94:
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attempted to build a monumental mosque in the square. The mosque would have likely followed the same model as the Bab
Doukkala and Mouassine Mosques, being deliberately built in the midst of major traffic routes in the city, and would have been accompanied by a number of attendant civic and religious buildings. The mosque was never finished, however, possibly due to disasters like the plague epidemics during al-Mansur's reign. Construction was abandoned part-way through and what had been built fell into ruin and was taken over by market stalls and other occupants. (It is probably also the site of a modern shop complex, Souk Jdid, just north of the food-stalls today, whose outline has the same compass orientation as the mosques of al-Mansur's time.) This ruined mosque may have given the square its current name, Jemaa el-Fna ("Mosque of Ruins").
404:
20:
306:
347:
93:
358:
The square fulfills an important function for storytellers and helps keep
Amazigh/Berber culture alive, and those cultural expressions have drawn worldwide attention. German filmmaker Thomas Ladenburger made a 90-minute documentary on the storytellers, and its importance for tourism received academic
89:
in Arabic commonly means "open area"; a straight translation would be "the gathering/congregation area". Other meanings could be "The assembly of death", or "The Mosque at the End of the World". Another explanation is that it refers to a mosque with a distinctive courtyard or square in front of it. A
216:. The gate likely played a symbolic role: it was the entrance to the palace for those seeking an audience with the sovereign, and it's possible the ruler himself would sit, enthroned, before the gate and publicly dispense justice on a weekly basis (a tradition which existed among other Moroccan and
239:
after 1184. As the
Almohad rulers moved to the new kasbah, the old Almoravid palace and fortress fell out of use and was eventually torn down (in part to make way for the new Kutubiyya Mosque). Subsequently, with the fortunes of the city, the Jemaa el-Fna saw periods of decline and also renewal.
429:
with a 6.8 magnitude that struck
Morocco in the evening of Friday the 8th of September 2023 highly damaged the Kharbouch Mosque and collapsed its minaret, which overlooked the square. In the days after the earthquake, local residents took to sleeping outside in the square to avoid the potential
375:
came from people concerned about the Jamaa el Fna. The place is known for its active concentration of traditional activities by storytellers, musicians and performers, but it was threatened by economic development pressures. In fighting for the protection of traditions, the residents called for
354:
The square is edged along one side by the
Marrakesh souk, a traditional North African market catering both for the common daily needs of the locals, and for the tourist trade. On other sides are hotels and gardens and café terraces, and narrow streets lead into the alleys of the medina quarter.
248:
Despite the encroachment of new constructions on the edge of the square over time, it never disappeared due to its role as an open market area and as the site of public events. One attempt to fill a large part of the square is reported to have been made by the
Saadian sultan Ahmad al-Mansur who
186:(market) streets of the city thus developed along the roads linking these two important sites and still correspond to the main axis of souks today. At one end of this axis, next to the Ksar el-Hajjar, a large open space existed for temporary and weekly markets. This space was initially known as
117:
in the middle of the square. However, due to a downturn in fortunes (probably outbreaks of the plague) the sultan was forced to abandon the project part-way through. The mosque thus remained unfinished and fell into ruins. The ruined outline of its walls was apparently still visible in the 19th
384:
The spectacle of Jamaa el Fna is repeated daily and each day it is different. Everything changes — voices, sounds, gestures, the public which sees, listens, smells, tastes, touches. The oral tradition is framed by one much vaster — that we can call intangible. The Square, as a physical space,
269:
The square continued to serve as a meeting place at the heart of the city despite having no formal architectural delineation. In addition to its old role as a place of public executions, it was also the site of a traditional Friday market, a stage for the performance of
228:
in 1147, who undertook many construction projects throughout the city. This included construction of the nearby
Kutubiyya Mosque, begun in 1147, which was meant to replace the Almoravid-built Ben Youssef Mosque as the city's main mosque. Notably, a new royal
212:(ruled 1106–1143) soon afterwards constructed a palace directly south of and adjacent to the Ksar el-Hajjar, on the actual site of the later Kutubiyya Mosque. One part of this palace was a monumental stone gate on its east side which faced towards the
379:
UNESCO encourages communities to identify, document, protect, promote and revitalize such heritage. The UNESCO label aims to raise awareness about the importance of oral and intangible heritage as an essential component of cultural diversity.
417:
Shortly before noon on April 28, 2011, a blast originating in a café in the square killed 17 people and injured another 25. Initial reports blamed an accidental gas explosion, but officials later blamed "criminals" and "terrorists".
220:
ruling dynasties). The importance of the great public square in front of the royal palace thus led it to become the place for public executions, military parades, festivals, and other public events until long afterwards.
2240:
252:
On
January 24, 1864, a massive explosion took place in the area of the square, reportedly caused by the criminal negligence of certain officials trying to avoid a government inspection. A fire in a
343:
or Arabic, to an audience of locals), magicians, and peddlers of traditional medicines. As darkness falls, the square fills with dozens of food-stalls as the number of people on the square peaks.
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action on an international level to recognize the need for the protection of such places — termed "cultural spaces" — and other popular and traditional forms of cultural expression.
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1764:
287:
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134:, meaning "Mosque of Tranquility", but that after its abandonment it came to be known, by popular irony, as the "Mosque of ruination/annihilation", or
2245:
291:
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at the time), passed the first laws aimed at protecting and preserving the square's cultural space and heritage. In 2001 the square was proclaimed an
1032:
Merolla, Daniela (2014). "Intersections: Amazigh (Berber) Literary Space". In Bratt, Kirstin Ruth; Elbousty, Youness M.; Stewart, Devin J. (eds.).
1909:
335:
As the day progresses, the entertainment on offer changes: the snake charmers depart, and late in the day the square becomes more crowded, with
97:
Aerial view of the Jemaa el-Fnaa in 1930–1931; the large rectangular enclosure visible in the center right may be the ruins of the unfinished
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445:
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Uncorroborated reports claim that political activists have sometimes been imprisoned and abused in the police jail under Jamaa el Fna.
118:
century and corresponded roughly to the current site of the "Souk Jdid" (the "new souk" just north of the food-stalls). In this way, "
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which were dangerously stored there. The explosion damaged houses and shops in a wide radius and resulted in some 300 deaths.
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426:
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dancing-boys (it would be against custom for girls to provide such entertainment), story-tellers (telling their tales in
1884:
279:
1289:
998:
305:
2235:
2220:
1920:
1914:
1707:
1623:
1018:
Bergin and Nijman (2014) Open, Unregulated Trade in
Wildlife in Morocco’s Markets. TRAFFIC Bulletin Available from
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610:
1977:
1896:
1826:
1618:
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1518:
1384:
1035:
Vitality and
Dynamism: Interstitial Dialogues of Language, Politics, and Religion in Morocco's Literary Tradition
1033:
544:
312:
236:
1904:
1723:
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1528:
130:
historian Abderrahman as-Sa'idi. As-Sa'idi claimed that the intended name of al-Mansur's unfinished mosque was
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1856:
1360:
403:
570:
1783:
1702:
1523:
412:
271:
274:, and the setting of public entertainment in the evenings (much as today). In 1922 the government (under
90:
third translation is "assembly of the dead", referring to public executions on the plaza around 1050 CE.
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1414:
105:
One specific explanation endorsed by modern historians comes from historical reports that the powerful
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1926:
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1995:
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stalls, water sellers with traditional leather water-bags and brass cups, youths with chained
164:
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879:
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453:
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110:
31:
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126:" appears in historical records for the first time in the 17th-century chronicle of the
2230:
2127:
2048:
2013:
1967:
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1769:
502:
390:
58:
1194:
1144:
905:
La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc
846:
La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc
806:
La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc
679:
La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc
393:, in a speech delivered at the opening meeting for the First Proclamation, 15 May 2001
2209:
2137:
1874:
471:
329:
209:
171:
166:
Initially, the city's two main monuments and focal points were the fortress known as
98:
2099:
2028:
2023:
1972:
1102:
737:
La Place Jemaa El Fna: patrimoine immatériel de Marrakech du Maroc et de l'humanité
483:
466:
321:
254:
61:(old city). It remains the main square of Marrakesh, used by locals and tourists.
509:
and played an important role in the categorization of Jamaa el Fna as one of the
439:
Jamaa El-Fnaa, Marrakesh's main square, was featured in the fifth episode of the
2084:
2063:
2053:
2033:
1987:
1572:
1476:
1466:
526:
325:
127:
114:
1308:
1170:"UNESCO Expresses Concerns Over Marrakech's Cultural Heritage After Earthquake"
1962:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1471:
597:
479:
217:
1331:
1318:
85:
can mean "death/extinction" or "a courtyard, space in front of a building". "
1982:
1445:
1376:
1309:
A Night at Jamaa El-Fna - article in English with many high-quality pictures
1298:
1286:
593:
539:
506:
263:
54:
19:
1060:"Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 2003"
515:
The square was featured as a photo shoot setting in the TV reality series
1481:
611:""Jam'a al-Fnaa Square: a large square surrounded by mysteries" (Arabic)"
225:
486:
recorded some songs and their DVD "No Quarter - Unledded" on the square.
1733:
618:
259:
190:("the place of the fortress"). Other historical records refer to it as
142:
in this case meaning a state of being extinguished or totally ruined).
106:
740:(in French). Rabat: Bureau de l’UNESCO pour le Maghreb. pp. 25–27
346:
1195:"Watch: Debris surrounds reporter outside partially collapsed mosque"
928:
549:
368:
336:
283:
74:
735:
122:" ostensibly refers to the place of the "ruined mosque". The name "
113:(ruled 1578–1603) had embarked on the construction of a monumental
999:"Life, Adventures and Discoveries: Mysteries of Marrakech Morocco"
974:
868:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. pp. 91–94, 143.
402:
363:
UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
345:
332:
despite the protected status of these species under Moroccan law.
92:
18:
465:
An interesting account of the place in the 1970s can be seen in
206:
183:
1349:
703:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. pp. 590–593.
1145:"Huge Devastation Found in Remote Regions After Morocco Quake"
489:
As the Djemaa el-Fnaa, the square was a featured location in
2241:
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
1345:
511:
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
373:
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
178:). The Ksar el-Hajjar was located directly north of today's
1287:
The Time Machine | Photography portfolio about Jamaa El-Fna
1247:"Ilham's Story: Torture to the beat of Jamaa al Fna drums"
430:
impact of aftershocks causing more buildings to collapse.
525:
The book "A Year in Marrakesh" by British travel writer
77:, probably referring to a destroyed mosque on the site.
1299:
Official Website | Official Website about Jamaa El-Fna
1103:"Morocco: Marrakesh bomb strikes Djemaa el-Fna square"
1645:École nationale des sciences appliquées de Marrakech
929:"Medina of Marrakesh - UNESCO World Heritage Centre"
224:
After a destructive struggle, Marrakech fell to the
2186:
2146:
2118:
2072:
2004:
1948:
1893:
1865:
1807:
1791:
1782:
1752:
1716:
1685:
1678:
1632:
1606:
1585:
1565:
1544:
1537:
1494:
1459:
1428:
1392:
1383:
529:includes descriptions of the square in the 1950s.
975:"UNESCO - Cultural space of Jemaa el-Fna Square"
571:"UNESCO - Cultural space of Jemaa el-Fna Square"
292:List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
1670:The Superior School of Visual Arts of Marrakech
382:
320:During the day it is predominantly occupied by
1304:BBC news about preserving intangible patrimony
1038:. Leiden UP. pp. 47–48, 57 (see note 7).
1001:. Lifeadventurestariq.blogspot.com. 2010-04-28
781:A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period
385:shelters a rich oral and intangible tradition.
1361:
1121:"Historic sites devastated in temblor: Recap"
768:. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines.
244:Later history: Saadian period to modern times
163:and subsequently developed by his successors.
101:mosque which gave the square its present name
8:
1220:"The Amazing Race recap: 'Morocc' and Roll'"
151:Early history: Almoravid and Almohad periods
716:Marrakech: Splendeurs saadiennes: 1550-1650
170:("fortress of stone") and the city's first
1788:
1682:
1541:
1389:
1368:
1354:
1346:
783:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
950:"Jemaa-el-Fna's thousand and one nights"
1910:Zawiya of Muhammad Ben Sliman al-Jazuli
848:. Paris: L'Harmattan. pp. 212–220.
562:
235:(citadel) was erected further south by
1827:Kasbah Mosque (Moulay al-Yazid Mosque)
734:Skounti, Ahmed; Tebaa, Ouidad (2006).
694:
692:
690:
688:
859:
857:
855:
759:
757:
755:
7:
2100:Museum of Confluences (Dar el Bacha)
1993:For city walls and other gates, see:
729:
727:
725:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
73:means "congregation" or "mosque" in
2090:Berber Museum (in Majorelle Garden)
1168:Rahhou, Jihane (9 September 2023).
258:(commercial warehouse) ignited 500
194:("the grand square"), or simply as
69:The origin of its name is unclear:
35:
681:. Paris: L'Harmattan. p. 263.
617:. Mararakech Press. Archived from
594:The Mosque at the End of the World
53:) is a square and market place in
14:
831:The Almoravid and Almohad Empires
517:America's Next Top Model Cycle 16
407:Café Argana the day after bombing
2246:Tourist attractions in Marrakesh
1218:Walker, Jodi (25 October 2014).
880:"History of Jemaa El-Fna Square"
304:
1269:, 2001. Rough Guide Publishing
1082:"Defending Threatened Cultures"
452:The square was featured in the
315:Panoramic view of Jemaa el-Fnaa
16:Moroccan cultural heritage site
2195:Category:People from Marrakesh
1593:Ibn Tofail University Hospital
1253:. 29 July 2011. Archived from
866:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912
766:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912
701:Marrakech: Des origines à 1912
1:
2019:Royal Palace (Dar al-Makhzen)
1080:Juan Goytisolo (2001-05-15).
833:. Edinburgh University Press.
718:. Paris: LienArt. p. 32.
350:Smoke rising from food stalls
155:Marrakesh was founded by the
931:. Whc.unesco.org. 2008-11-11
600:, BBC Radio 3, 10 April 2010
280:Intangible Cultural Heritage
23:Jemaa el-Fnaa in the evening
829:Bennison, Amira K. (2016).
2262:
1915:Zawiya of Sidi Abd el-Aziz
1708:Chez Ali Club de Marrakech
1267:The Rough Guide To Morocco
410:
1927:Sidi Abdallah al-Ghazwani
1619:Marrakesh Railway Station
1519:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman
903:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001).
864:Deverdun, Gaston (1959).
844:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001).
804:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001).
779:Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987).
764:Deverdun, Gaston (1959).
699:Deverdun, Gaston (1959).
677:Wilbaux, Quentin (2001).
545:Arab Astronomical Society
459:The Man Who Knew Too Much
1905:Zawiya of Sidi Bel Abbes
1765:Marrakech Street Circuit
1724:FIA WTCR Race of Morocco
1614:Marrakesh Menara Airport
1529:2023 Al Haouz earthquake
1022:, accessed Mar 23, 2015.
174:(the site of the future
2169:Shrob ou Shouf Fountain
1857:Slat al-Azama Synagogue
714:Salmon, Xavier (2016).
1929:(Sidi Moulay el Ksour)
1880:Koubba of Fatima Zohra
1703:Mouloudia de Marrakech
1524:2011 Marrakesh bombing
907:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
808:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
413:2011 Marrakesh bombing
408:
396:
351:
102:
24:
2105:Museum of Photography
1640:Cadi Ayyad University
406:
349:
286:, and in 2008 it was
276:French administration
96:
22:
2226:Streets in Marrakesh
2039:Douiria of Mouassine
1950:City walls and gates
1921:Sidi Youssef Ben Ali
1509:Battle of al-Buhayra
1420:Sidi Youssef Ben Ali
1332:31.62583°N 7.98944°W
1225:Entertainment Weekly
39:Sāḥat Jāmiʾ al-Fanāʾ
2174:Oued Tensift Bridge
2159:Ben Youssef Madrasa
1842:Bab Doukkala Mosque
1660:Ben Youssef Madrasa
1650:Sup de Co Marrakech
1598:Ibn Nafess Hospital
1514:Battle of Marrakesh
1328: /
1257:on January 5, 2015.
359:attention as well.
2236:Culture of Morocco
2221:Squares in Morocco
2164:Mouassine Fountain
2085:Dar Si Saïd Museum
1996:Walls of Marrakesh
1822:Ben Youssef Mosque
1760:Stade de Marrakech
1744:Marrakech Marathon
1624:Avenue Mohammed VI
1337:31.62583; -7.98944
1292:2016-03-04 at the
1174:Morocco World NEws
409:
352:
176:Ben Youssef Mosque
103:
25:
2203:
2202:
2182:
2181:
1852:Mosque of the Cat
1778:
1777:
1698:Najm de Marrakech
1665:Lycée Victor Hugo
1581:
1580:
1490:
1489:
1460:outlying villages
161:Abu Bakr ibn Umar
157:Almoravid dynasty
2253:
2154:Almoravid Koubba
2133:Majorelle Garden
2095:Mouassine Museum
2080:Marrakech Museum
1866:Mausoleums &
1837:Mouassine Mosque
1832:Ben Salah Mosque
1817:Kutubiyya Mosque
1789:
1693:Kawkab Marrakech
1683:
1542:
1410:Marrakech-Medina
1390:
1370:
1363:
1356:
1347:
1343:
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1109:. 28 April 2011.
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1020:researchgate.net
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621:on 23 March 2012
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540:Marrakesh Medina
454:Alfred Hitchcock
446:The Amazing Race
394:
367:The idea of the
308:
237:Ya'qub al-Mansur
192:as-Saha al-Kubra
180:Kutubiyya Mosque
37:
36:ساحة جامع الفناء
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2147:Other landmarks
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2120:
2114:
2110:Tiskiwin Museum
2068:
2006:
2000:
1944:
1934:Sidi es-Suhayli
1895:
1889:
1885:Jewish Cemetery
1867:
1861:
1809:
1803:
1774:
1748:
1739:Marrakesh ePrix
1712:
1674:
1655:Lycée Hassan II
1628:
1602:
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1486:
1455:
1424:
1393:arrondissements
1379:
1374:
1336:
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1317:
1315:
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1294:Wayback Machine
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641:"Djemaa El Fna"
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2054:Dar Cherifa
2034:Dar Si Said
1988:Bab er Robb
1968:Bab Debbagh
1729:Formula Two
1573:Menara Mall
1477:Lahebichate
1467:Douar Lahna
1335: /
527:Peter Mayne
441:25th Season
159:in 1070 by
2210:Categories
2044:Dar Mnebhi
1963:Bab Agnaou
1958:Bab Aghmat
1940:Qadi Ayyad
1925:Zawiya of
1919:Zawiya of
1868:Cemeteries
1808:Places of
1472:Lagouassem
1320:31°37′33″N
1204:2023-09-11
1154:2023-09-10
1130:2023-09-10
1088:2009-09-07
1066:2009-09-05
1005:2014-07-15
984:2021-01-24
960:2021-01-24
935:2014-07-15
914:2747523888
889:2019-06-27
815:2747523888
790:0521337674
650:2023-03-21
598:Tahir Shah
580:2024-06-22
557:References
480:Jimmy Page
478:Musicians
298:The Square
218:Andalusian
138:(the word
2216:Marrakesh
1983:Bab Ksiba
1784:Landmarks
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272:fantasias
264:gunpowder
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2007:mansions
1504:Timeline
1482:Touggana
1400:Annakhil
1290:Archived
1199:BBC News
1149:BBC News
1125:NBC News
1107:BBC News
1062:. UNESCO
625:28 April
534:See also
388:—
371:project
288:included
260:quintals
226:Almohads
200:ar-Rahba
2121:gardens
2073:Museums
1810:worship
1734:Auto GP
1538:Economy
1496:History
744:May 12,
462:(1956).
196:as-Saha
146:History
109:sultan
107:Saadian
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2187:People
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