1560s, this likely reflects a low survival rate of the queen's communication with her ambassador as opposed to a ceasing of communication. Nevertheless, the historian notes it is quite possible the death of the queen of España, Catherine's daughter |Élisabeth in 1568 would have caused a decrease in the quantity of communication. Correspondence with the queen mother was official diplomatic correspondence, and would be conducted in tandem with the correspondence to the king. Letters from each, and to each often composed the diplomatic 'packet' that the ambassador received and sent out to the French court. Despite this, the historian Ribera sees Catherine's role as a diplomatic correspondent becoming more secondary during Saint-Gouard's tenure in España, with the letters to her become more sparse in detail, with the understanding king Henri III was to confide the more elaborate details to her. Gellard disagrees with Ribera as to the simplicity of the correspondence imparted to Catherine. In his capacity as ambassador, Saint-Gouard would be unflappable in his devotion to both the king (first Charles, and then Henri) and the queen mother Catherine.

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with a couple of servants. Idiáquez continued to signal to him but he ignored the efforts and made it to Lisboa by hugging the edge of the river where the waters were shallow. He established himself in a gambling den in the capital, all the better to keep appraised of the various intrigues. In Lisboa Idiáquez renewed his request to accommodate Saint-Gouard one final time, deploring where Saint-Gouard has established himself and telling him it was the command of Felipe that he stay with the secretario. The ambassador sarcastically remarked to Henri that he was surprised having conquered such a city as Lisboa that Felipe had been unable to find independent accommodation for him. With relations between France and España further deteriorating, Saint-Gouard advised the French king see to the defence of the coasts of Provence and Languedoc. From his centre of operations Saint-Gouard fostered several connections with influential inhabitants of the city. While in Portugal he did not hesitate to appear insolent before Felipe, and in his correspondence back to the French court, harshly critiqued Spanish policy.

923:. Charles instructed Saint-Gouard to congratulate Felipe on his victory. In a difficult position, Saint-Gouard first wrote to Felipe explaining how the Protestants had gathered on the French border against the king's express order under the command of the 'madman' Genlis. Saint-Gouard then congratulated the Spanish king on providing suitable 'chastisement' to the rebel Protestants. In the audience with Felipe, he again defended Charles' innocence. Felipe abandoned his usual subdued demeanour, humiliating Saint-Gouard by asking him to recount the course of events several times on the pretext that his ambassador in Paris had written him a very jumbled account. He then announced it was time for Charles to see his real enemy at last, those who were against god. On 27 August Saint-Gouard reported to the Spanish king that Charles was going to carefully guard the border. This occasioned a sarcastic reply from Felipe who warned of the troubles that resulted from unreliable border guards. 987:(crowns) according to Saint-Gouard. Saint-Gouard received word of Anjou's victory on 8 June, but was disappointed to find that Felipe was not in Madrid as he had wanted to taunt him. When he attained an audience with Felipe later in the month the Spanish king declared himself greatly pleased to learn of the election of Anjou. Nevertheless, was thus much anger about the French victory in the election in España and rumours swirled in the country (fed by the Spanish ambassador in Paris) that the duc d'Anjou did not wish to assume the mantle of the Commonwealth's kingship, seeing the post as an 'exile'. Saint-Gouard was left to face off against this hostility and received word from Charles that Anjou had departed to take up his new charge in the hopes that this would combat the Spanish rumours. The ambassador proposed distributing notice of the election to impress upon the Spanish who he felt were full of presumption, that the whole world was not at their feet. 1998:

cardinal de Bourbon within ten days. Within sixty days he must either come to Roma himself or send a proxy to represent him. If he failed to undertake both of these acts he would be excommunicated. In this declaration he did not mention Henri's alliance with Navarre but admitted to the Venetian ambassador that it was the reason he had made the declaration. Judging Henri's situation to be desperate he expected the king's submission and readied himself to open his arms to the errant prince. Pisani for his part attempted to stop the publication of the decision, but was unsuccessful. On 8 May Pisani spoke with 'pride and loyalty' to Sixtus that Henri maintained his continual obedience to the Pontiff, but that the king's ministers expected to be able to speak frankly, and not threatened with prison. Neither prison nor death would stop his advocacy for his king. The Pope was stunned by this address. During May, the military situation for the

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been planned for a long time, which Felipe in his delight accepted. There were many strategic advantage to España from the massacres, with the elimination of amiral de Coligny the architect of French support for the rebels in Nederland. Further the event weakened Protestantism in France and offered the prospect of diplomatically isolating the rival kingdom from England and the Protestant German princes. Despite the Spanish pleasure at the unfolding of an anti-Protestant massacre, this could not entirely paper over the displeasure of the Spanish crown at the marriage of Navarre and Marguerite. It would only be on 12 September that Saint-Gouard received his instructions as related to the massacre. This slow delivery of the information to Saint-Gouard laid bare the disarray in the royal court. Word from the French court explained the course of events more precisely: the massacre was not premeditated but rather a by-product of the failed

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rights of the king and French nation, Sixtus exploded and threatened to imprison the bishop. Pisani who was also present for the audience protested that it was the duty of ambassadors to explain their masters reasoning. On 13 March Joyeuse brokered an agreement by which the bishop of Le Mans would make the appeal for absolution, kneeling at the feet of the Pope he confessed on the behalf of Henri. The Pope declared his satisfaction but maintained his refusal of absolution until such time as the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon were released, as this had not yet come to pass. Subsequently, in April Henri entered into alliance with his distant Protestant cousin and heir the king of Navarre, throwing the prospect of agreement with the Papacy into doubt. The Pope's ambassador in France withdrew from the court after the agreement was reached, staying in Lyon until the death of the king.

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advancing of the timetable for the execution of several French subjects who had been captured in the territory. Further a fleet was assembled in La Rochelle that was suspected of being brought together for operations against Spanish colonial possessions. When Zayas brought him accusations from a spy that France was establishing a league against España and had armed 60 merchant ships to this effect, Saint-Gouard ridiculed him. The ambassador retorted the spy was misinformed, and it was in fact 4–5,000 merchant ships, and that Zayas' spy lacked any credibility. In April the French entered into a defensive agreement with the English, this was further proof to Felipe that France intended to unite Europe against España. Through all this, Saint-Gouard had to keep the two kingdoms at peace with one another. In turbulent interviews with the Spanish royal

1455:. The captured French prisoners were considered to be pirates, and therefore all were killed. On 23 July 1582 Saint-Gouard held his final audience with Felipe, it was cordial as decorum dictated despite the hatred Felipe had for the ambassador. Saint Gouard then departed Lisboa on 26 July and made his way back to Madrid, arriving in the city on 17 August. Once there he observed bitterly that for weeks after the Spanish naval victory, bonfires were maintained in the capital. The ambassador complained to Catherine and Henri about the 'insolence' of the Spanish people. Having heard reports that Strozzi's force had not put up strong resistance but rather fled, the ambassador remarked bitterly that the soldiers should die of shame. In October he wrote that they spat at French people in the street. 1630:. Épernon informed Cavriani that the ambassador had written nothing as concerned the duc de Nevers and swore as such on his honour as a gentleman. If Cavriana continued to investigate Saint-Gouard it would attract the ire of the king. While Nevers' agent took cares to speak quietly to Épernon, the latter was embarrassed that Épernon spoke loudly in front of many courtiers. Cavriana assured Épernon that if Nevers was sure that it was Saint-Gouard they would not be in this position right now. As such he was seeking more information. Cavrians pushed Épernon on the matter, asking him whether he'd seen the 'slanderous letters' and whether they had not been written in Saint-Gouard's hand. Épernon in turn replied that he had indeed seen the letters, but that they were unsigned and unmarked. 648:

returned and declared his patience to be at an end, if he were not sated within three days he would look to 'extreme measures'. With this deadline having come and gone he burst in on the Pope without having requested an audience to declare that he was leaving Roma, which he then did. After his departure Pius lost his temper at the behaviour of the ambassador, accusing him of drunkenness. Nevertheless, it seemed that a diplomatic rupture between Roma and France was imminent and there was fear to this effect in Roma. Thus Caiazzo was released. His success against the 'formidable' Pius V in this effort greatly elevated his profile, with Ribera describing the episode as 'bringing him out of the shadows'. To maintain face, Saint-Gouard was asked not to report his explosion with the Pope.

1524:. He would further be a deviation from the usual royal policy of sending a man of the church as ambassador to Roma. The French ambassadorial post to Roma was the most chaotic one, with several of the incumbents in the office dying during their postings while others were made cardinals. This caused numerous interims in the posting. There would be a considerable deal of time between the death of Foix and his arrival, and it is unknown who held the office on an interim basis pending his arrival. He arrived in the city in March 1585 and established himself in a palazzo belonging to the queen mother Catherine. He found his life easier and more comfortable in Roma than he had his service in Madrid. He would enjoy much support and many connections in Roma. As his 1753: 911:

uninvolved, they would pretend to believe the French crown. In July, the Spanish ambassador noted with concern that 10,000 were massed on the border with Nederland. Panic dominated Madrid, with rumours of French troop levies. Felipe maintained his cool, arguing that if the French intrigues with the Dutch rebels were successful they would throw down their mask and embrace the cause openly, while if it was a failure the 'double game' would continue. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that the king had adopted a new pro-Spanish policy that would please the Spanish king, but the situation on the ground continued to contradict him. Saint-Gouard was greatly embarrassed when word reached España of the defeat of the French force under the command of the

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accomplished he informed Felipe that he would imminently be replaced as ambassador. He concluded by reminding the Spanish king that Portugal was dependent on Breton grain, and without it in 1581 the country would have been depopulated. In a new meeting with Felipe on 9 October, Saint-Gouard conceded that Felipe had the rights to the kingdom of Portugal, but observed that he had imposed himself on the land (and maintained himself) with the sword. This provocative statement was designed to upset Felipe through challenging his legitimacy, but the Spanish king remained cordial during the interview. Nevertheless, Felipe's contempt for Saint-Gouard further developed during this period.

327:. Alençon dispatched an agent to the Spanish court to negotiate with Felipe. Saint-Gouard tried to frustrate the agents negotiations, largely unsuccessfully. Efforts to convince Felipe of French good intentions in Spanish Nederland would continue in the late 1570s, and would become more complex as Alençon increasingly involved himself in the territory. This would culminate in 1580 with the princes establishment as a replacement king for Felipe in the rebel held territory. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe Henri opposed Alençon's designs in Nederland. Relations between the two countries would be most seriously tested in the crisis of Portuguese succession after the death of the 721: 1081:

Felipe with Zayas assuring Saint-Gouard that he was sent by Alençon. Saint-Gouard violently disagreed, arguing du Bourg was an imposter and that if he could not prove this to have his own head cut off. Frustratedly, Saint-Gouard threatened to retire from the country back to France. After having once more provided an evasive answer to du Bourg, Felipe asked the representative to hurry and leave the country. Du Bourg meanwhile complained to Zayas of the spies of Saint-Gouard who surrounded him to report on his every action. With pressure mounting for him to leave, du Bourg departed, after having offered his services to the Spanish king in the Levant.

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Papal Legate informed Pisani and Gondi that they would not be welcome in the Papal territories as the Pope did not wish to meet with representatives of the 'king of Navarre'. Pisani knew that the Pope would not agree to meet with him and that he would likely only be able to make his devotions to Loreto. However the Pope continued to direct his severity against Catholic supporters of Henri IV. Thus, with Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi on the road to Roma to ask the Pope to assist in the potential conversion of Henri to Catholicism, the Pope forbid them to continue their journey. He was supported in his refusal to meet with Pisani and Gondi by the

1297:, characterising him as a 'little agent'. Back in France, the Spanish ambassador protested to Henri about the interception of his mail. Henri, who had the mail in his possession, only agreed to receive the ambassador after his cipher had been cracked. Receiving the ambassador, Henri postulated that his mail must have been stolen by Portuguese refugees in France. From here the affair escalated to such an extent that Saint-Gouard advised Henri in August to no longer allow the Spanish ambassador's despatches to be intercepted, as it left the impression in Spain that France could not control its population of Portuguese refugees. 948:. The Spanish ambassador informed Felipe that there was nothing pre-meditated about the massacre and it was ordered as a response to the Protestant threat. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to maintain the illusion of a crown that was in charge. He was unable to convince anyone that the massacres had been planned for a long time, with people sneering at him for the 'indecisive' policy of the French crown. The ambassador noted sadly to Charles that the Spanish wished to deprive the king of the glory he deserved. Charles likewise complained to Saint-Gouard that people were saying the policy had transpired 'by chance'. 840:

experienced, Saint-Gouard observed broader anti-French hostility. For example, Saint-Gouard complained of the arrest of French people in Valencia despite them having been given letters of safe conduct by Felipe. Despite paying money as a guarantee, they remained in prison without food or the ability to defend themselves. He made a new complaint on similar grounds to Felipe in 1576 about the arrest of French merchants in Cartagena. He accused the Spanish of arresting ships crews solely because they were French, sequestering their property and leaving people in prison to die of brutal treatment.

1040:, Henri had received a copy of the treasonous text from his ambassador Saint-Gouard, who in turn had discovered it after it was sent by the Pope to Felipe. Thus both the Papacy and the Spanish crown were implicated in the conspiracy. The authenticity of the text is disputed, with some arguing that it may have been manufactured to justify the 1588 assassination of the duc de Guise by arguing that he had been engaged in anti-Valois plans for over ten years. Felipe for his part would have seen advantage in providing to Saint-Gouard a text which could cause factional instability in France. 1060:). Du Bourg first arrived in España in the final days of April 1576 in the covert services of Alençon. Du Bourg was to meet with Felipe on Alençon's behalf. Saint-Gouard endeavoured to combat these negotiations. Alençon's representative arrived in Madrid on 20 May. Saint-Gouard needed to employ tact in how he handled the representative, as Alençon was the heir apparent to the throne and also presently in rebellion against Henri. To this end he decided to consider du Bourg to be an imposter so that he was not operating in direct opposition to the king's brother. He warned the 452: 1476:

difficult position. The departing ambassador warned his successor to be careful about involving himself in matters without a strong supply of money. Longlée was well aware his financial resources were inferior to those his predecessor had enjoyed. In his final month in España (December), Saint-Gouard bribed some men to undertake the burning of the Spanish fleet that was anchored in Lisboa. He entrusted Longlée with overseeing the operation, however nothing would come of it. Alongside this mission, Saint-Gouard made sure his successor was well appraised of current affairs.

2187:(the land tax). He then undertook a siege of the château de Gimel which was held by some rebel seigneurs. A little while later in October, Pisani arrived with a military force and undertook a limited expedition. Maréchal de Matignon then continued the work of ending the rebellion peaceably, and attempted to avoid prosecution of the Croquant ringleaders to this effect. However, in 1595 the heat of the conflict would rise again and there would be a battle before the Croquant leadership submitted, soothed further by tax relief Henri ordered in 1596 and 1599. 711: 1331:

were suing him. While ambassadorial communication back to France was typically conducted by horse, during his stay in Portugal he took advantage of ships travelling to Bordeaux to communicate more speedily. In case some trouble befell the communication by sea, Saint-Gouard informed the king he had a duplicate of the correspondence he had sent ready to go. He also on occasion utilised merchants who were travelling to France to bring letters to the kingdom, though the French employed this practice less frequently than their Spanish counterparts.

2183:, armed peasant bands rose across much of southern France. Henri resolved that he must employ a gentle hand to defuse their grievances. He opined to the lieutenant-general of Haute-Auvergne, that if he came down harshly on the movement, it would entail further damages. In the Limoges the rebel peasants numbered around 12–15,000. While working towards the disarmament of this group, a band of nobles charged into the peasants in June 1594, killing many. The sieur de Boissise arrived sometime after this and promised a reduction of the 2046: 996: 2296:

sometimes losing themselves in their service. The historian argues that of all the French ambassadors of the period he was the most absolute in his defence of French policy and his inability to tolerate any Spanish interference in French internal affairs. He had a strong sense of honour and the importance of service to the crown. He enjoyed confusing his adversaries to such a degree it sometimes hampered his ability to achieve results. Though Catholic, religion concerned him little and for Ribera his true religion was royalism.

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cardianl de Guise. Pisani was further informed that the Pope would see it as not only lawful but also a pious act. By this means, Henri declared, he had stemmed the greatest source of strife between his Catholic subjects. To assist Pisani in this effort with the Pope would be the cardinal de Joyeuse. Henri's impression that the Pope might be supportive was not drawn from nothing, as a few months previous the Pope had urged him to punish those who defied his authority with severity.

859:). He was little interested in contorting himself for the benefit of Felipe's style. Felipe thus preferred to negotiate with him through written memoranda that Saint-Gouard would submit to him. Saint-Gouard conceded to providing memoranda to the Spanish king on the condition he would still be able to meet with the king frequently. Not overly diplomatic in nature, Saint-Gouard participated in brawls and 'thrashed his enemies with his cane'. He informed the king of these episodes. 581:, and Saint-Gouard. In total around 300 French gentleman and 800 soldiers would arrive at Malta. They would however, only arrive after the siege had ended. Nevertheless, the Osmanlı government was greatly perturbed at this development, and Catherine sought to sooth their anger through condemning those nobles who had rushed to join the defence of Malta and banishing those who had made the journey. This punishment was however aimed at seeing them return to France. 1065:

he might establish himself as the sovereign of Nederland. After waiting three weeks for a response from the Spanish king, du Bourg was provided a vague and unsatisfactory response from the king. During these weeks Saint-Gouard was working to discredit du Bourg, and passed Felipe a letter from Henri to this effect which described the envoys mission as 'strange and impertinent'. Du Bourg was sent back to France with a gift of a gold chain worth around 400

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to his governate of Champagne. If Guise continued to further his own ambitions, Henri would be compelled to preserve what authority he had left by combatting the duc. He furthered this with a letter to the Pope in which he obliquely implied he could be compelled to assassinate Guise (though he did not name him in his letter to Sixtus) when he stated that the extreme circumstances he found himself in might force him to resort to extreme remedies.

1562:. Sixtus endeavoured to establish himself independent of both French and Spanish influence. In his capacity as ambassador to Roma, Saint-Gouard frequently clashed with Sixtus. Despite their often tense relations, Sixtus appreciated Saint-Gouard's 'vigour and courage'. Saint-Gouard quickly succeeded in securing from him the re-establishment of an old etiquette that had been abolished by Gregory XIII. The ambassadors were to serve the Pope in the 820:

ambassadorship was akin to a disgrace in which he was 'poor and miserable'. He opined that his 'disgrace' in 'exile' would feel less sore if it had been possible to experience it in France, as opposed to on the diplomatic stage where he was exposed and humiliated in front of everyone. In part the large number of complaints were a product of rhetoric, money did sometimes arrive from court and when it did not it could be supplemented with offices.

1876: 1199: 1918: 351:. This culminated in his expulsion from the Papal States after he vigorously supported his king's decision to refuse to receive the new Papal Nuncio. His return would be facilitated in 1586, and as a reward for his services, Henri erected the marquisate of Pisani in his favour. Over the following years he would defend his king against challenges to his Catholicity, and push the Pope to condemn the resurgent 1254:

conceded to seeking support for dom António in July 1580. The five governors who held the regency indicated to Felipe that he should not think to bring his army across the border but wait until they had made their decision on who was to succeed Henrique. Felipe could not however abide by their restrictions, seeing dom António's position consolidating (having been proclaimed king in Santarém he then entered

939:. At a time of great discredit with the Spanish crown, Saint-Gouard found the French now subject to enthusiasm and great sympathy in España. Receiving word on 7 September from one of his agents in France Felipe went to a monastery to hear 'Te Deums' in celebration. Saint-Gouard received news of the massacre from the Spanish king, and made a good face of sharing his pleasure at the news. Unlike the 1346:

his passions. He further informed Felipe that Henri could not militarily confront his brother. Alençon was his heir in the absence of a child. That same month, Idiáquez reminded Saint-Gouard how patient Felipe had been the French crown. Felipe hoped that Henri would employ the appropriate remedies to the situation so that in future his subjects did not interfere with the public peace as rebels.

1609:. Saint-Gouard championed Henri's decision before the Pope, even before he had received instructions from France, and demanded the Pope see to the archbishops recall. This offended the Pope so significantly that the Pope ordered that he depart the Papal States within 5 days, something he would do on 25 July 1585. Henri did not retaliate against Sixtus for the dismissal of his ambassador. 2148:

grounds it would accelerate French Gallican sentiment. The reason for the Pope's refusal to see the two envoys was, according to a 'well connected' priest due to his fear of the Spanish reprisals he would be inviting if he were to take such a step. Henri resolved to send a new diplomatic mission, led by a man that the Pope could not refuse to see, the Italian Catholic

2152:. In November 1593 the Pope agreed to receive the duc de Nevers, however only in his capacity as a private person and not as a representative of Henri IV. Even after this meeting the Pope remained firm, declaring Henri could not be absolved as he 'persisted in his errors'. It would only be in August 1595 that conditional absolution was granted to the French king. 1290:. The prospect of Felipe's aggrandisement over Portugal was a great concern not only to the French crown but also the English. He established a general pardon, excluding only dom António and his chief supporters. On 24 June Felipe entered Lisboa. During this period Saint-Gouard was learning of the abuses the French in Portugal were experiencing. 1437: 702:, Catherine's daughter, in 1568 the ambassador had been forced to operate alone in the defence of France. The crown thus turned to Saint-Gouard as a man of the appropriate temperament and military spirit to fill the charge. His credentials were issued by the court on 19 January. Fourquevaux expressed his great pleasure at the choice. 1094:. Saint-Gouard was apoplectic when he learned of du Bourg's return to España and wrote to Felipe to this effect on 19 August. Receiving a poor response from the Spanish king, du Bourg departed back to France without an audience. Saint-Gouard makes it clear to Felipe that he would not wish for du Bourg to be allowed to return. 1705:. The Pope enquired of Pisani as to how Henri was planning to respond to the killing, 'was Henri going to avenge the murder, as he was obligated to do for his honour?'. Henri was no more able to avenge the death of Mary than he was to stop her execution. He contented himself to host a solemn service in Paris in her memory. 1932:

received several warnings of the king's intentions. On 6 January Pisani, who had not yet received his diplomatic despatch from the king, met with the Pope. Pisani attempted to explain Henri's actions. Pope Sixtus restrained himself in his reactions, asking only if Pisani had ever heard of a prince who killed a cardinal.

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Pisani) to a young widow of a very noble Roman family named Julia Savelli, who had been married to Ludovico Orsini prior to his execution by the senato di Venezia (senate of Venezia). The marriage contract between the two was signed on 22 September 1587, with the marriage itself celebrated in the church of

430:(upper crust of the provincial nobility) was an anchor of royal authority in Saintonge and a conduit between the crown and the local nobility. It was useful for the king to have men such as Jean to aid his control in a region far from his authority and racked by religious divisions during the civil wars. 2238:

On 21 May 1596 Pisani wrote his will. He expressed his desire to be buried in the cathedral of Saintes. His non domestic property was to go to his wife as well as the usufruct of his French properties. Meanwhile, his daughter would enjoy possession of the French territories. His wife was to return to

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On 25 July 1593 Henri abjured Protestantism and became a Catholic. Many Catholics however suspected his conversion was cynical or invalid. To this end Henri redoubled his efforts to gain absolution from the Pope. He was supported in this effort by the Tuscan and Venetian ambassadors in Roma who faced

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on 1 August 1589, Pisani was residing on his estates in the marquisate of Pisani. The change of dynasty from Valois to Bourbon that accompanied the death of Henri III did not result in Pisani's loss of importance, and through his reputation and political significance he entered into the confidence of

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alongside the duc de Guise). When the Pope was reminded of this brief, he retorted that it only applied to sins committed prior to its granting. In January the commander of Dyo was sent to the Holy See by the duc de Guise's brother the duc de Mayenne to represent him. Dyo took the position that after

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In late August, Pisani reported back to Henri of the Pope's disapproval for Catherine's peace mission. The Pope reminded Pisani that until such time as 'heresy' was vanquished in France, Henri could not truly be absolute master of his kingdom. There was also much domestic opposition to the efforts to

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appealed to Pisani on 25 June to call in sick on the day of the event (2 July). Pisani reported to Henri his horror at the prospect, saying that even were he on the 'point of death' he would still 'drag himself on his stomach' to show the king of España that he was inferior to the king of France. He

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in the summer of 1586. The king justified himself on the grounds of the immiseration of the kingdom. The Nuncio begged him not to make such a decision to seek peace without first seeking the advice of the Pope. Catherine, who was to lead the negotiations, would depart to conduct them in July. Before

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Saint-Gouard wrote to the duc de Guise in early July 1585 chiding him for his rebellion against the crown. He informed the duc that he had learned his obedience to the crown from Guise's father the previous duc de Guise. Thus he exhorted Guise to abandon his rebellious pretensions if he did not want

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Saint-Gouard's successor as ambassador, the sieur de Longlée had in his employ a Portuguese spy (named Rondela) who was compromised in 1584 and arrested by the Spanish authorities. Longlée feigned shock when links between the spy and himself were proposed, and suggested that perhaps Rondela may have

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Zayas that du Bourg should not be received, but nevertheless Felipe received him on 30 May. Du Bourg informed the Spanish king that Alençon wished to put himself at the service of Felipe and prove himself by feats of arms. Felipe suspected Alençon was seeking the hand of one of his daughters so that

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Several events threatened the embassy of Saint-Gouard in 1574. His stables were stormed by an angry crowd in December who shouted insults against France. During the invasion one of his grooms lost their leg. On another occasion also in December one of his men was attacked in the street. Saint-Gouard

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In the regency government of Catherine after the death of Charles and before Anjou (now Henri III) could return from the Commonwealth to France, Catherine became the sole conduit for diplomatic correspondence from Saint-Gouard. The period between the kingships was a delicate one for Saint-Gouard, as

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At the start of his residency, Saint-Gouard lodged himself in the house of Juan de Medrano. He was immediately put under Spanish surveillance. Ribera characterises his treatment as a de facto 'quarantine'. His greeting more generally was cold and reluctant, coming as it did during a period of French

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in July 1572 that Felipe was 'taciturn and inscrutable'. Both he and his court were well versed in keeping their opinion secret. By the end of his residency, Saint-Gouard found Felipe to be 'tired and aged'. As for the Spanish ministers, Saint-Gouard held little appreciation for them, seeing them as

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by the crown at the start of 1580. While in Portugal in January 1582, he wrote to Henri that his creditors in Madrid had lost their patience with him. The king endeavoured to provide him ecclesiastical benefices. In addition to financial complaints, Saint-Gouard complained in September 1580 that his

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and it was agreed that Saint-Gouard would succeed him in the difficult post. Saint-Gouard was provided with several specific instructions beyond the maintenance of peace and defence of French royal policy. He was to investigate Spanish preparations for war and angrily protest against the build up of

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After his return to court in 1582 rumour swirled at court of his marriage to a fashionable woman of the court named mademoiselle de Vitry. However, Saint-Gouard was happy to remain simply a lover of hers. In 1587 he secured an excellent marriage (enabled by his recent establishment as the marquis de

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According to an anecdote from Tallémant des Réaux, at a certain time Pisani and the young Condé were walking together when they passed a peasant who threw himself to the ground before the prince. Condé did not even gesture towards the peasant, and Pisani took him to task over this. He argued to the

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to conclude his ambassadorship. Henri was distraught to learn of his excommunication, but was reassured by Navarre that the true way to respond to the Pope's move was to recapture Paris. The withdrawal of Pisani from Roma would be one piece of the diplomatic withdrawals which would typify the early

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Over the coming months, Henri continued to fail to release the archbishop of Lyon and cardinal de Bourbon from prison. However now the Pope was more incensed to learn of Henri's alliance with the Protestant king. On 5 May, Sixtus announced his decision, Henri must release the archbishop of Lyon and

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princes. The Pope cut him off, crying that that was not the way to deal with men of such quality. Guise should have been arrested, and the cardinal sent to Roma for trial. Joyeuse retorted that the Pope himself had proposed to Henri that he should defenestrate the duc de Guise back in May. The king

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rebels. He opined to his ambassador in Roma that he held duc de Guise solely responsible for the uprising. Pisani was to assure the Pope that Henri remained committed to wage war against the Protestants in Poitou, but before he could do this, Guise needed to be removed from the capital and returned

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In his diplomatic mission, Saint-Gouard would endeavour to ensure that Sixtus distrusted the Spanish. He stated to the Pontiff that while he would not wish to bet a crown on the Spanish deceiving him, he would bet everything that when it was to their advantage to do so, they would deceive the Pope.

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While the crown struggled with the prospect of seeing Saint-Gouard financially compensated for his long ambassadorship, it could reward him with office. In 1583 Henri established Saint-Gouard in the position of governor of the province of Saintonge, with particular responsibility for the château de

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stated this was the end of matters, Saint-Gouard retorted he had already explained everything to Felipe. He further clarified Henri had only accepted António into France due to the pity he felt for him. The protections afforded the pretender to the throne were a product of the warnings Saint-Gouard

1401:

distaste at Saint-Gouard's return and asked why, at a time when Catherine was dispatching fleets against the Spanish, Saint-Gouard felt he had the right to 'cavort' among the people. He asked the ambassador to specify his mission and if they judged it to be truly serious they would move from there.

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In October, during an audience with Felipe in Lisboa, Saint-Gouard assured the Spanish king that Henri was sincerely opposed to Alençon's Dutch enterprise, but had no way of containing the prince. He suggested it might be prudent for the Spanish king to offer one of his daughters to Alençon to calm

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near Lisboa where Felipe was established to complain of the treatment of French merchants and people that had accompanied the occupation. Saint-Gouard was faced with the problem of determining how he was to finance the trip, and he speculated whether he might need to sell everything he possessed in

1080:

Zayas wrote to the virrey de Catalunya urging him to maintain du Bourg in Barcelona, postulating that providing him wines might cease his progress. Saint-Gouard insisted that du Bourg not be received, and further than this, that his person be seized. Nevertheless, he was received on 21 September by

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annually. During his tenure in España, Saint-Gouard frequently complained that both his income and his expenses went unpaid by the French crown. Only six months into his residence he complained of his financial situation and asked to receive recall. It was too early for the French court to consider

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without heir. Felipe asserted his rights to the crown, and invaded Portugal, establishing himself in Lisboa. Saint-Gouard intrigued to frustrate Felipe's hold on the kingdom without success. He met with the king in Lisboa and increasingly weared on the king and his advisers. This climaxed after the

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was sent to Roma. The bishop arrived on 23 February and was received by the Pope two days later. He enjoyed several audiences with the Pope, and in one on 8 March the Pope demanded that the envoy provide a simple request for the king's absolution. After Le Mans again demurred on the grounds of the

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From January to February 1589, the cardinal de Joyeuse and Pisani negotiated with the Pope. Joyeuse seeing that neither he nor Pisani were making any impression on the Pontiff after a month of work, wrote to Henri urging him to establish a special envoy who would request absolution for him. Henri

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On 4 January word reached the Papacy of the assassinations that had transpired at Blois. This was followed a day later by the official notice of the act from Henri. According to cardinal de Joyeuse, the Pope was not surprised to learn of the assassinations, remarking that Guise and his brother had

1723:

of church land in France. This was in response to his being informed that Henri intended to personally lead an army against the Protestants. Pisani sent a porter to inform Henri of the Pope's decision When word arrived in France, the clergy was outraged and protested against the measure. They were

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Clearly understanding the situation, and appreciating that Henri was both keen to protect Saint-Gouard, and see him returned to his ambassadorial post, Cavriana advised Nevers that it would be best to end his attempts to receive satisfaction (Nevers had been seeking a duel with the ambassador). He

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Longlée. This came as a great boon to him as he feared that he might even be imprisoned over his debts at this time. Saint-Gouard was little interested in waiting in Madrid for his successor to arrive, or alternatively for Felipe to return. He thus undertook the sale of his furniture in Saintonge,

1330:

for financial reasons, and therefore wrote his despatches himself, despite suffering from an eye disease. He apologised for the poor quality of his writing to Villeroy on the grounds of his eye health. While in Portugal he learned that his creditors in Madrid had seized his horses and wardrobe and

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Idiáquez to establish tutelage over him by offering the ambassador accommodation in his house. Saint-Gouard saw this as a method by which to have his every action and visitor spied upon. When offered a galley by Idiáquez to take him to Lisboa he pretended not to see it and jumped into a small boat

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The ambassador had an issue with the interception of his mail during 1580, with the letters opened, read and then resealed. This was a problem for Saint-Gouard as he was engaging in intrigues with the Portuguese and discussing the intrigues in these letters. Fortunately for him, his cipher was not

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with haughty resolve on the matter. He reminded the Pope that Caiazzo as a French subject was within the jurisdiction of the king of France, and as such must be released. Pius responded that he was surprised to see Charles was so interested in the fate of a 'heretic'. Three days later Saint-Gouard

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cause. Henri meanwhile dispatched two of his supporters who he hoped would be well received by the Papacy on 4 October, Pisani and the cardinal de Gondi. They were to swear Henri's support for the Pope and that in the same manner as his predecessors he had a 'filial devotion' to the Holy See. The

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Many French Catholics were left in a difficult position after the assassination of Henri III. The royal army that was besieging Paris collapsed from a size of 40,000 men to 18,000, many soldiers deserting rather than lending their services to a Protestant. They now faced the prospect of having to

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In early January Henri sent to Pisani and Joyeuse the brief which the Pope had provided him on 20 July 1587. This brief granted him the privilege to receive absolution for his sins for a confessor of his choosing, including for sins that would normally be the business of the Holy See, such as the

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in September to gather information on Saint-Gouard. Cavriana inquired of the royal entourage' as to what Saint-Gouard may have said about the duc de Nevers in his diplomatic despatches back to France. This inquisitiveness greatly aggrieved Catherine who asked Cavriana to cease his investigations.

1531:

In his capacity as ambassador he received correspondence from the queen mother Catherine, and would still be receiving letters from her as late as 1588, near to her death when she was both ill and depressed. Unlike his residence in España, the communications he received in Roma from Catherine are

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His time as ambassador had so penured him that he worried about the image he would present on his return to France, having sold even his shirts to his creditors. The following month he reported to the crown of the arrival of a treasure fleet from the Spanish colonial territories weighed down with

1414:

The following day, Idiáquez visited Saint-Gouard to inform him that it was absurd to seek a marriage between Alençon and one of Felipe's daughters at a time when Alençon was seeking a marriage with the English queen, and France was sending an armed fleet out against España. Idiáquez then attacked

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On 21 June Saint-Gouard attained an audience with Felipe. The ambassador assured the Spanish king that Henri desired peace between their kingdoms and regretted the actions of his brother in Vlaanderen. He went as far as to propose a marriage between Alençon and one of the Spanish king's daughters

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From his rough accommodation, Saint-Gouard received Portuguese visitors who wished to re-establish the kingdoms independence. Ribera describes Saint-Gouard as working 'frantically' through this period in the employ of all his agents to frustrate Felipe's ambitions to the crown of Portugal. He was

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During 1580, the king's brother Alençon succeed in his negotiations with elements of the rebellion in Nederland for him to become their prince. An agreement to this effect was signed on 19 September. This was a difficult situation for Henri as if he directly opposed his brother he risked throwing

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in addition to rights to trade with the East Indies. Saint-Gouard deluded himself into believing in the strength of the Bragança position and resolve. He was thus surprised to learn of the submission of the duquesa de Bragança to Felipe. After a final visit from Rodgriguez de Castro, Saint-Gouard

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Suspecting a man of Marseille named Reboul who was in Madrid of regularly selling information to the Spanish crown about Languedoc and Provence, Saint-Gouard attacked him in the street with his cane. The ambassador reported happily back to Henri in April 1580 that the beating he had inflicted had

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who reacted with horror at word of the massacres, Saint-Gouard expressed no shock. The ambassador was uninterested in discussing morality or justice, devoted instead to the matter of obedience to the crown. He assured the Spanish king he had no cause to distrust Charles and that this massacre had

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Around a half of Saint-Gouard's correspondence back to France would be encrypted. This represented an acceleration on prior practice which only furthered as the sixteenth-century wore on. The encrypted letters were primarily the ones sent to Henri, whilst those sent to Catherine and Villeroy were

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As concerns his youthful education little is known though he had a greater taste for being a 'valiant gentleman' than he did for reading. The historian Ribera highlights that he would have spent much of his youth participating in festivals and hunts. Saint-Gouard enjoyed the privilege of being an

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threatening to excommunicate Henri unless certain conditions were met. At this time Pisani withdrew from Roma. After the assassination of Henri III and succession of the king of Navarre as Henri IV, Pisani would be among the royalist Catholics who stood by the Protestant king. He received a final

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For the historian Ribera, Pisani appeared 'Gascon' in disposition: sensitive to slight and ready to brawl or cross swords. As an ambassador he could be argued to have been 'haughty and accusatory'. He was uncompromising in his defence of the honour of the French crown, with he and his colleagues

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for her son, this was opposed by Henri who hated Scaliger. He favoured Nicolas Lefèvre, a man whose religious disposition suited Pisani. The hatred between the princesse de Condé and Henri exasperated Pisani, who was fundamentally a man of the king. Given the princesse's distaste for Henri, this

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However, in his next meeting, with the Venetian ambassador, the Pope exploded in anger. He argued to the ambassador that if Henri had executed the duc de Guise after the day of the barricades it would have been one thing, but to kill the duc after having made a public reconciliation with him was

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Despite the security concerns he had, on occasion, Saint-Gouard would take advantage of the movement of Spanish diplomatic missions to provide his messages to Spanish couriers, thus he provided correspondence in November 1581 to the new Spanish ambassador to France to take with him to the French

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In this office Saint-Gouard would be a subject of correspondence for Catherine, the queen mother. In total 53 letters survive from Catherine to Saint-Gouard covering both his roles in Madrid, and in Roma, an average of one every 96 days. She would be a considerable correspondent for him in turn,

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was playing into the hands of the Spanish. The Pope remained determined though not to receive Gondi and Pisani, and upon receiving word of Henri's adoption of Catholicism considered declaring the Catholics who received him schismatics. He was talked out of this by the Venetian ambassador on the

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to Felipe . Saint-Gouard had richly praised Longlée in his writings to the French court, informing the crown that they had 'no greater servant' than he. Nevertheless, Saint-Gouard's combative style and willingness to anger Felipe and overstep his prerogatives during his tenure left Longlée in a

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Madrid and proceed on a couple of mules to Portugal. A month came and went without him able to depart. Around this time Henri informed Saint-Gouard he was to be relieved of his charge. As a result of this decision, it would be necessary for him to travel to Lisboa to inform Felipe of this also.

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Felipe entered Portugal on 5 December 1580 to receive the homage of the great nobility, in particular the duque de Bragança. Saint-Gouard sent forth spies to inform him of Felipe's progress into Portugal and actions in the country. On 16 April 1581, Felipe was proclaimed king of Portugal by the

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Simultaneously to these efforts, Saint-Gouard worked to reassure Felipe that Alençon was not being supported by Henri in his ambitions against Spanish held Nederland. Saint-Gouard also sought to secure the marriage of a Spanish princess for the duc d'Alençon however in this he was unsuccessful.

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Saint-Gouard opined that the massacre had elevated French prestige in the eyes of the Spanish. This honeymoon was short-lived, and the people of Madrid quickly began questioning the French policy. Charles wrote to Saint-Gouard assuring him of his desire to maintain a friendship with the English

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instead. He complained to Charles of this 'disfavour' reminding the king of the services he had given to the crown. Over time his situation worsened and his apprehension towards his creditors in España bloomed. In periods of financial difficult he was embarrassed to show himself in front of the

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in the Catholic faith after Henri received absolution from the Papacy. At this time the prince was the heir to the French throne, though he would not remain such. He would also be governor of the prince's properties. He settled with the young prince at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The governor found

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in Paris. Henri was confident that the Pope would approve of the act he had undertaken, and wrote to Pisani to this effect. He justified himself on the grounds that Guise was a threat to not only his crown but also his life. Almost as an afterthought the king mentioned the assassination of the

1675:, the return of Pisani to his embassy would be arranged, and thus he departed Paris back for Roma on 23 June 1586, arriving in the city on 19 August. After the return of Pisani to Roma, Henri consented to the replacement of the bishop of Bergamo with the archbishop of Nazareth as Papal Nuncio. 1265:

was brought out of retirement to command the force of 30,000 into Portugal. Alba enjoyed a fearsome reputation for his campaigns against rebels in Spanish Nederland. The troops invaded Portugal in July. Saint-Gouard hoped the people might be able to resist the Spanish armies. Felipe's army was

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After tarrying for a while in Firenze, Pisani embarked at Livorno for France alongside the bishop of Le Mans. Joyeuse meanwhile travelled on to Venezia. On route back to France the ship Pisani and Le Mans were travelling in was attacked by a corsair, Pisani led the successful repelling of the

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Idiáquez spoke with Saint-Gouard again in November. He informed the ambassador that Felipe had sent a representative to the French court to resolve the situation of the treatment of the French in Portugal. This was an indirect way of explaining to Saint-Gouard he was not needed in Lisboa. The

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and was determined to jump on his horse and join with Felipe in Lisboa. He undertook no interviews with Granvelle for a year, the gravity of the political situation required he meet with Felipe. He was disheartened that the other ambassadors in Madrid were not dissatisfied by Felipe's coup in

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Idiáquez returned to meet with Saint-Gouard for a final time a week later. Saint-Gouard was ordered to leave Lisboa and return to Madrid. On 10 July, shortly before he left Portugal he bore witness to the departure of the Spanish fleet that was going to crush Strozzi's expedition, led by the

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In his first audience with the king he explained why he had come to Lisboa without seeking Felipe's permission. He then turned to the matter of the suffering of the French in Portugal. He summarised the damages in a memoranda to be submitted to Felipe for the allocation of compensation. This

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offered to aid the finding of a more suitable husband for Marguerite, Saint-Gouard proudly responded that in France, woman did not need help in finding their husbands. Meanwhile, French Protestants offered aid to rebels against Spanish authority in Nederland. The ambassador would propose the

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and protested that he would have to inform Henri that rather than a man he had sent a slave as an ambassador. On occasion Saint-Gouard would be compelled to draw his sword on the street to defend himself. Spaniards came to jeer at him outside his residence. Beyond the hostility he personally

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only ciphered in exceptional circumstances. In 1574 Saint-Gouard's entourage would be compromised by an agent of the Spanish kings who delivered all the ambassador's secrets to Felipe. This is the only example of such an act of subterfuge in the period subject to Gellard's study (1559–1589).

280:. Starting his military service at the age of 15, he participated in the siege of Mariembourg in 1554 against the Imperial (Holy Roman) forces, and was briefly made captive. He then fought in several campaigns in Italia under the leading commanders of the day before the peace of 1559. In the 910:

Felipe for his part, was not fooled by the protests of innocence of involvement the French offered and was well aware of French participation in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Nevertheless, he advised his ambassador that as long as the French maintained the façade of being

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to the ambassador was severalfold. They could act as a discreet spokesman, a courier, write the ambassadors despatches and in the absence of the ambassador could take care of affairs on a temporary basis. Ribera argues courier service offered useful skills for future diplomats, in that it

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and the prince de Savoie. Du Bourg would not make it to Madrid, having been detained in Barcelona by the virrey de Catalunya who wished him to communicate his letters. On 2 August 1577 he sent a memorandum to Felipe in which he explained Navarre's situation and asked for a loan of 200,000

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Having arrived in Portugal in September, he learned he was to be without his diplomatic prerogatives. Granvelle had advised Felipe to this effect, as Saint-Gouard reported indignantly in October. While established at the monastery of Belém near Lisboa, he refused the attempts of the

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to look into the matter. He had great success in his efforts and the Spanish ambassador in France was surprised to see how well appraised Saint-Gouard was of the affair, urging Felipe to investigate who Saint-Gouard was in contact with as whoever it was appeared to be well informed.

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By now relations between France and España were beginning to transform from happy courtesies towards open combat. In the first year of his tenure he was faced with several crises in Franco-Spanish relations. Felipe convinced the Pope to refuse dispensation for the royal marriage of

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In June 1584, the king's brother Alençon died. As the king lacked a son the succession to the crown defaulted to his distant Protestant cousin the king of Navarre. This was seized upon as unacceptable by a segment of the Catholic nobility led by the duc de Guise who re-founded the

2006:, Navarre writing confidently that soon Paris might fall to them. In response to this Mayenne looked to Roma for a coup of his own, hoping to see the expelling of Pisani, the prosecution of the bishop of Le Mans and the declaration of a crusade. Upon the publication of the Papal 1232:

to the throne had merit. Nevertheless, he observed that the people of Portugal were greatly hostile to a foreign candidate residing on their throne, and would prefer even a 'Turk' to submission to España. He received the pleas of Rodriguez de Castro, the cousin of the Portuguese

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gave Alba possession of Lisboa on 2 September. The only frustration for the Spanish during the campaign was the successful flight of dom António who escaped from Portugal to France. This vexed Saint-Gouard who felt it would have been more productive had he remained in Portugal.

919:. Though the French crown denied involvement in Genlis' expedition, compromising papers were found which discussed future provisions to Genlis. On 19 July the duque de Alba provided papers on Genlis' person dated to April allegedly from the French king to the Dutch rebel leader 785:

the latter of whom was the recipient of 10% of his correspondence. During the reign of Henri III, Villeroy assumes the position of de facto minister of foreign affairs, hence his elevation as an important correspondent for Saint-Gouard. By the time of Saint-Gouard's successor

300:. In 1571 he received a break in his recognition when he gained stature through a mission he conducted to the Papal States that secured the release of a French subject condemned by the inquisition, succeeding through an audacious and aggressive style in intimidating the Pope. 1084:

Du Bourg appeared a third time in the peninsula on the behalf of the king of Navarre within six months of his last appearance. He expressed the king of Navarre's desire to lead a crusade against the 'Turk'. He further sought to negotiate a marriage between Navarre's sister,

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Spanish ministers, as he could not represent his rank properly. In 1580 he protested to Henri that he was completely ruined in terms of his finances to the point of no longer being able to endure his role as an ambassador. According to Saint-Gouard he was owed around 75,000

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As during his time in España, he was often forced to take loans to support himself, due to the lack of income he was supposed to be in receipt of. Prior to leaving the Papal States he was unable to balance his books, and as such his wife was pursued by his creditors.

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On 9 January Sixtus discussed the murder of the cardinal de Guise with the cardinals of the consistory, arguing to the body that the deed could not go unpunished. Both Pisani and Joyeuse grew fearful that extraordinary penance might be imposed on Henri as a result.

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In early 1588, the Papal Nuncio tried to nudge Henri towards delivering his campaign against the Protestants. Henri was reluctant to comply, and argued that if he threw himself against the Protestants, he would be leaving Picardie and Normandie in the hands of the

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such a course of action. He renewed his campaign for relief in February 1574 explaining that he could not properly carry out his responsibilities due to his paucity of resources. It was explained to him by the court that he might receive reward on the death of the

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The Pope greatly opposed the Protestant Navarre's assumption of the crown. All Catholics who supported him were ordered to withdraw their support on pains of excommunication. Beyond his spiritual interventions, the Pope dispatched a small army to support the

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added that saints belonged to all countries, and if España wished to have a monopoly on this saint, then he should be excluded from the common calendar. He affirmed to Henri his determination to be at the ceremony, and honour Diego as a universal saint.

2207: 2102:. Peace was discussed in the meeting, on the understanding of Henri's conversion to Catholicism. Saint-Gouard did not address this condition, but passed it on to some nobles of the army, who brought it to the king's attention via his cousin the 1325:

He would remain in Portugal from August 1581 to January 1582 living in great poverty during his stay. The paucity of his resources would be such that he would be mocked by people as a 'simple valet'. During this period he had dismissed all his

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to Madrid as an extraordinary ambassador at the end of 1577, so that he might reassure Felipe that the French supported the Spanish king in Vlaanderen. Gassot was to propose the mediation of Catherine to resolve the disputes over Vlaanderen.

497:, meaning that he was raised alongside the royal princes. He first took a role in combat at the age of 15 in 1545 with responsibility for carrying an arquebus. A few years later when he reached 18 he participated in his first real campaign. 1484:, a charge that offered great prospects of profit. He would hold this charge until 1596. During the 31 December 1583 induction into his new most senior (and more exclusive) order of French chivalry, Saint-Gouard would be established as a 1354:

against ministers whose pride deluded them into believing the power of their prince was eternal. He competed with the Spanish over the nomination of a consul in Portugal to represent French interests, strongly representing Henri's choice

307:. He was confronted immediately by several crises in relations between France and España, chief among them covert French involvement in the rebellion against Spanish rule in Nederland. Saint-Gouard fruitlessly tried to convince king 959:. Around this time, Anjou wrote to Saint-Gouard optimistic that the recent massacre might see the king properly obeyed by those who had 'deceitfully become his companions' who from now on would not seek to defy their kings wishes. 1227:

died without an heir. To solve the matter of his succession, he had established five governors to manage affairs on his death and appoint his successor. In the crisis that followed, Saint-Gouard did not believe that the claims of

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queen. Saint-Gouard for his part enthusiastically championed a proposal for the Portuguese to conquer an empire in the Indies for France, seeing it as a method to counterbalance Spanish power. By now France was embroiled in a

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that was being organised under the command of the colonel-general Strozzi (son of the maréchal with whom Saint-Gouard had travelled to Malta in 1565) set sail. Propositioned by a prospective spy in April, he paid the man 700

1129:

After the seizure of French shipping in 1577 Saint-Gouard protested that the Spanish were so unjust in their behaviour that they made the 'Turks' look good by comparison. In January 1578 Saint-Gouard detailed to the Spanish

1889:, he chafed at the duc's tutelage and this was furthered by his suspicion that Guise was behind the defiance of the Estates General to him. Thus he resolved to assassinate the duc in December 1588. After have effected the 1948:

After the meeting of cardinals on 10 January it was decided to suspend consistorial matters related to France. Joyeuse opined fearfully that this could cause a break between the French and Roman churches, and a return to

810:. Saint-Gouard was shocked by this promise and abhorred the possibility that he might have to look forward to the cardinale's death. Instead he looked to receive an abbey that had become vacant, however it was granted to 1406:

succeeded in finding lodgings for him with a rich Genoese man. It was quickly apparent he was under close watch. Despite being under watch, Saint-Gouard continued to meet with those who opposed Spanish rule in Portugal.

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to arrange accommodation for him. Instead of offering accommodation Idiáquez inquired coldly as to why he had returned. Saint-Gouard explained he had important matters to discuss with Felipe. The Spanish king shared his

1069:. Felipe opined to his ambassador that Saint-Gouard was furious that he had received du Bourg, but that his policy was not to displease anyone, especially as Alençon might be able to influence his brother in the future. 2291:

described his ascetic lifestyle, with preponderance for vegetables and 'clear water'. In addition to this virtue, Pisani was a 'devout Catholic' who was also devoted to royal service, and acted with honour and virtue.

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but was unable to convince them to care. He therefore escalated his complaints to Felipe who referred him back to Idiáquez. With no satisfaction, Saint-Gouard complained to Villeroy, urging him to share in his anger.

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As a further reward for his services, in May 1586 Henri erected the marquisate de Pisani in Saint-Gouard's favour, comprising his lands in Poitou and Saintonge. It would be by this name he would be known forthwith.

1566:. Saint-Gouard as French ambassador would enjoy the second most senior position in this ceremony, behind that of the Imperial ambassador and before that of the Spanish. Frustrated at this the Spanish ambassador the 399:. While Jean would have many siblings, only one had descendants, Marie de Vivonne. He came from the junior branch of an old family (recorded from the latter 11th century) established in the Saintonge and Angoumois. 2010:(warning that proceeds excommunication) on 26 May, both Joyeuse and Pisani abandoned Roma. 1589 thus represented the end of Pisani's tenure as ambassador to the Papacy, the marquis judging the publication of the 510:

Saint-Gouard fought in the siege of Mariembourg during the French campaign of 1554–1555. He was to bring supplies to the fortification. In this campaign he was wounded and briefly experienced Imperial captivity.

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to halt his progress at Lyon. Chevallier speculates he may have been driven by the domestic frustrations he was experiencing after having been forced into a peace which conceded to his enemies in the Catholic

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that they needed to unite loyally with the king to achieve the destruction of Protestantism. However, the speed of the Pope's response did not reflect the urgency of the situation. From 10 to 13 May 1588 the

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In addition to his regular correspondence with the king and Catherine, Saint-Gouard would also exchange letters with the king's brother the duc d'Anjou (the future Henri III) in the early 1570s and with the

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off with the Spanish Papal ambassador who sought to convince the Pope to continue the fight. From late 1592 the Venetian ambassador had convinced Clement military and financial support towards the Catholic

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representative in the Papal court, Jean de Piles, abbot of Orbais worked to convince the Pope to excommunicate Henri. Pisani denounced the abbot as a pernicious agent of the Lorraine princes on 25 January.

1740:. The Nuncio retorted that Henri had two enemies, and as he could only make war on one it should be the Protestants. On 18 February, Henri wrote to Pisani asking him to see to it that the Pope reminded the 1031:

had been abandoned by god and had fallen into degeneracy (i.e. Henri III), while the descendants of Charlemagne (including the house of Lorraine-Guise) were flourishing in body and spirit. It followed that

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After five months in Portugal, and with it being made clear to him that he was unwelcome, he resolved to return to Madrid. Funds were granted to him on route to the capital while he was in Sevilla by his

2094:

In October 1589 he returned to Roma briefly for a brief extraordinary mission so as to secure for the duc de Luxembourg an audience with the Pope. Despite Spanish opposition, this mission was a success.

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for the purpose of securing the release from captivity of the comte de Caiazzo, a servant of the French crown who had been put before the Inquisition under suspicion of 'heresy'. Saint-Gouard approached

686:. He arrived in the country on 23 February 1572. Felipe received him four days later and he made a good impression on the monarch. He was presented to Felipe by the current French ambassador to España, 395:, the son of Artus de Vivonne and Catherine de Brémond. His parents had married in 1519. His father Artus served the French crown during the Italian Wars, meanwhile his mother was in the entourage of 848:

hypocrites who were proud in their manners, and arrogant. Saint-Gouard viewed the Spanish as 'haughty and contemptuous', further adding that if he looked like them he would never appear in public.

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He wrote back to the French court in September that Felipe was undertaking the fortification of Lisboa. As for the Portuguese, they were in Saint-Gouard's estimation 'dejected and submissive'.

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an agent of Guise's in the Roman capital. During his ambassadorship he denounced the cardinal de Pellevé, who had been established in Roma around 1574, as a source of intrigues and mischief.

1072:

Having returned to France, du Bourg would be sent back to España by Alençon in August 1576 with a letter of introduction from the prince. Du Bourg made a bad impression in Catalunya with the

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bested the Spanish candidate. A little while later the French king died and was succeeded by the duc d'Anjou who took the name Henri III. On his return to France, Henri was confronted by a

1909:

The Papal Nuncio in France decided against excommunicating Henri out of fear it could drive him into the arms of the Protestants, and therefore left the decision in the hands of the Pope.

1787:

there was no prospect of an accord being reached. The Papal Nuncio informed Sixtus of the conferences failure before it had opened. Pisani continued to push Sixtus to make it clear to the

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asking for French aid. Believing the Bragança family to enjoy great support in Portugal he therefore asked Henri to jump into action in March 1580. He proposed to the French king that the

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she did she urged Pisani to sooth the Pope's concerns about her peace mission. Her efforts succeeded in securing an armistice with the Protestants which lasted until the spring of 1587.

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In the short peace between the second and third French civil wars, Saint-Gouard undertook his first diplomatic mission when he was made an extraordinary ambassador to Spanish Nederland.

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which had re-emerged after the death of Alençon with Henri's heir now a Protestant, an unacceptable state of affairs to the members. The crisis between the French crown and the Catholic

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France back into civil war, but at the same time he could not afford war with España. Saint-Gouard assured Felipe that Henri was entirely opposed to Alençon's 'despicable' enterprise.

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Catherine wrote to Felipe gratefully that she and her son had been able to fight off the Protestant conspiracy against them. Eager to seize the moment she proposed a marriage between

651:

According to the English ambassador, when back in France, shortly before his departure to España, Saint-Gouard involved himself in a Catholic plot. Upon the arrival of the Protestant

433:

In addition to his seigneurie of Saint-Gouard, and baronie, then marquisate of Pisany, Jean de Vivonne was also the sieur de Ramades, Foyes, Pessines, Les Comes and La Croix-Blance.

1828:

Refusing to back down despite Rusticucci's pleas, he attended the ceremony with his precedence over the Spanish. Unable to tolerate this, Olivares called in sick to be replaced by

1820:. For Felipe the canonisation was a great honour and the conde de Olivares wished to enjoy diplomatic precedence for this day which be in honour of España. To facilitate this, the 336:

in 1582. That same year he was relieved of his responsibilities in España after ten years, ending his residency by trying to engineer the torching of the Spanish fleet in Lisboa.

5240: 1941:

only needed the forgiveness of god for the killing of the duc, however the cardinal informed the pope that Henri wished to receive absolution for the death of cardinal de Guise.

1936:

murder and not justice. This was furthered in his meetings with the Spanish representative. On 7 January Joyeuse spoke with Sixtus and tried to justify the 'deserved end' of the

1134:

Zayas that the French prisoners were put in the hold without food and left to starve. After this the ambassador alleged they were subject to tortures and falsified confessions.

1014:

to demand justice for this iniquity, but instead of attaining anything he was threatened with having more of his servants seized. Saint-Gouard thus appealed directly to Felipe.

1261:

Felipe therefore raised levies across España to see Portugal subdued to him, with Saint-Gouard noting that the soil shook with the march of the soldiers. To lead the army the

2119:

cause in their war with Henri, however it was badly ravaged by dysentery and accomplished little. With the death of Pope Gregory in October 1591 a new election was held. The

1420:

had provided that there were many assassins who desired António dead. It would be a considerable dishonour to Henri for the Portuguese noble to be murdered in his territory.

2060:

serve a Protestant king. While this was too much for some, in the following days many nobles of Guyenne swore themselves to the king of Navarre as Henri IV. Among them were

1839:. He thanked the Pope through Pisani for offering the services of a Legate, but requested this role be given to the Nuncio. On 21 July he concluded an agreement with the 1708:

Relations between the Papacy and Henri were improved at this time. In March 1587 the hostile Papal Nuncio archbishop of Nazareth died and was replaced by the pro-French

1004:

Henri made his way back through Italia to France. He faced off mocking jeers from those who noted Henri's leisurely return through Italia while his kingdom awaited him.

2456:

Jouanna, Arlette (1998). "Le Temps des Guerres de Religion en France (1559-1598)". In Jouanna, Arlette; Boucher, Jacqueline; Biloghi, Dominique; Le Thiec, Guy (eds.).

1012:(mayor) and a group of soldiers who proceeded to arrest two young boys and a groom from his stable, taking them off to prison. Saint-Gouard dispatched his sécretaire 1262: 692: 667: 611:

Saint-Gouard was involved in all the major battles of the Third French War of Religion (1568–1570|third French War of Religion]]. He fought at the royal victory of

530:

so that he might campaign into Napoli. This campaign made a great impression on Saint-Gouard. After this he was in Piemonte where he fought under the authority of

370:

would desperately try to stop the Pope employing radical action against Henri. However, after Henri entered into alliance with his Protestant heir, Sixtus issued a

1752: 2084:

and Pisani. These were all military nobles capable of mobilising their networks in the favour of the new king. For Pisani it was a matter of monarchical loyalty.

2081: 823:

As ambassador he was subject to the hostility of Spanish public opinion towards France. This distaste for France was directed at him personally. For example, the

5245: 478: 445: 380: 233: 1859:

and sell off the property of Protestants. With this agreement confirmed, Henri assured Pisani he would now be waging war against the Protestants alongside the

551: 281: 1835:

On 4 July Henri noted with impatience to Pisani that if he did not have peace in his kingdom within the next several weeks, he would enter open war with the

1425: 1847:

in which he swore never again to make an accord with 'heretics'. Similarly France was never to have a 'heretical' king, he would adopt the decisions of the

1567: 782: 542:

After the French kings surrendered their claims to the Italian peninsula, the combat moved to the domestic sphere, as France's problems became internal.

1371:

The Portuguese crisis had been a further catalyst for the deterioration of Franco-Spanish relations. At this time, a French military expedition to the

2539:

Diplomatie et Espionnage: Les Ambassadeurs du Roi de France auprès de Philippe II - Du Traité du Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) à la mort de Henri III (1589)

2350:

Diplomatie et Espionnage: Les Ambassadeurs du Roi de France auprès de Philippe II - Du Traité du Cateau-Cambrésis (1559) à la mort de Henri III (1589)

1890: 1879: 1294: 1241:(duchess of Bragança) ally with dom António. In return for French aid, the kingdom would be rewarded with possession of the Portuguese territories of 1238: 1202: 1036:

wished to establish himself as king. The text spread around the capital but for the moment the king did not view it as a serious threat. According to

852: 360: 1957: 1780: 1617:

Shortly after being expelled from Roma by Sixtus and returning to France, Saint-Gouard found himself in the centre of a storm. He was suspected by

1969: 1784: 663: 638:

In the winter of 1571, at the age of 40, Saint-Gouard returned to diplomatic service when he undertook an extraordinary diplomatic mission to the

569:, certain French seigneurs rushed to join the defence of the island bastion. In this they were responding to a call for aid from the grand master 1650:

Henri for his part found himself subject to the distaste of the existing Papal Nuncio for his decision to seek negotiations with the Protestant

5270: 5250: 2223: 2176:

Having stayed in northern Italia since his arrival in late 1592, Pisani returned to France in early 1594. During his stay he had felt useless.

1570:

refused to participate in the coronation ceremony on 1 May. He was also granted other symbolic honours as concerned courtly etiquette in Roma.

5255: 2132:

agents in Roma. As such the royalist party stopped its journey in Firenze, forbidden from travelling further. Meanwhile, emissaries from the

1076:. The virrey informed the Spanish court of his arrival on 2 September, causing embarrassment in Madrid. Felipe feared a new trouble, and his 531: 523: 347:

died, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace him. Arriving in the territory in March 1585 he enjoyed a combative relationship with the new pope,

1690:, a great supporter of the French in December 1586. However this was counterbalanced by a new ally for the protection of French affairs the 5260: 1709: 720: 1668: 851:

In his dealings with Felipe, Saint-Gouard adopted a far more combatative attitude than his three predecessors as ambassador (Fourquevaux,

1627: 1338:

disappointed to discover however that the Portuguese had lost the will to fight by and large, as such his efforts were largely in vain.

912: 1712:

in the charge. Sixtus opined to Pisani that the rebellion of Guise against the crown was of advantage to the Protestants. The Catholic

2366:

Boucher, Jacqueline (1998). "Saint-Goard-Pisani". In Jouanna, Arlette; Boucher, Jacqueline; Biloghi, Dominique; Le Thiec, Guy (eds.).

1471:

to Saint-Gouard for the last nine years of his diplomatic mission, being first mentioned in this capacity in 1574 correspondence from

1621:

of being the author of several libellous letters against him. Keen to confirm his suspicions, the duc de Nevers turned to the doctor

2149: 1618: 1008:

and a few servants rushed to his aid and a melee ensued. The following day the door of his ambassadorial residence was forced by an

710: 1953:

elections in the French church. Joyeuse advised Henri that he would need to request absolution from the Pope, and also release the

1186: 311:

of the innocence of the French crown in the affair. He faced much anger in España after the French candidate for the throne of the

1973:

the murder of the duc and cardinal all good Catholics were fearful and required the protection of an act emanating from the Pope.

1023:

In 1576 a Parisian lawyer named Jean David made his way back from Roma (possibly after a meeting with the Pope) in the retinue of

2247:

with the appropriate honours worthy of the order. All outstanding sums that were owed to him were to be paid to his descendants.

1359:) against the choices of the Spanish, who were favourable to their position. He was unable to get his choice of consul accepted. 1027:. On route he died in Lyon, and papers were allegedly discovered on his person by the authorities that argued the descendants of 976: 945: 932: 489:

His wife and daughter would join him in France during the final years of his life. Julia would be naturalised as French in 1593.

312: 2191: 2165: 1767:

Having established an agreement with the Spanish king Felipe, when the time came in April for a conference at Soissons between

1577:

He would fight vigorously to defend the Catholicity and reputation of his king Henri against Sixtus. In this he was up against

964: 594: 769:(21 years). As the latter decades of the sixteenth-century wore on ambassadorships trended towards longer and longer periods. 762: 320: 1452: 1445: 881: 2320:

A connection can be established between the Vivonne of the Sixteenth-Century and 'Hugues de Vivonne' who lived around 1050.

856: 562: 831:

and insisted that if Saint-Gouard wished for it that he should collect it personally. Saint-Gouard complained to a Spanish

143: 100: 1301: 1267: 731:, mother of three French kings and a frequent receiver of Saint-Gouard's despatches as ambassador to España and the Papacy 1728:

and the new Papal Nuncio. Due to the fact the money was not presently available, Henri asked Pisani to request a 400,000

1512:

In 1584 Saint-Gouard was established as the French ambassador to the Papal States upon the death of the prior ambassador

2218: 2210: 590: 376: 289: 2510:

Micallef, Fabrice (2023). "La Puissance Italiennes face aux Guerres de Religion en France". In Le Roux, Nicolas (ed.).

2287:

Jules Gassot spoke very highly of the marquis de Pisani. In his estimation Pisani was an unusually excellent lord. The

2073: 1655: 1496:

known Saint-Gouard in Vlaanderen or Konstantiniyye and that there was nothing compromising about their relationship.

1234: 616: 2091:(squadron of the white cornet). He maintained proximity to the king, always armoured, despite his considerable age. 1266:

however able to subdue the country very rapidly, much to Saint-Gouard's surprise. Victory in battle on 25 August at

451: 2103: 2028: 1481: 1229: 1216: 1148:

This was followed from September to December in 1578 by another extraordinary diplomatic mission, this time led by

1049: 980: 324: 1300:

The French ambassador was little interested in remaining in Madrid to discuss affairs with Felipe's minister, the

1164:

was uncovered by Saint-Gouard in 1579. The purpose of Lanssac's efforts appeared to be the seizure of the city of

1389: 1368:

which allowed him to finance a return to Portugal. He was even obligated to mortgage some of lands in Saintonge.

416: 1816:

Pisani would demonstrate his hostility to the Spanish at the Papal court over the matter of the canonisation of

995: 749:

years in España would be the fifth longest French diplomatic mission of his time, behind the ambassadorships of

55: 2136: 1864: 1501: 1441: 578: 485:

in January 1600 and became famous through her salon for her influence on the intellectual life of high society.

352: 2262: 1768: 1626:

Still enquiring on the duc's behalf, several days later Cavriana got into a showdown with the royal favourite

215: 1894: 1280: 1601: 1224: 1206: 1037: 724: 698:

Fourquevaux had advised the crown to select a 'man of experience' as his replacement, as after the death of

598: 570: 328: 277: 2045: 2024:

attacker, allowing them to reach Languedoc. When informed, Sixtus was impressed to learn of Pisani's feat.

1990: 526:

during his 1557 campaign into the peninsula. He was with Guise in Roma which he had come to at the call of

343:

and the post of governor of Saintonge in 1583. When the following year the ambassador to the Papal States,

5265: 2227: 2139:

assured the Pope that Henri would not convert to Catholicism and that if he did it would be a simulacrum.

2069: 1921: 1756: 1702: 1691: 1635: 1622: 1597: 1114:, the highest order of French chivalry. That same year he entered the king's household when he was made a 1033: 956: 936: 714: 699: 679: 671: 367: 366:

and his brother the cardinal de Guise. The Pope was enraged that a cardinal had been murdered. Pisani and

308: 2269: 2160: 1800: 1489: 1111: 652: 412: 340: 1672: 1578: 1472: 1464: 1356: 1285: 787: 574: 482: 455: 93: 2003: 1901:

that Guise had been poisoned by his ambition and was planning to seize Henri and hand him over to the

892: 272:–7 October 1599) was a French soldier, governor, courtier and diplomat during the final years of the 5235: 5230: 2077: 1950: 1898: 1817: 1744:

of their need to show obedience to him and see to the service of god, as opposed to their ambitions.

1086: 1053: 916: 877: 620: 566: 408: 297: 1844: 1683:

lords like the duc de Guise (who liaised with the new Papal Nuncio on his plans to reject a peace).

2180: 2061: 2049: 1961: 1821: 1517: 1161: 1149: 952: 844: 602: 316: 2449:

L'Amitié Entre Princes: Une Alliance Franco-Espagnole au Temps des Guerres de Religion (1560-1570)

1141: 655:

at court, Saint-Gouard was intending to surprise and destroy him. However this did not transpire.

2334:

incentivised the learning of language and the customs of the foreign state. Longlée received 400

2053: 2015:

reign of Henri III's Protestant successor due to his lack of recognition in the Catholic courts.

1698: 1651: 1589: 1521: 1520:

of this period to hold multiple ordinary diplomatic postings, something that was more common for

1073: 873: 728: 2190:

With 'surprising youthfulness', Pisani fought alongside the king at the royalist victory of the

2311:

The sieur de Longlée was not technically ambassador to España but rather a permanent resident.

2120: 2065: 1852: 1555: 1250: 940: 811: 758: 750: 464: 420: 2235:

prince that without the peasant, there would be no food for the nobility and princes to eat.

2098:

In July 1590, Pisani undertook a conference for Henri at Saint-Germain with the Papal legate

1679:

broker peace between the royal party and the Protestants both radical preachers and from the

1052:

and the Protestant king of Navarre both undertook negotiations with Felipe through the agent

303:

The following year, Saint-Gouard was chosen to replace the long serving ambassador to España

1856: 1848: 1309: 683: 612: 396: 293: 2476:«Practiques» et «practiqueurs»: la vie politique à la fin du règne de Henri III (1584-1589) 1875: 1198: 979:

on 11 May 1573. To secure this position he had to compete with a Spanish backed candidate:

1725: 1451:

That same month the French expeditionary force to the Açores under the command of Strozzi

1246: 1024: 920: 555: 285: 1687: 897: 807: 2052:

distant cousin the Protestant king of Navarre who succeeded him to the French throne as

1796:

rose up in Paris with Guise at its head, and attempted to impose a settlement on Henri.

2099: 1600:. Henri was greatly aggrieved by this and refused to receive the replacement, ordering 1467:

was already in Iberia at the time of Saint-Gouard's relief. He had in fact served as a

907:

Zayas he claimed the French king Charles was not involved in any anti-Spanish actions.

678:

In early 1572 he was sent to España for the purpose of congratulating the Spanish king

1917: 1212: 375:

further honour in 1596 when he was made the governor of the heir to the French throne

5224: 1968:

automatic excommunication the killing of a cardinal resulted in (the king had killed

1925: 1829: 1559: 1548: 1057: 515: 348: 1897:

who was departing for Italia was instructed to inform the late duc's maternal uncle

1118:(gentleman of the king's chamber), and also the royal government when he was made a 790:

mission in España a quarter of diplomatic correspondence would be sent to Villeroy.

1513: 1028: 527: 344: 273: 126: 1168:

in north west Africa. To uncover what was transpiring, Saint-Gouard entrusted his

554:

he participated in the only major field battle of the war at the royal victory of

441: 1803:, Henri retreated from Paris to Chartres leaving the capital in the hands of the 884:. In his eyes the marriage was an aberration in that it united the family of the 2194:

in 1595. This battle facilitated the defection of the lieutenant-general of the

1392:

near Lisboa in June. He wrote to Idiáquez to announce his return and asking the

754: 644: 468: 1126:(privy council), a charge he would hold until 1598, the year before his death. 2217:

The aged marquis was granted the honour in 1596 of raising the eight year old

1205:

one of the key power brokers in Portugal after the death without heir of king

2206: 1165: 1638:

advising her to intercede with her husband against his desire for revenge.

1436: 1411:

might still be an appropriate solution. This was greeted coldly by Felipe.

1372: 1152:

to again reassure Felipe about France's intentions as regarded Vlaanderen.

915:

which had invaded Nederland in the hopes of relieving the Spanish siege of

333: 2440:

Une Reine Épistolaire: Lettres et Pouvoir au Temps de Catherine de Médicis

2431:

Une Reine Épistolaire: Lettres et Pouvoir au Temps de Catherine de Médicis

1893:, Henri moved to ensuring the act was properly justified internationally. 1732:

loan from the Pope in return for receipt of interest from the alienation.

1415:

Henri for the support he offered to the claims of dom António. Though the

1402:

Saint-Gouard dispatched Longlée to secure accommodation for him, and the

639: 407:

The family enjoyed many connections to great noble families such as the:

2265:

near Paris. He was succeeded as governor of the prince de Condé by the

1851:, grant to the Catholic princes the towns conceded to them in the 1585 1242: 801:

As ambassador to España, Saint-Gouard was to enjoy an income of 18,000

766: 519: 1255: 626:

Saint-Gouard was entrusted with the military responsibility of being

288:. In the coming years he would participate in the major battles of 2275:

Pisani's widow received support from Pisani's network of friends.

2205: 2159: 2044: 1916: 1874: 1751: 1716:

should unite with the crown for the destruction of Protestantism.

1543: 1435: 1211: 1197: 994: 719: 709: 662: 573:. Among those joining the defenders on the walls were the sons of 474:

Jean de Vivonne and Julia Savelli would have the following issue:

450: 440: 392: 339:

Back in France, Saint-Gouard was rewarded with induction into the

203: 1504:

to oppose Navarre's succession and various other royal policies.

1106:

In 1577 Saint-Gouard received the royal honour of induction as a

888:(Most Christian King) with the Protestants. In April the Spanish 2512:

Les Guerres de Religion: Une Histoire de l'Europe au XVIe Siècle

2386:

Martyrs and Murderers: The Guise Family and the Making of Europe

1293:

In April 1581 Saint-Gouard voiced his dismissive opinion of the

379:. He died three years later, leaving his lands to his daughter, 35: 2377:

Les Guerres de Religion (1559-1598): Un Conflit Franco-Français

983:. To support his candidate Felipe had poured in around 600,000 263:

Jean de Vivonne, seigneur de Saint-Gouard and marquis de Pisani

1588:

The new Pope decided to recall his Papal Nuncio to France the

977:

Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)

975:

The king's brother the duc d'Anjou was elected as king of the

843:

Saint-Gouard found Felipe a difficult man to read, opining to

313:

Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth)

4903: 4901: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4582: 4580: 4555: 4553: 4540: 4538: 967:

and had little ability to follow through on such a proposal.

4486: 4484: 4482: 2226:

over the choice of tutor for the prince. While she favoured

630:(captain of 50 men-at-arms in the royal ordinance company). 628:

capitaine de cinquante hommes d'armes des ordonnances du roi

5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 3270: 2864: 2862: 2771: 2769: 2652: 2338:

from Saint-Gouard for the performance of courier services.

1924:

who would assist Pisani in his attempted negotiations with

4782: 4780: 4778: 4765: 4763: 4501: 4499: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2494:

Portraits d'un Royaume: Henri III, la Noblesse et la Ligue

1686:

It was with sadness that Pisani observed the death of the

5195: 5193: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4390: 4388: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4089: 4087: 4074: 4072: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4040: 4038: 3731: 3729: 3237: 3235: 3024: 3022: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2123:, elected in January 1592 maintained his support for the 1885:

Though Henri had initially acceded to the demands of the

1832:. Olivares would not forgive the French for a long time. 5087: 5085: 5012: 5010: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4930: 4928: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3996: 3994: 3981: 3979: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3826: 3824: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3746: 3744: 3716: 3714: 3689: 3687: 3674: 3672: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3546: 3544: 3507: 3505: 3492: 3490: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3367: 3365: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3297: 3295: 3210: 3208: 3087: 3085: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 835:(secretary) of the humiliations inflicted on him by the 3865: 3863: 3446: 3444: 3442: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 1989:

conceded to the Pope's position and his representative

1719:

In August the Pope authorised an alienation of 500,000

1554:

The following month after his establishment, in April,

882:

peace that brought the third war of religion to a close

753:

to Venezia (11.5 years), Jean de Liverdis to the Swiss

2736: 2734: 2732: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2548:

Society in Crisis: France during the Sixteenth Century

2198:

Mayenne, who abandoned his Spanish allies in disgust.

1697:

A flood of Catholic outrage greeted the execution of

1308:

In June Henri tasked Saint-Gouard with travelling to

981:

the erzherzog von Österreich (archduke of Österreich)

323:

which would involve the rebellion of his brother the

2485:

Un Régicide au nom de Dieu: L'Assassinat d'Henri III

2467:

Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-1589

827:

of Madrid refused to provide food to Saint-Gouard's

2272:who got on far better with the princesse de Condé. 1985:pamphlets printed in Paris were also sent to Roma. 1048:During the years 1576 and 1577, the king's brother 999:

Duc d'Anjou who succeeded Charles as king Henri III

880:, a key component of securing the longevity of the 757:- Grey League (14.5 years), Guillaume Ancel to the 589:Saint-Gouard fought in the major engagement of the 239: 229: 221: 209: 192: 187: 173: 163: 142: 132: 120: 99: 87: 75: 54: 49: 21: 1528:he enjoyed the services of Antoine de La Boderie. 2002:in France declined greatly after the loss of the 670:one of the principal ministers and commanders of 361:assassination of the duc de Guise, leader of the 2458:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion 2368:Histoire et Dictionnaire des Guerres de Religion 2258:(colonel general of the Italian light cavalry). 2256:colonel-général de la cavalerie légère italienne 1822:cardinale de Rusticucci (cardinal of Rusticucci) 1490:Ordre du Saint-Esprit (Order of the Holy-Spirit) 863:policy that was viewed disfavourably in España. 1177:discredited Reboul in the eyes of the Spanish. 2222:himself in conflict with the prince's mother 2087:The new king appointed him lieutenant in the 1585:to sabotage the reputation of his ancestors. 1112:Ordre de Saint-Michel (Order of Saint-Michel) 935:was greeted with delight by the Spanish king 479:Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet 332:French crown sent an expedition to seize the 8: 5241:French people of the French Wars of Religion 1181:cracked. Nevertheless, he complained to the 1440:Spanish naval victory over the force under 446:Jean's daughter the marquise de Rambouillet 4919: 4907: 4851: 4839: 4803: 4754: 4718: 4682: 4670: 4658: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4586: 4571: 4559: 4544: 4461: 3651: 3562: 2925: 1818:a Spanish Franciscan named Diego de Alcalá 1759:on top the barricades in Paris during the 1074:virrey de Catalunya (viceroy of Catalunya) 546:First war of religion and the 'long peace' 34: 18: 4529: 4490: 2868: 2656: 1223:On 31 January 1580, the king of Portugal 16:16th Century French governor and diplomat 5076: 5040: 3663: 3639: 2348:Amalric, Jean-Pierre (2018). "Préface". 391:Jean de Vivonne was born around 1530 in 359:would explode in December 1588 with the 5184: 5148: 5103: 5064: 5028: 5001: 4946: 4892: 4827: 4815: 4786: 4769: 4706: 4694: 4505: 4473: 4418: 4406: 4394: 4367: 4283: 4029: 3735: 3603: 3535: 3523: 3433: 3421: 3313: 3286: 3274: 3241: 3226: 3175: 3151: 3127: 3103: 3091: 3076: 3064: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3013: 3001: 2937: 2880: 2853: 2775: 2723: 2692: 2668: 2623: 2570: 5211: 5199: 5172: 5160: 5127: 5091: 5016: 4989: 4977: 4965: 4934: 4880: 4863: 4742: 4730: 4646: 4517: 4449: 4437: 4379: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4216: 4199: 4182: 4165: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4078: 4063: 4044: 4017: 4000: 3985: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3934: 3922: 3910: 3893: 3881: 3869: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3815: 3803: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3750: 3720: 3705: 3693: 3678: 3627: 3615: 3591: 3579: 3550: 3511: 3496: 3481: 3462: 3450: 3402: 3390: 3371: 3356: 3344: 3332: 3301: 3214: 3199: 3187: 3163: 3139: 3115: 2989: 2977: 2956: 2913: 2901: 2817: 2794: 2740: 2711: 2680: 2584: 2106:. However this meeting bore no fruit. 1855:, relieve Épernon of his governate of 619:was executed. At the royal victory of 381:the celebrated marquise de Rambouillet 341:king's new most senior chivalric order 5115: 5052: 2557:The Huguenot Struggle for Recognition 2530:Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age 1871:Assassination of the duc and cardinal 1701:on 1 March 1587 by the English queen 1568:conde de Olivares (count of Olivares) 1558:was succeeded in the Papal office by 159:19 August 1586 – 26 May 1589 7: 5246:Military leaders of the Italian Wars 2841: 2829: 458:husband to Jean's daughter Catherine 426:Jena de Vivonne, as a member of the 71:February 1572 – August 1582 2451:. Presses Universitaires de France. 1779:the duc de Guise, and cardinals of 1219:, claimant to the Portuguese throne 695:on the French border in Vlaaderen. 514:He fought under the command of the 2429:Crouzet, Denis (2014). "Préface". 1634:wrote similarly to the duc's wife 1056:(brother of the Protestant martyr 1038:the contempotary historian de Thou 808:cardinale d'Este (cardinal d'Este) 623:in 1569 he was seriously injured. 116:March 1585 – 25 July 1585 14: 2532:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2503:1559-1629 Les Guerres de Religion 2261:Pisani died on 7 October 1599 at 2254:(seneschal) of Poitou and as the 2168:which saw Henri triumph over the 1891:assassination of the duc de Guise 1880:Assassination of the duc de Guise 1137:The French court sent the king's 2250:Henri established Pisani as the 2074:the seigneur de La Rochefoucauld 1463:. His successor as ambassador , 1116:gentilhomme de la chambre du roi 946:assassination of Admiral Coligny 615:in 1568 at which the Protestant 585:Second and third war of religion 518:during the latter's campaign in 368:his ally the cardinal de Joyeuse 2089:escadron de la cornette blanche 1459:between three and four million 50:11th French Ambassador to Spain 2324: 2306: 874:the Protestant king of Navarre 1: 5271:16th-century French diplomats 5251:Court of Charles IX of France 2420:Constant, Jean-Marie (1996). 2411:Constant, Jean-Marie (1984). 2357:Babelon, Jean-Pierre (2009). 2315: 1863:leaders the duc de Guise and 1799:After the humiliation of the 1388:Saint-Gouard arrived back at 933:St Bartholomew's Day massacre 715:Felipe II, the king of España 595:second French War of Religion 516:maréchal (marshal) de Strozzi 266: 249:Catherine de Brémond (mother) 196: 40:Bust of the marquis de Pisani 5256:Court of Henry III of France 2537:Ribera, Jean-Michel (2018). 2395:Henri III: Roi Shakespearien 2192:battle of Fontaine-Française 2166:battle of Fontaine-Française 1602:the governor of the Lyonnais 1453:was destroyed by the Spanish 1442:the French commander Strozzi 1295:Spanish ambassador to France 1160:A secret negotiation led by 941:French ambassador in Venezia 693:duque de Alba (duke of Alba) 668:Duque de Alba (duke of Alba) 552:first French War of Religion 419:, Clisson, Saint-Gelais and 282:first French War of Religion 5261:Court of Henry IV of France 2555:Sutherland, Nicola (1980). 2393:Chevallier, Pierre (1985). 1384:Second expedition to Lisboa 284:he fought at the climactic 5287: 2474:Le Person, Xavier (2002). 2438:Gellard, Matthieu (2014). 2388:. Oxford University Press. 2029:assassination of Henri III 1748:Crisis of the French crown 1667:Thanks to the work of the 2501:Le Roux, Nicolas (2022). 2492:Le Roux, Nicolas (2020). 2483:Le Roux, Nicolas (2006). 2179:During the crisis of the 1976:During these months, the 1771:surintendant des finances 1592:and replace him with the 597:. During this battle the 565:(Ottoman Empire) putting 545: 256: 246:Artus de Vivonne (father) 183: 152: 109: 64: 45: 33: 26:seigneur de Saint-Gouard 2559:. Yale University Press. 2521:Henri III: Le Roi Décrié 2384:Carroll, Stuart (2011). 2164:Royalist victory at the 2078:the comte de La Vauguyon 1596:and Spanish sympathetic 1150:the marquis de Maintenon 957:Felipe's daughter Isabel 783:the seigneur de Villeroy 688:the baron de Fourquevaux 682:on the birth of his son 305:the baron de Fourquevaux 2528:Pitts, Vincent (2012). 2519:Pernot, Michel (2013). 2465:Knecht, Robert (2016). 2447:Haan, Bertrand (2011). 1913:Justifying the killings 1895:André Hurault de Maisse 1812:Dispute over precedence 1669:cardinal de Rambouillet 1579:the cardinal de Pellevé 1516:. He would be the only 1502:Catholic Ligue (League) 1281:Cortes de Tomar de 1581 1162:the seigneur de Lanssac 579:and maréchal de Strozzi 397:the queen mother Louise 353:Catholic Ligue (League) 278:French Wars of Religion 2546:Salmon, J.H.M (1979). 2523:. Éditions de Fallois. 2402:Cloulas, Ivan (1979). 2375:Carpi, Olivia (2012). 2228:Joseph Justus Scaliger 2214: 2173: 2056: 1928: 1882: 1764: 1598:archbishop of Nazareth 1551: 1448: 1350:ambassador warned the 1220: 1209: 1000: 732: 725:Queen Mother Catherine 717: 675: 659:Introduction to España 601:(Constable of France) 567:Malta to siege in 1565 459: 456:Marquis de Rambouillet 448: 2695:, pp. 1266–1267. 2541:. Classiques Garnier. 2442:. Classiques Garnier. 2433:. Classiques Garnier. 2352:. Classiques Garnier. 2245:ordre du Saint-Esprit 2231:complicated matters. 2209: 2163: 2048: 1991:the bishop of Le Mans 1970:the cardinal de Guise 1964:who he had arrested. 1920: 1878: 1801:day of the Barricades 1755: 1726:the cardinal de Gondi 1547: 1439: 1426:marqués de Santa Cruz 1302:cardenal de Granvelle 1215: 1201: 1185:of Felipe, Zayas and 998: 970: 876:to the king's sister 857:the bishop of Limoges 812:the maréchal de Biron 781:(secretary of state) 723: 713: 666: 591:battle of Saint-Denis 563:Osmanlı İmparatorluğu 483:the vidame de La Mans 454: 444: 387:Early life and family 315:, the king's brother 144:French Ambassador to 101:French Ambassador to 56:French Ambassador to 2726:, p. 1265–1268. 2404:Catherine de Médicis 2070:the duc de Ventadour 2062:maréchal de Matignon 2019:Withdrawal from Roma 1763:uprising in the city 1663:Return to the Papacy 1623:Philippe de Cavriana 1465:the sieur de Longlée 1446:Vila Franca do Compo 1122:(councillor) in the 599:Connétable de France 234:Catherine de Vivonne 82:Baron de Fourquevaux 4637:, pp. 628–638. 4358:, pp. 229–331. 3654:, pp. 240–243. 3594:, pp. 342–343. 2550:. Metheun & Co. 2224:Charlotte-Catherine 2181:Croquant rebellions 2027:At the time of the 1958:cardinal de Bourbon 1922:Cardinal de Joyeuse 1899:the duca di Ferrara 1692:cardinal de Joyeuse 1636:Henriette de Clèves 1239:duquesa de Bragança 1203:Duquesa de Bragança 1025:the bishop of Paris 706:Ordinary ambassador 700:the queen of España 575:maréchal de Brissac 538:Reign of Charles IX 532:maréchal de Brissac 506:Latter Italian Wars 377:the prince de Condé 276:and throughout the 2496:. Passés Composés. 2215: 2174: 2082:the duc de Thouars 2057: 1962:archbishop of Lyon 1929: 1883: 1765: 1552: 1449: 1380:for his services. 1258:as king in June.) 1221: 1210: 1110:(knight) into the 1001: 991:Reign of Henri III 733: 718: 676: 634:Out of the shadows 558:in December 1562. 460: 449: 437:Marriage and issue 2478:. Librairie Droz. 2202:Governor of Condé 2150:the duc de Nevers 2104:comte de Soissons 2036:Reign of Henri IV 1853:treaty of Nemours 1710:bishop of Brescia 1628:the duc d'Épernon 1619:the duc de Nevers 1590:bishop of Bergamo 1564:séance en capelle 1556:Pope Gregory XIII 1357:Melchior de Rieux 1235:duque de Bragança 1194:Portuguese crisis 1050:the duc d'Alençon 1019:Jean David affair 927:Calm in the storm 886:Roi Très-chrétien 779:sécretaire d'État 761:(17.5 years) and 759:Holy Roman Empire 735:His residency of 653:amiral de Coligny 501:Reign of Henri II 260: 259: 28:marquis de Pisani 5278: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4825: 4819: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4773: 4767: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4548: 4542: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4503: 4494: 4488: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4239: 4233: 4220: 4214: 4203: 4197: 4186: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4067: 4061: 4048: 4042: 4033: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3989: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3754: 3748: 3739: 3733: 3724: 3718: 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3676: 3667: 3661: 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3485: 3479: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3375: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3245: 3239: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3089: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2941: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2798: 2792: 2779: 2773: 2744: 2738: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2627: 2621: 2588: 2582: 2560: 2551: 2542: 2533: 2524: 2515: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2461: 2452: 2443: 2434: 2425: 2416: 2407: 2398: 2389: 2380: 2371: 2362: 2353: 2329:The role of the 2328: 2319: 2310: 2243:(collar) of the 2213:as a young child 2156:Return to France 2004:battle of Senlis 1849:Council of Trent 1688:cardinale d'Este 1673:cardinale d'Este 1532:well preserved. 1289: 1251:Guiné Portuguesa 1034:the duc de Guise 901: 893:Gabriel de Zayas 748: 747: 743: 740: 524:the duc de Guise 495:enfant d'honneur 481:(1588–) married 428:noblesse seconde 417:La Rochefoucauld 271: 268: 201: 198: 188:Personal details 176: 166: 157: 147: 146:the Papal States 135: 123: 114: 104: 103:the Papal States 94:Sieur de Longlée 90: 78: 69: 59: 38: 19: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5151:, p. 1268. 5147: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5039: 5035: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4926: 4920:Chevallier 1985 4918: 4914: 4908:Chevallier 1985 4906: 4899: 4891: 4887: 4879: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4852:Chevallier 1985 4850: 4846: 4840:Chevallier 1985 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4804:Chevallier 1985 4802: 4793: 4785: 4776: 4768: 4761: 4755:Chevallier 1985 4753: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4719:Chevallier 1985 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4693: 4689: 4683:Chevallier 1985 4681: 4677: 4671:Chevallier 1985 4669: 4665: 4659:Chevallier 1985 4657: 4653: 4645: 4641: 4635:Chevallier 1985 4633: 4629: 4623:Chevallier 1985 4621: 4617: 4611:Chevallier 1985 4609: 4605: 4599:Chevallier 1985 4597: 4593: 4587:Chevallier 1985 4585: 4578: 4572:Chevallier 1985 4570: 4566: 4560:Chevallier 1985 4558: 4551: 4545:Chevallier 1985 4543: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4516: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4489: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4462:Chevallier 1985 4460: 4456: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4294: 4290: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4223: 4215: 4206: 4198: 4189: 4181: 4172: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4028: 4024: 4016: 4007: 3999: 3992: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3900: 3892: 3888: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3757: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3727: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3700: 3692: 3685: 3677: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3652:Sutherland 1980 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3569: 3563:Chevallier 1985 3561: 3557: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3503: 3495: 3488: 3480: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3378: 3370: 3363: 3355: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277:, p. 1266. 3273: 3248: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3221: 3213: 3206: 3198: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2963: 2955: 2944: 2936: 2932: 2926:Sutherland 1980 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2801: 2793: 2782: 2778:, p. 1267. 2774: 2747: 2739: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2671:, p. 1264. 2667: 2663: 2655: 2630: 2626:, p. 1265. 2622: 2591: 2583: 2572: 2567: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2491: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2455: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2392: 2383: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2344: 2322: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2302: 2281: 2219:prince de Condé 2211:Prince de Condé 2204: 2158: 2112: 2043: 2038: 2021: 1915: 1873: 1814: 1750: 1665: 1656:prince de Condé 1652:king of Navarre 1644: 1615: 1613:Exile from Roma 1542: 1510: 1473:Diego de Zúñiga 1434: 1386: 1283: 1196: 1158: 1104: 1054:Claude du Bourg 1046: 1044:Du Bourg affair 1021: 993: 973: 953:the duc d'Anjou 929: 913:sieur de Genlis 895: 869: 845:the duc d'Anjou 745: 741: 738: 736: 708: 661: 636: 617:prince de Condé 587: 548: 540: 508: 503: 471:on 8 November. 439: 405: 389: 317:the duc d'Anjou 286:battle of Dreux 269: 252: 214: 202: 199: 174: 164: 158: 153: 145: 133: 121: 115: 110: 102: 88: 76: 70: 65: 57: 41: 29: 27: 24: 23:Jean de Vivonne 17: 12: 11: 5: 5284: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5214:, p. 271. 5204: 5202:, p. 116. 5189: 5187:, p. 277. 5177: 5175:, p. 306. 5165: 5163:, p. 176. 5153: 5132: 5130:, p. 293. 5120: 5118:, p. 195. 5108: 5106:, p. 774. 5096: 5081: 5079:, p. 328. 5069: 5067:, p. 576. 5057: 5055:, p. 583. 5045: 5043:, p. 321. 5033: 5031:, p. 534. 5021: 5006: 5004:, p. 165. 4994: 4992:, p. 309. 4982: 4980:, p. 106. 4970: 4951: 4949:, p. 255. 4939: 4924: 4922:, p. 691. 4912: 4910:, p. 692. 4897: 4895:, p. 302. 4885: 4883:, p. 422. 4868: 4866:, p. 413. 4856: 4854:, p. 684. 4844: 4842:, p. 683. 4832: 4830:, p. 252. 4820: 4818:, p. 249. 4808: 4806:, p. 682. 4791: 4789:, p. 247. 4774: 4772:, p. 246. 4759: 4757:, p. 675. 4747: 4745:, p. 405. 4735: 4733:, p. 284. 4723: 4721:, p. 674. 4711: 4709:, p. 346. 4699: 4697:, p. 289. 4687: 4685:, p. 646. 4675: 4673:, p. 644. 4663: 4661:, p. 641. 4651: 4649:, p. 378. 4639: 4627: 4625:, p. 625. 4615: 4613:, p. 624. 4603: 4601:, p. 601. 4591: 4589:, p. 600. 4576: 4574:, p. 596. 4564: 4562:, p. 592. 4549: 4547:, p. 591. 4534: 4532:, p. 312. 4530:Le Person 2002 4522: 4520:, p. 238. 4510: 4508:, p. 186. 4495: 4493:, p. 313. 4491:Le Person 2002 4478: 4476:, p. 396. 4466: 4464:, p. 579. 4454: 4452:, p. 100. 4442: 4423: 4411: 4409:, p. 191. 4399: 4384: 4372: 4370:, p. 226. 4360: 4348: 4346:, p. 205. 4336: 4334:, p. 547. 4324: 4322:, p. 248. 4312: 4310:, p. 548. 4300: 4288: 4286:, p. 193. 4276: 4274:, p. 192. 4264: 4262:, p. 316. 4252: 4250:, p. 544. 4240: 4238:, p. 543. 4221: 4219:, p. 542. 4204: 4202:, p. 247. 4187: 4185:, p. 541. 4170: 4168:, p. 527. 4158: 4156:, p. 595. 4146: 4144:, p. 594. 4134: 4132:, p. 270. 4122: 4120:, p. 289. 4110: 4108:, p. 265. 4098: 4096:, p. 539. 4083: 4081:, p. 190. 4068: 4066:, p. 540. 4049: 4047:, p. 538. 4034: 4022: 4020:, p. 537. 4005: 4003:, p. 246. 3990: 3988:, p. 536. 3975: 3973:, p. 356. 3963: 3961:, p. 302. 3951: 3949:, p. 162. 3939: 3937:, p. 545. 3927: 3925:, p. 210. 3915: 3913:, p. 535. 3898: 3896:, p. 525. 3886: 3884:, p. 534. 3874: 3859: 3857:, p. 234. 3847: 3845:, p. 531. 3835: 3833:, p. 233. 3820: 3818:, p. 232. 3808: 3806:, p. 301. 3796: 3794:, p. 198. 3784: 3782:, p. 197. 3772: 3770:, p. 526. 3755: 3753:, p. 139. 3740: 3738:, p. 295. 3725: 3723:, p. 215. 3710: 3708:, p. 212. 3698: 3696:, p. 214. 3683: 3681:, p. 213. 3668: 3656: 3644: 3642:, p. 193. 3632: 3630:, p. 118. 3620: 3618:, p. 524. 3608: 3606:, p. 110. 3596: 3584: 3582:, p. 523. 3567: 3565:, p. 181. 3555: 3553:, p. 522. 3540: 3528: 3526:, p. 299. 3516: 3514:, p. 327. 3501: 3499:, p. 521. 3486: 3484:, p. 326. 3467: 3465:, p. 325. 3455: 3438: 3436:, p. 189. 3426: 3407: 3405:, p. 314. 3395: 3393:, p. 520. 3376: 3374:, p. 343. 3361: 3359:, p. 335. 3349: 3347:, p. 322. 3337: 3335:, p. 315. 3318: 3316:, p. 279. 3306: 3304:, p. 245. 3291: 3289:, p. 278. 3279: 3246: 3244:, p. 271. 3231: 3229:, p. 268. 3219: 3217:, p. 345. 3204: 3202:, p. 244. 3192: 3190:, p. 243. 3180: 3178:, p. 267. 3168: 3166:, p. 267. 3156: 3154:, p. 260. 3144: 3142:, p. 298. 3132: 3130:, p. 255. 3120: 3118:, p. 287. 3108: 3106:, p. 119. 3096: 3081: 3079:, p. 138. 3069: 3067:, p. 109. 3057: 3045: 3033: 3031:, p. 132. 3018: 3006: 3004:, p. 201. 2994: 2992:, p. 517. 2982: 2980:, p. 519. 2961: 2959:, p. 518. 2942: 2940:, p. 348. 2930: 2928:, p. 194. 2918: 2916:, p. 251. 2906: 2885: 2883:, p. 595. 2873: 2871:, p. 186. 2869:Le Person 2002 2858: 2856:, p. 593. 2846: 2844:, p. 227. 2834: 2832:, p. 226. 2822: 2799: 2780: 2745: 2728: 2716: 2697: 2685: 2683:, p. 104. 2673: 2661: 2659:, p. 311. 2657:Le Person 2002 2628: 2589: 2569: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2525: 2516: 2507: 2498: 2489: 2480: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2343: 2340: 2301: 2298: 2280: 2277: 2270:comte de Belin 2203: 2200: 2157: 2154: 2137:duc de Mayenne 2111: 2108: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032:the new king. 2020: 2017: 1914: 1911: 1872: 1869: 1865:duc de Mayenne 1845:edict of Union 1813: 1810: 1749: 1746: 1664: 1661: 1643: 1640: 1614: 1611: 1541: 1538: 1509: 1506: 1433: 1432:Back in Madrid 1430: 1385: 1382: 1195: 1192: 1157: 1154: 1103: 1100: 1045: 1042: 1020: 1017: 992: 989: 972: 969: 928: 925: 868: 867:Crisis of 1572 865: 829:maître d'hôtel 707: 704: 691:forces by the 660: 657: 635: 632: 586: 583: 547: 544: 539: 536: 507: 504: 502: 499: 487: 486: 465:Sant'Eustachio 438: 435: 404: 403:Vivonne family 401: 388: 385: 258: 257: 254: 253: 251: 250: 247: 243: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 223: 219: 218: 213:7 October 1599 211: 207: 206: 194: 190: 189: 185: 184: 181: 180: 177: 171: 170: 167: 161: 160: 150: 149: 140: 139: 136: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 107: 106: 97: 96: 91: 85: 84: 79: 73: 72: 62: 61: 52: 51: 47: 46: 43: 42: 39: 31: 30: 25: 22: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5283: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5266:French barons 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5213: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5157: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5100: 5097: 5094:, p. 94. 5093: 5088: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5077:Micallef 2023 5073: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5058: 5054: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5041:Micallef 2023 5037: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5019:, p. 93. 5018: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4998: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4971: 4968:, p. 92. 4967: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4940: 4937:, p. 55. 4936: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4624: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4565: 4561: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4443: 4440:, p. 91. 4439: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4421:, p. 23. 4420: 4415: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4400: 4397:, p. 82. 4396: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4382:, p. 49. 4381: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4298:, p. 98. 4297: 4292: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4135: 4131: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4032:, p. 15. 4031: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3875: 3872:, p. 25. 3871: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3699: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3666:, p. 74. 3665: 3664:Constant 1996 3660: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3640:Constant 1984 3636: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3538:, p. 52. 3537: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3453:, p. 97. 3452: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3424:, p. 14. 3423: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3193: 3189: 3184: 3181: 3177: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3109: 3105: 3100: 3097: 3094:, p. 11. 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3055:, p. 86. 3054: 3049: 3046: 3043:, p. 61. 3042: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3016:, p. 76. 3015: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2910: 2907: 2904:, p. 89. 2903: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2823: 2820:, p. 88. 2819: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2797:, p. 95. 2796: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2743:, p. 96. 2742: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2714:, p. 90. 2713: 2708: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2587:, p. 87. 2586: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2396: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2317: 2309: 2308: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2239:the king his 2236: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2172:-Spanish army 2171: 2167: 2162: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2040: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2025: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1952: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1927: 1926:Pope Sixtus V 1923: 1919: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1830:cardenal Deza 1826: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1772: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Pope Sixtus V 1557: 1550: 1549:Pope Sixtus V 1546: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1508:Papal mission 1507: 1505: 1503: 1497: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1477: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1431: 1429: 1427: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1391: 1390:Aldeia Galega 1383: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1263:duque de Alba 1259: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1127: 1125: 1124:conseil privé 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1058:Anne du Bourg 1055: 1051: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1011: 1005: 997: 990: 988: 986: 982: 978: 971:Anjou's crown 968: 966: 965:new civil war 960: 958: 954: 949: 947: 942: 938: 934: 926: 924: 922: 918: 914: 908: 906: 899: 894: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 866: 864: 860: 858: 854: 853:Saint-Sulpice 849: 846: 841: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 818: 813: 809: 804: 799: 795: 791: 789: 784: 780: 774: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 730: 726: 722: 716: 712: 705: 703: 701: 696: 694: 689: 685: 681: 673: 669: 665: 658: 656: 654: 649: 646: 641: 633: 631: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 609: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 584: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 543: 537: 535: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 505: 500: 498: 496: 490: 484: 480: 477: 476: 475: 472: 470: 466: 457: 453: 447: 443: 436: 434: 431: 429: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 402: 400: 398: 394: 386: 384: 382: 378: 373: 369: 365: 364: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 337: 335: 330: 326: 325:duc d'Alençon 322: 321:new civil war 318: 314: 310: 306: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 264: 255: 248: 245: 244: 242: 238: 235: 232: 228: 225:Julia Savelli 224: 220: 217: 212: 208: 205: 195: 191: 186: 182: 178: 172: 168: 162: 156: 151: 148: 141: 137: 131: 128: 125: 119: 113: 108: 105: 98: 95: 92: 86: 83: 80: 74: 68: 63: 60: 53: 48: 44: 37: 32: 20: 5207: 5185:Gellard 2014 5180: 5168: 5156: 5149:Boucher 1998 5123: 5111: 5104:Babelon 2009 5099: 5072: 5065:Babelon 2009 5060: 5048: 5036: 5029:Babelon 2009 5024: 5002:Le Roux 2020 4997: 4985: 4973: 4947:Le Roux 2006 4942: 4915: 4893:Le Roux 2022 4888: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4828:Le Roux 2006 4823: 4816:Le Roux 2006 4811: 4787:Le Roux 2006 4770:Le Roux 2006 4750: 4738: 4726: 4714: 4707:Jouanna 1998 4702: 4695:Carroll 2011 4690: 4678: 4666: 4654: 4642: 4630: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4567: 4525: 4513: 4506:Gellard 2014 4474:Le Roux 2006 4469: 4457: 4445: 4419:Crouzet 2014 4414: 4407:Gellard 2014 4402: 4395:Gellard 2014 4375: 4368:Gellard 2014 4363: 4351: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4303: 4291: 4284:Gellard 2014 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4161: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4030:Amalric 2018 4025: 3966: 3954: 3942: 3930: 3918: 3889: 3877: 3850: 3838: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3775: 3736:Gellard 2014 3701: 3659: 3647: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3604:Gellard 2014 3599: 3587: 3558: 3536:Gellard 2014 3531: 3524:Cloulas 1979 3519: 3458: 3434:Carroll 2011 3429: 3422:Amalric 2018 3398: 3352: 3340: 3314:Gellard 2014 3309: 3287:Gellard 2014 3282: 3275:Boucher 1998 3242:Gellard 2014 3227:Gellard 2014 3222: 3195: 3183: 3176:Gellard 2014 3171: 3159: 3152:Gellard 2014 3147: 3135: 3128:Gellard 2014 3123: 3111: 3104:Gellard 2014 3099: 3092:Amalric 2018 3077:Gellard 2014 3072: 3065:Gellard 2014 3060: 3053:Gellard 2014 3048: 3041:Gellard 2014 3036: 3029:Gellard 2014 3014:Gellard 2014 3009: 3002:Gellard 2014 2997: 2985: 2938:Gellard 2014 2933: 2921: 2909: 2881:Gellard 2014 2876: 2854:Gellard 2014 2849: 2837: 2825: 2776:Boucher 1998 2724:Boucher 1998 2719: 2693:Boucher 1998 2688: 2676: 2669:Boucher 1998 2664: 2624:Boucher 1998 2556: 2547: 2538: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2505:. Gallimard. 2502: 2493: 2487:. Gallimard. 2484: 2475: 2469:. Routledge. 2466: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2403: 2394: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2335: 2330: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2303: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2283:Henri III's 2282: 2274: 2266: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2216: 2195: 2189: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2144: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2116: 2113: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2086: 2058: 2026: 2022: 2011: 2007: 1999: 1996: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1966: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1908: 1902: 1886: 1884: 1860: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1827: 1815: 1804: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1776: 1770: 1766: 1760: 1757:Duc de Guise 1741: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1707: 1696: 1685: 1680: 1677: 1666: 1649: 1645: 1632: 1616: 1606: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1576: 1572: 1563: 1553: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1514:Paul de Foix 1511: 1498: 1494: 1485: 1478: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1450: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1387: 1377: 1370: 1364: 1361: 1351: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1315: 1307: 1299: 1292: 1277: 1273: 1260: 1222: 1182: 1179: 1175: 1169: 1159: 1147: 1142:Jules Gassot 1138: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1107: 1105: 1102:Royal favour 1096: 1091: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1047: 1029:Hugues Capet 1022: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1002: 984: 974: 961: 950: 931:News of the 930: 909: 904: 889: 885: 870: 861: 850: 842: 836: 832: 828: 824: 822: 816: 802: 800: 796: 792: 778: 775: 771: 734: 697: 677: 650: 637: 627: 625: 610: 607: 605:was killed. 588: 560: 549: 541: 528:Pope Paul IV 522:, then with 513: 509: 494: 491: 488: 473: 461: 432: 427: 425: 413:Rochechouart 406: 390: 371: 362: 356: 345:Paul de Foix 338: 302: 274:Italian Wars 262: 261: 175:Succeeded by 154: 134:Succeeded by 127:Paul de Foix 111: 89:Succeeded by 66: 5236:1599 deaths 5231:1530 births 5212:Ribera 2018 5200:Ribera 2018 5173:Ribera 2018 5161:Ribera 2018 5128:Salmon 1979 5092:Ribera 2018 5017:Ribera 2018 4990:Knecht 2016 4978:Ribera 2018 4966:Ribera 2018 4935:Ribera 2018 4881:Pernot 2013 4864:Pernot 2013 4743:Pernot 2013 4731:Knecht 2016 4647:Pernot 2013 4518:Knecht 2016 4450:Ribera 2018 4438:Ribera 2018 4380:Ribera 2018 4356:Knecht 2016 4344:Ribera 2018 4332:Ribera 2018 4320:Ribera 2018 4308:Ribera 2018 4296:Ribera 2018 4272:Ribera 2018 4260:Ribera 2018 4248:Ribera 2018 4236:Ribera 2018 4217:Ribera 2018 4200:Ribera 2018 4183:Ribera 2018 4166:Ribera 2018 4154:Ribera 2018 4142:Ribera 2018 4130:Ribera 2018 4118:Ribera 2018 4106:Ribera 2018 4094:Ribera 2018 4079:Ribera 2018 4064:Ribera 2018 4045:Ribera 2018 4018:Ribera 2018 4001:Ribera 2018 3986:Ribera 2018 3971:Ribera 2018 3959:Ribera 2018 3947:Ribera 2018 3935:Ribera 2018 3923:Ribera 2018 3911:Ribera 2018 3894:Ribera 2018 3882:Ribera 2018 3870:Ribera 2018 3855:Ribera 2018 3843:Ribera 2018 3831:Ribera 2018 3816:Ribera 2018 3804:Ribera 2018 3792:Ribera 2018 3780:Ribera 2018 3768:Ribera 2018 3751:Ribera 2018 3721:Ribera 2018 3706:Ribera 2018 3694:Ribera 2018 3679:Ribera 2018 3628:Ribera 2018 3616:Ribera 2018 3592:Ribera 2018 3580:Ribera 2018 3551:Ribera 2018 3512:Ribera 2018 3497:Ribera 2018 3482:Ribera 2018 3463:Ribera 2018 3451:Ribera 2018 3403:Ribera 2018 3391:Ribera 2018 3372:Ribera 2018 3357:Ribera 2018 3345:Ribera 2018 3333:Ribera 2018 3302:Ribera 2018 3215:Ribera 2018 3200:Ribera 2018 3188:Ribera 2018 3164:Ribera 2018 3140:Ribera 2018 3116:Ribera 2018 2990:Ribera 2018 2978:Ribera 2018 2957:Ribera 2018 2914:Ribera 2018 2902:Ribera 2018 2818:Ribera 2018 2795:Ribera 2018 2741:Ribera 2018 2712:Ribera 2018 2681:Ribera 2018 2585:Ribera 2018 2415:. Hachette. 2379:. Ellipses. 2050:Henri III's 1724:soothed by 1703:Elizabeth I 1699:Mary Stuart 1522:robe nobles 1518:sword noble 1399:secretarios 1328:sécretaires 1284: [ 1230:dom António 1217:Dom António 1183:secretarios 896: [ 755:Grauer Bund 672:Felipe II's 645:Pope Pius V 603:Montmorency 593:during the 550:During the 409:Montmorency 290:Saint-Denis 270: 1530 200: 1530 165:Preceded by 122:Preceded by 77:Preceded by 5225:Categories 5116:Pitts 2012 5053:Carpi 2012 2565:References 2331:sécretaire 2289:sécretaire 2285:sécretaire 2279:Reputation 2263:Saint-Maur 2110:Absolution 1526:sécretaire 1469:sécretaire 1417:secretario 1404:sécretaire 1394:secretario 1365:sécretaire 1352:secretario 1319:secretario 1305:Portugal. 1170:sécretaire 1139:sécretaire 1132:secretario 1120:conseiller 1078:secretario 1062:secretario 921:van Nassau 905:secretario 890:secretario 878:Marguerite 837:corregidor 833:secratario 825:corregidor 751:du Ferrier 674:government 621:Moncontour 411:, Chabot, 298:Moncontour 216:Saint-Maur 2842:Haan 2011 2830:Haan 2011 2424:. Fayard. 2413:Les Guise 2406:. Fayard. 2397:. Fayard. 2361:. Fayard. 2012:monitoire 2008:monitoire 1951:Concordat 1773:Bellièvre 1486:chevalier 1268:Alcântara 1166:Al Araish 1156:Intrigues 1108:chevalier 1087:Catherine 937:Felipe II 788:Longlée's 680:Felipe II 561:With the 372:monitoire 309:Felipe II 155:In office 112:In office 67:In office 2422:La Ligue 2359:Henri IV 2252:sénéchal 2121:new Pope 2054:Henri IV 2041:Royalist 1903:ligueurs 1857:Boulogne 1843:sin the 1841:ligueurs 1837:ligueurs 1789:ligueurs 1777:ligueurs 1775:and the 1769:Henri's 1540:Sixtus V 1225:Henrique 1207:Henrique 1187:Idiáquez 729:Henri II 727:wife of 684:Fernando 640:Holy See 421:Lusignan 349:Sixtus V 230:Children 2342:Sources 2267:ligueur 2241:collier 2170:ligueur 2134:ligueur 2130:ligueur 2125:ligueur 2117:ligueur 2100:Caetani 1983:Ligueur 1978:ligueur 1955:ligueur 1938:ligueur 1861:ligueur 1805:ligueur 1781:Bourbon 1761:ligueur 1681:ligueur 1594:ligueur 1488:of the 1482:Saintes 1243:Madeira 1010:alcalde 798:court. 767:Danmark 744:⁄ 571:Valette 520:Toscana 240:Parents 222:Spouses 2185:taille 1642:Pisani 1373:Açores 1256:Lisboa 1247:Brasil 817:livres 803:livres 763:Danzay 613:Jarnac 334:Açores 294:Jarnac 179:Vacant 169:Vacant 138:Vacant 2300:Notes 2196:ligue 2145:ligue 2066:Biron 2000:ligue 1887:ligue 1794:ligue 1785:Guise 1742:ligue 1738:ligue 1714:ligue 1607:ligue 1310:Belém 1288:] 900:] 556:Dreux 393:Aunis 363:ligue 357:ligue 204:Aunis 58:Spain 2336:écus 2064:and 1960:and 1949:pre- 1783:and 1730:écus 1721:écus 1671:and 1654:and 1461:écus 1378:écus 1249:and 1092:écus 1067:écus 985:écus 955:and 917:Mons 855:and 469:Roma 329:king 296:and 210:Died 193:Born 1444:at 765:to 467:in 5227:: 5192:^ 5135:^ 5084:^ 5009:^ 4954:^ 4927:^ 4900:^ 4871:^ 4794:^ 4777:^ 4762:^ 4579:^ 4552:^ 4537:^ 4498:^ 4481:^ 4426:^ 4387:^ 4224:^ 4207:^ 4190:^ 4173:^ 4086:^ 4071:^ 4052:^ 4037:^ 4008:^ 3993:^ 3978:^ 3901:^ 3862:^ 3823:^ 3758:^ 3743:^ 3728:^ 3713:^ 3686:^ 3671:^ 3570:^ 3543:^ 3504:^ 3489:^ 3470:^ 3441:^ 3410:^ 3379:^ 3364:^ 3321:^ 3294:^ 3249:^ 3234:^ 3207:^ 3084:^ 3021:^ 2964:^ 2945:^ 2888:^ 2861:^ 2802:^ 2783:^ 2748:^ 2731:^ 2700:^ 2631:^ 2592:^ 2573:^ 2325:^γ 2316:^β 2307:^α 2080:, 2076:, 2072:, 2068:, 1867:. 1694:. 1492:. 1428:. 1286:pt 1245:, 898:es 737:10 577:, 534:. 423:. 415:, 383:. 292:, 267:c. 197:c. 2514:. 2460:. 2370:. 1355:( 746:2 742:1 739:+ 265:(

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