Jena Six - Knowledge (XXG)

223:. Although it would be many months before the perpetrators were known, the news media later widely cited the fire as a racially charged event leading up to the assault on Barker. On December 28, 2007, LaSalle Parish Sheriff- elect Scott Franklin announced that an investigation had shown that the fire was set in an effort to destroy grade records in the building and to close the school for a time. Six male suspects (three juveniles and three adults) had been arrested, and two more adult males were being sought. Franklin indicated that the fire was not racially motivated, and had no connection to the Jena Six. Two of the arson defendants pleaded guilty, and were sentenced to ten years in prison, with restitution ordered in the amount of $ 10 million. 211:

the students were not paying proper attention to him. He warned them, "I can be your best friend or your worst enemy. With the stroke of a pen I can make life miserable for you or ruin your life. So I want you to call me before you do something stupid". Though black students say Walters was looking at them when he made the comments, Walters and school board member Billy Fowler, also present, deny it. Walters said that he was irritated at "two or three girls, white girls, were chit-chatting on their cellphones or playing with their cellphones".

581: 103:, as excessive and racially discriminatory. The protesters asserted that white Jena youths involved in similar incidents were treated more leniently. On September 20, 2007, between 15,000 and 20,000 protesters marched on Jena in what was described as the "largest civil rights demonstration in years". Related protests were held in other US cities on the same day. Subsequent reactions included songs alluding to the Jena Six, numerous editorials and opinion columns, and congressional hearings. 323:. A request to lower Bell's $ 90,000 bond was denied on August 24, 2007, due to his juvenile record. Bell had been put on probation for a battery that occurred December 25, 2005. While on probation, he was convicted of another battery charge and two charges of criminal damage to property. One of the battery charges was reportedly for punching a 17-year-old girl in the face. The media had initially reported that Bell had no prior criminal record. On September 4, 2007, Judge Mauffray 805:

of that body was scheduled during her remaining term of office. Walters commented that Representative Lee's "passion for racial equality is admirable, but her grasp of the facts is not". He indicated that the attack on Barker was not just a schoolyard fight "but rather an unprovoked, unforeseen assault on a young man who had nothing to do with the hanging of the nooses". Governor Blanco's term of office ended without any pardons being granted.

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emergency room visit totaled more than $ 5,000. The lawsuit alleges that the LaSalle Parish School Board inadequately supervised students and failed to maintain discipline. The Barkers also allege that the school board did not implement a plan to "discourage the dangerous activity of threatening and attacking other students while in possession of actual knowledge of said threats and prior attacks while the students are on school grounds".

126:, which has about 3,000 people. Some early reporting indicated that students of different races seldom sat together, for instance in the cafeteria, although this has been disputed. According to early reports of the school environment, black students when outside typically sat on bleachers near the auditorium, while white students sat under a large tree in the center of the school courtyard, referred to as the "white tree" or " 809:

to have been cut down to make way for the rebuilding of the school after the fire. Others thought that taking down the tree was not an effective way to address any problems of racism in Jena. "Cutting down that beautiful tree won't solve the problem at hand," said Caseptla Bailey, Robert Bailey's mother. "It still happened". The remains of the building have been cleared, and a bid accepted for the reconstruction.

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to recuse Mauffray in the civil case, proceedings were put on hold again pending appointment of a judge to hear that recusal motion. Mauffray subsequently retired. On March 16, 2009, Judge Ronald Lewellyan was assigned to hear the civil case. On June 26, 2009, Judge Lewellyan approved a settlement of Barker's claims against the Jena Six, though the claim against the school board remained pending.

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stating that some friends were already at the party. A white male, who was not a student, moved in front of the woman and a fight ensued. After the fight broke up, the woman told both the white male and the black students to leave the party. Once outside, the black students were involved in another fight with a group of white males who were not students. Justin Sloan, a white male, was charged with

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paid to the Barker family (with whom the defendants were ordered to have no contact), and seven days of unsupervised probation. The defendants' lawyers read a statement apologizing to the Barker family and to the town. Addressing the rumors that the attack had been provoked by Barker using a racial epithet, they said on behalf of the defendants:

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him because they encountered three nooses. Superintendent Breithaupt described the battery as a "premeditated ambush and attack by six students against one. The victim attacked was beaten and kicked into a state of bloody unconsciousness". Barker was released from a local emergency room after three hours of treatment and observation for a

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such linkage ever suggested. This compact story line has only been suggested after the fact." Although Washington believed that both the noose hangings and the Barker battery were symptoms of racial tension, he has also said that there was no apparent lingering anger among students at the school after the nooses were found.

793:(D-Texas) said to Washington and other Justice Department officials, "Shame on you. ... As a parent, I'm on the verge of tears," and said, "I want to know what you're going to do to get Mychal Bell out of jail!" US Attorney Washington responded that the federal government had a limited role to play in the matter. 509:'s 2005 finding that the average black male convicted of aggravated assault serves 48 months in prison, one-third longer than a comparable white man. The 2005 report also found that a black male who is arrested is three times more likely to go to jail than a white male arrested for the same crime. Writing in 251:

students wrestled it away from him. According to the black students, as they left the convenience store, they were confronted by Windham with a shotgun. They said they wrestled the gun away from him and fled the scene. Bailey was charged with disturbing the peace, second-degree robbery, and theft of a firearm.

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premiered on March 28, 2014 at Penn State Center Stage. The story is told through the lens of one of the Jena 6's sister, who also attended the high school. The audience is able to experience the series of events that led up to the convictions from multiple students' unique perspective. It has toured

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The school called police to the school in the days after the noose incident. The principal called an assembly on September 6, 2006. The Jena Police Department asked Parish Attorney Walters to attend and speak at the assembly. Already pressed for time due to a case under preparation, Walters felt that

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from a tree in the high school courtyard, two violent confrontations between white and black youths, and the destruction by fire of the main building of Jena High School. Extensive news coverage related to the Jena Six often reported these events as linked. Federal and parish attorneys concluded from

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Justin Barker and his parents filed a civil suit on November 29, 2007, against the parents of those accused of beating him, the adult members of the Jena Six (as of the time of the attack), an additional student named Malcolm Shaw, and the LaSalle Parish School Board. Barker's medical bills from his

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On July 31, 2007, the school had the controversial tree cut down. School Board member Fowler said, "There's nothing positive about that old tree. It's all negative. And I'm serving on the new School Board, and we're wanting to start fresh on some things". According to Fowler, the tree would have had

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Many major editorial pages and columnists have been sympathetic to the supporters of the Jena Six. They have used the case to discuss broader trends of racism in the US criminal justice system and to call for a renewed civil rights movement. Most editorials were published around the time of the Jena

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published an article noting the various reporting errors that have been made, including whether the tree was a "white tree", the number of nooses, and the discipline given to the noose-hanging students. Based on this, MTV posted a retraction for incorrect information that it had reported on the case

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On June 26, 2009, the remaining five defendants entered pleas of "no contest" to a charge of simple battery. The court found them guilty as charged, and sentenced each to a fine of $ 500 (waived in regards to Shaw due to the time he spent in jail), $ 500 to be paid as court costs, restitution to be

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A group of black students punched, kicked, and stomped on a white 17-year-old Jena High School student, Justin Barker, on December 4, 2006. At first the black attackers claimed that they beat victim Justin Barker because he made a racist joke, but subsequently they advanced the explanation they beat

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The case was on hold pending resolution of the criminal cases. When the Barkers' attorney learned that Jesse Ray Beard was using defense funds (which might be garnished under a civil suit) to pay for private school, he decided to push ahead with the case. Following a motion by Bell's civil attorney

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the Jena Six on December 19, 2007, stating that "we believe Mychal Bell and the Jena 6 have paid a sufficient debt to society for any transgressions they may have committed". Blanco's office responded that she cannot grant pardons without a recommendation from the state Pardon Board, and no meeting

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correspondent Howard Witt noted that Color of Change was the only national civil rights group to be fully transparent with their use of the funds. But Witt raised broader questions about the funds, which totaled more than half a million dollars. He reported that attorneys for Bell claimed that they

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released a song and video called "Jena", with lyrics such as "Jena, take your nooses down" which gained considerable media attention, and which Mellencamp described as a "condemnation of racism". The video juxtaposes images of Jena, the high school, and the tree with video from the 1960s, including

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Following the appellate ruling, on September 21, 2007, Judge Mauffray denied the request for Bell to be eligible for bail pending possible further appeal. On September 26, Parish Attorney Walters announced that the prosecution would not appeal the appellate ruling, but would try Bell as a juvenile.

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The jury found Bell guilty, and he faced the possibility of up to 22 years in prison. The judge scheduled sentencing for September 20, 2007. Bell's new defense attorneys, Bob Noel, Walter Lee Perkins Jr., Peggy Sullivan, Louis Scott and Carol Powell-Lexing, requested a new trial on the grounds

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to investigate his conduct. Color of Change raised more than $ 212,000 for the Jena Six legal defense, largely through online donations. While the NAACP provided a link to the fund through its website, initially, the donation link on the NAACP Jena Six support page steered potential donors to the

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The case provoked reactions that the charges against the Jena Six were disproportionate and racially motivated. Supporters of the Jena Six circulated online petitions, raised money for legal defense, and held a demonstration in Jena on September 20, 2007. This event attracted thousands marching in

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Yeager, who presided over the plea and sentencing, also ordered the youths to avoid criminal activity, and not to disavow the statement made on their behalf in court. On June 26, it was announced that the civil case by Barker against the Jena Six members had been settled on undisclosed terms. His

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On September 4, 2007, charges against Carwin Jones and Theo Shaw were reduced to aggravated second-degree battery and conspiracy, as were those of Robert Bailey, Jr. on September 10. Bryant Purvis was arraigned on reduced charges of aggravated battery and conspiracy to commit aggravated battery on

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ceremony and dance that evening. He later testified, "I waited 11 years to go to it. I wasn't going to let that get in my way". He left the dance early due to pain. During the trial, Barker testified that his face was badly swollen after the attack and that he suffered a loss of vision in one

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Rallies in support of the Jena Six were held in Jena on September 20, 2007, the date upon which Bell was scheduled for sentencing. An estimated 15,000 to 20,000 demonstrators attended the rally that day, severely overtaxing the facilities of the small town. Protesters took buses from such distant

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US Attorney Washington stated he did not believe the noose incident and the beatings were related. Walters likewise said that he believed there was no link between the noose incident and the beating. "When this case was brought to me and during our investigation and during the trial, there was no

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overruled his recommendation, and that school superintendent Roy Breithaupt agreed with the overruling. It was initially reported that the punishment was reduced to three days of in-school suspension. Under the district's Crisis Management Policy Procedures, the three students were isolated at an

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turned down Bell's request for an extra year of athletic eligibility. Marcus Jones, Bell's father, blamed Bell's attorney at the time of the plea agreement for the denial. "If it weren't for his attorney, Mychal would be able to play football", Jones said. "They coerced him into taking that plea

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for previous convictions. The judge sentenced Bell to 18 months in a juvenile facility on two counts of simple battery and two counts of criminal destruction of property, and Bell was taken into custody. According to Walters, the matter was unrelated to the assault on Barker, and it had not been

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Law enforcement arrested six students, eventually dubbed the "Jena Six", who were accused in the attack on Barker. Five of them (Robert Bailey, Jr., then 17; Mychal Bell, then 16; Carwin Jones, then 18; Bryant Purvis, then 17; and Theo Shaw, then 17) were charged with attempted murder. The sixth

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The members of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity, Incorporated have historically engaged in the struggle to uplift the downtrodden in their efforts to achieve the promise of social and economic parity described and prescribed in the pledge of allegiance to this great republic that declares liberty and

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his conviction, principally on the ground that he had been improperly tried as an adult. On September 14, 2007, Louisiana's Third Circuit Court of Appeals overturned Bell's battery conviction, agreeing that this remaining charge was not among those for which a juvenile may be tried as an adult.

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convenience store, outside Jena in unincorporated LaSalle Parish, between Matt Windham and three black youths, including Bailey. Law enforcement reported that their accounts contradicted each other. Windham alleged that Bailey and his friends chased him, that he ran to get his gun, and that the

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drew attention to what he called factual inaccuracies in reporting of the story. He focused on the piece circulated by Bean to news outlets, "Bean's story is framed—by his own admission—as an indictment of the criminal justice system and the people in power in Jena and, therefore, the story is

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Bell's retrial in the Barker assault was scheduled for December 6. Three days before the trial began, he pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of battery, and was sentenced to 18 months in a juvenile facility, with credit for time served. He agreed to testify against any of the other assault

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On December 1, 2006, a private party was held at the Jena Fair Barn. Bailey and four other black youths tried to enter the party at about 11:00 p.m. According to U.S. Attorney Washington, they were told by a woman that no one was allowed inside without an invitation. The youths persisted,

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District Judge J. P. Mauffray, Jr. presided over Bell's trial. On the first day of trial, June 26, 2007, Walters reduced the charges to aggravated second-degree battery and conspiracy to commit aggravated second-degree battery. The charge of aggravated battery requires the use of a "dangerous

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hanging from the tree; reports differ as to whether there were two or three nooses. A black teacher described seeing both white and black students "playing with , pulling on them, jump-swinging from them, and putting their heads through them" that same day. Craig Franklin, assistant editor of

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columnist Heather MacDonald, while condemning the noose hangings as a "despicable provocation", said that "the media, the (race) advocates and pandering politicians have erupted in an outpouring of seeming joy at the alleged proof that America remains a racist country". In a column in the

112: 438:, a Texas minister who had founded the advocacy group Friends of Justice. The group sent its document to other reporters and bloggers. In it Bean demanded that outside authorities, not those in LaSalle Parish, deal with the case, and that no incarceration of the defendants occur. 499:, in a September 23, 2007, editorial, stated "it's impossible to examine the case of the so-called Jena Six without concluding that these black teens have been the victims of a miscarriage of justice, with a clearly racial double standard at work". Byron Williams, writing on the 890:, for speeding and not having proper vehicle insurance while on a weekend pass from his sentence. In an interview televised on CNN on August 24, 2008, Bell admitted to having struck Barker in 2006 and described Jena as "a real racist town". On August 27, 2008, the 183:

alternative school "for about a month", spent two weeks on in-school suspension, served Saturday detentions, had to attend Discipline Court, were referred to Families in Need of Services, and had to have an evaluation before they were able to return to school.

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used the case to highlight the use of the prison system as a means of "controlling young black men", which is one factor in a broader "crisis in relations between men and women of all classes and, as a result, the catastrophic state of black family life".

162:, said the nooses were hung as a prank by three students directed at white members of the school rodeo team. The school's investigating committee had concluded that "the three young teens had no knowledge that nooses symbolize the terrible legacy of the 376:

assigned Judge Yeager to hear the five remaining cases by order signed August 4, 2008. Walters appealed the recusal order, but his appeal was dismissed on March 4, 2009, as moot, or no longer relevant, as Mauffray had left the bench at the end of 2008.

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Theo Shaw was able to attend classes at another high school and have his credits transferred to Jena. He received a Jena High School diploma although he took part in the graduation ceremony at the other school. On June 3, 2018, he graduated from the

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website that listed the addresses of five of the Jena Six and the telephone numbers of some of their families "in case anyone wants to deliver justice". An FBI spokeswoman said the agency believed that the website "essentially called for their

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weapon", and Walters argued that the tennis shoes worn by Bell while allegedly kicking Barker were dangerous weapons. A number of witnesses testified that they saw Bell strike Barker, while other witnesses were unsure Bell was involved at all.

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November 7, 2007, and pleaded not guilty. Because Louisiana law considers seventeen-year-olds to be adults for purposes of criminal culpability, the charges for these four were unaffected by the appellate ruling overturning Bell's conviction.

415:) covered the story from its inception. A number of African-American bloggers also covered the story before there was mainstream national press coverage. The first piece on the case to be published by an outside source ran on May 9, 2007, in 788:

into taking action. The hearing took place on October 16, 2007; Washington and Sharpton, among others, testified. Walters was invited to testify but declined. Most Republican members of the committee declined to attend. Representative

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stated that Washington had found no federal statute under which the teens could be prosecuted, just as he had found no applicable state statute. Walters opined: "The people that should be ashamed of what they unleashed on this town".

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speaking, and an image of a black man in shackles. The song and video led to Jena's mayor, Murphy R. McMillan, issuing a statement rebutting the accusations he believed were expressed and implied in the video. An episode of the

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The school superintendent was quoted as saying, "Adolescents play pranks. I don't think it was a threat against anybody". Black residents of Jena have said that this comment stoked racial tensions leading to subsequent events.

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A number of events had taken place in and around Jena in the months before the Barker assault, which the media have associated with an alleged escalation of local racial tensions. These events included: the hanging of rope

3464:"Kanye West, Nelly, Common, Dr. Cornel West, MC Lyte, David Banner, Dr. Michael Eric Dyson, Lil' Wayne, Soulja Boy and Hurricane Chris, Among Others, Brought Style, Substance and Swagger to the BET HIP HOP AWARDS 2007" 2922: 732:

In the months following the Jena Six rally, controversy arose about accounting and dispersal of the legal defense funds. Questions about the money were first sparked by photos posted on Robert Bailey's former

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cities as Los Angeles and Washington, DC. Because of the congestion on the roads leading to Jena, many protesters left their vehicles and continued into town on foot. Attendees included civil rights activists

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included black citizens, who make up 10 percent of the parish's population, but none of the 50 potential jurors who showed up were black. Williams did not challenge the composition of the jury pool.

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accused Color of Change of being "shady" with their use of the funds. Color of Change responded to the accusations by posting links to canceled checks on their web site. In his November 10 report,

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for his role in the fight and was put on probation. Bailey later said that one of the white males broke a beer bottle over his head, but there are no records of Bailey receiving medical treatment.

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To be clear, not one of us heard Justin use any slur or say anything that justified Mychal Bell attacking Justin nor did any of us see Justin do anything that would cause Mychal to react.

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Other columnists have argued that inaccuracies in the media coverage unfairly tarnish the town and have led to a national overreaction, part of the tendency in the 24-hour news cycle.

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tree". According to some of the school's teachers and administrators, the tree in question was not a "white tree", and students of all races had sat under it at one time or another.

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of the rape and murder of a young white newspaper reporter in 1984, was scheduled as a keynote speaker. The demonstrators were addressed by Darryl Matthews, General President of

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The school disciplinary process that followed is unclear. It was reported that the principal, Scott Windham, learned that three white students were responsible and recommended

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generic NAACP donation page, with no way to designate funds for the Jena Six. Black bloggers objected, and several days later, the link was altered to reach the defense fund.

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student, Jesse Ray Beard (also known as Jesse Rae Beard), was charged as a juvenile. Walters charged Mychal Bell as an adult, although he was only 16, because of his previous

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Six students—Robert Bailey, then aged 17; Mychal Bell, then 16; Carwin Jones, then 18; Bryant Purvis, then 17; Jesse Ray Beard, then 14; and Theo Shaw, then 17—were

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their investigations that assessment was inaccurate for some of the events; for instance, the burning of the high school was an attempt to destroy grade records.

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On August 6, Judge Yeager terminated Beard's probation (he remained under the conditions of his bail release in the Barker incident) so he could attend the

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joked, "They don't look so tough, do they?" The two members delivered speeches thanking family, friends, the "Hip-Hop Nation", and those who came to Jena.

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and an eye that had swollen shut. The emergency physician's record shows that he also had injuries to his face, ears, and hand. He attended his school's

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referred to during the Barker proceedings. The defense filed a motion to dismiss the Barker charges on the ground that retrying Bell would amount to

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interviewing Jena residents and parents of those involved. Given the racial history of the Deep South, many news reports from Jena evoked the

3987: 53: 1392: 3957: 3302: 2053: 434:, whose Southwest Bureau Chief, Howard Witt, wrote a piece covering the story on May 20. Witt had received a summary of the situation from 372:. On July 31, 2008, Mauffray was removed from the cases by Judge Thomas Yeager for making questionable comments about the defendants. The 2575: 1007: 133:

At a school assembly held on August 31, 2006, a black male freshman asked the principal whether he could sit under the tree. According to

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the conspiracy conviction on the grounds that Bell should have been tried as a juvenile, but he let the battery conviction stand. Bell

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Initially, the Jena Six were largely ignored by the United States national media, though covered locally and within Louisiana. Both

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Matthews, Sr., Darryl R. (September 20, 2007). "We Demand Justice for the Jena 6!" (Press release). Monica Woods Public Relations.

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account, which show him with quantities of hundred dollar bills stuffed in his mouth. The controversy expanded when radio host

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internationally and has been described as "catalyzing conversations on difficult and essential questions of race and justice".

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Bell was released on $ 45,000 bond, subject to electronic monitoring and under the supervision of a probation officer.

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agreement. If he wouldn't have taken that plea, he wouldn't be in the position he's in now". In 2014, Bell was attending

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represented Beard, hired local defense counsel to represent Bailey, and helped coordinate the overall defense strategy.

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have yet to receive any money from him, and that the six families had refused to publicly account for the donations.

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Many online petitions circulated calling for various actions in response to the Jena Six case. Online advocacy group

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to commit aggravated battery. His convictions were overturned on the grounds that he should have been tried as a

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of countless blacks in American history". The names of those who hung the nooses were not publicly disclosed.

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eye for three weeks. He said that he had suffered recurring headaches and forgetfulness since the attack.

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The Jena Six case sparked protests by people who considered the arrests and subsequent charges, initially

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followed on May 24. The case began to receive more extensive national media coverage in July 2007, with

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has said that some of the families have continually received threatening and harassing phone calls.

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Proceedings were on hold for some time pending resolution of various motions to require Mauffray to

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dream of equal treatment, respect, fairness and opportunity is still not realized".

194:(FBI) investigators found that the hanging of the nooses "had all the markings of a 3829:"'This is us': Jena 6 defendant Theo Shaw delivers law school commencement address" 3768:"Mychal Bell of 'Jena Six' denied fifth year of high school football eligibility". 949: 777: 698: 669: 506: 443: 353: 303: 1904: 1604: 1277: 980: 3572:

Abbey Brown (September 20, 2008). "Jena Six cases linger more than a year later".

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for the assault of Barker. Mychal Bell was initially convicted as an adult of

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On October 11, 2007, Mauffray found that Bell had violated the terms of his

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On November 30, 2006, the main building of the high school was destroyed by

3073:"'Blood at the Root' Draws Inspiration From the Jena Six Case in Louisiana" 3046:"Hip-Hop Fridays: Bomani Armah Releases 'Jena 6' Song To Continue Movement" 2417: 2090:"Court rejects motion to dismiss juvenile charges in racial school attacks" 3383:"U.S. Attorney Calls Noose Display 'Hate Crime,' Explains Lack of Charges" 2829: 2180:"Final 'Jena Six' defendant, Purvis, pleads not guilty to reduced charges" 2075: 2027: 1745: 1720: 1626: 1525: 3920:

The Jena Six and the History of Racially Compromised Justice in Louisiana

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The first mainstream US print media outlet to cover the matter was the

2168:"Another Charge Reduced in 'Jena 6' Case". KYW-TV. September 15, 2007. 17: 3701:"May 30, 2008: Some 'Jena Six' defendants have recent legal problems" 2967:"Louisiana mayor balks at Mellencamp 'Jena 6' protest song and video" 1980:"Thousands 'march for justice' in Jena, court orders hearing on teen" 1878:"'Jena Six' defendant's criminal history comes to light; bond denied" 910:, where he was granted an extra year's eligibility to play football. 801: 605: 328: 311: 127: 69: 3918: 3126:"Louisiana's Jena Six beating case galvanizes S.F.'s 'black MoveOn'" 226: 2678:"Apart from the noose, this is an everyday story of modern America" 643:

Several songs have been produced in response to the Jena Six case.

1649:"U.S. Attorney: Critics in Jena Six case have distorted the facts" 859: 856:, at the front of the September 20, 2007, march in Jena, Louisiana 843: 692: 579: 225: 220: 154: 110: 61: 3516:. Associated Press via CBS News. December 4, 2007. Archived from 2969:. Associated Press via Foxnews. October 6, 2007. Archived from 1424:"Jena 6 case caught up in whirlwind of distortion, opportunism" 820:

on October 13, 2007, and were invited to present the award for

479:

Some sources pointed to inaccurate reporting by the media. The

1847:"Defense attorney says Bell case should be in juvenile system" 1184:"Jesse Jackson: Obama needs to bring more attention to Jena 6" 752: 665: 461: 451: 2149:. Associated Press via The Washington Post. September 4, 2007 352:

defendants at trial. All appeals were dropped as part of the

29:

Six black teenagers in Louisiana, convicted in a 2006 beating

1036:. Washington, D.C.: Associated Press via The Washington Post 2995:. Associated Press via CNN. October 6, 2007. Archived from 1763:. London: Associated Press via The Guardian. Archived from 680:

is a play written by Dominique Morisseau about the Jena 6.

631:

fraternity, who said, "It is sobering to know that in 2007

906:

Robert Bailey attended high school at Shaw High School in

153:

The following morning, students and staff discovered rope

3614:"'Jena Six' member Beard to attend school in Connecticut" 1336:"U.S. Attorney: Nooses, beating at Jena High not related" 1153:"Official sought to clear up 'Jena Six' 'misinformation'" 3679:"Attorney gives Jena 6 teen counsel, chance at new life" 3584:"Plea agreements possible in remaining 'Jena Six' cases" 1880:. The Town Talk via The Shreveport Times. Archived from 286:

and because Walters believed Bell initiated the attack.

2900:"Jena Six case brings out activism among hip-hop stars" 3663:"Beard using 'Jena Six' defense funds for schooling". 2242:"Appeals court: "Jena Six" recusal issue moot point". 2004:. Associated Press. September 21, 2007. Archived from 1680:"Residents: Nooses spark school violence, divide town" 1512: Johnson, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari 1487:"Three still awaiting trial in Jena High arson case". 545:

unfairly biased". Craig Franklin, assistant editor of

3494:. Houston, Texas: Chicago Tribune via The Denver Post 2468:"Howard Witt Responds (indirectly) to Jason Whitlock" 2294:"Five defendants plead no contest in 'Jena Six' case" 3254: 3252: 2629:"Old Fashioned Southern Justice in the Modern South" 2491:"Racism goes on trial again in America's Deep South" 2323:"Secret settlement reached in 'Jena Six' civil suit" 1905:"'Jena Six' controversy swirls around football star" 1514: (Louisiana Supreme Court December 7, 2007). 1278:"'Jena Six' controversy swirls around football star" 1252:"La. Town Fells 'White Tree,' but Tension Runs Deep" 648:

civil rights marchers and police beatings, video of

44:, convicted in the 2006 beating of Justin Barker, a 2876:. Contact Music. September 20, 2007. Archived from 2380: 2378: 1929:. Democracy Now!. September 5, 2007. Archived from 954:"Beating Charges Split La. Town Along Racial Lines" 348:. On November 8, 2007, Mauffray denied the motion. 2778:"David Bowie donates $ 10000 to defend US accused" 2497:. Jena, Louisiana: Guardian News and Media Limited 1627:"Black teen convicted in beating of white student" 1385:"North Texans marching behind 6 young men in Jena" 800:called upon outgoing Louisiana Governor Blanco to 3993:Post–civil rights era in African-American history 3547:"Beating victim's family sues in 'Jena Six' case" 1603:. Associated Press. June 11, 2007. Archived from 1159:. Alexandria-Pineville, Louisiana. Archived from 390:civil case against the school board was pending. 3022:. Associated Press via USA Today. Archived from 2923:"Darryl Hunt Asked to Speak at 'Jena Six' Rally" 1903:Barr, John; Noren, Nicole (September 21, 2007). 713:, which had previously advocated for victims of 447:also featured an article on the case on May 20. 190:According to US Attorney Donald Washington, the 3925:Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 3231:"False allegations on the Michael Baisden Show" 2993:"Mellencamp song about 'Jena Six' upsets mayor" 1451: 1449: 246:The following day, an incident occurred at the 3753:"'Jena 6' defendant denied to play football". 3648:"The Jena 6 and Barker: Where are they now?". 2708:"Jena, O.J., and the jailing of Black America" 619:attended and financially supported the rally. 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 2961: 2959: 2830:"'Jena 6' protestors rally at Louisiana town" 2443:"Responding to the crisis in Jena, Louisiana" 1740: 1738: 1330: 1328: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 88:, Bell pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of 8: 3802:"Jena 6 student will play football for Shaw" 1721:"Court overturns conviction in Jena beating" 1700:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 796:Representative Lee and other members of the 3834:The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate 3643: 3641: 3639: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3288: 3286: 2737:"Don't make Jena out to be more than it is" 2549:"Jena Six Rally Highlights Racial Tensions" 1715: 1713: 1711: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1300: 1298: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1075: 1073: 92:. The other five defendants later pleaded " 3867:. University of Washington. Archived from 3791:, June 17, 2014. Retrieved March 18, 2017. 3428: 3426: 3328:. Associated Press via The Washington Post 2076:"'Jena Six' teen Mychal Bell back in jail" 2054:"Mychal Bell of 'Jena 6' released on bail" 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1761:"Charges Reduced for Student in La. Fight" 1501: 1499: 1094:"Black and White Becomes Gray in La. Town" 892:Louisiana High School Athletic Association 302:Blane Williams had urged Bell to accept a 96:" to the same offense and were convicted. 3948:December 2006 crimes in the United States 3466:(Press release). PR Newswire/BET Networks 3376: 3374: 3349:"Lawmakers seek US action in Jena 6 case" 3020:"VH1's 'Salt-N-Pepa Show' tackles Jena 6" 2852:"Protesters March in Support of Jena Six" 2257: 2255: 2253: 2227:"Judge Yeager to hear 'Jena Six' cases". 1146: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1113: 1111: 871:at the September 20, 2007, Jena Six Rally 234:convenience store outside Jena, Louisiana 3893:FAQ of the case and local coverage from 3730:"Bell to CNN: Jena 'a real racist town'" 2655:"Jena 6 case sparks anti-racism protest" 2316: 2314: 1651:. KTBS-3. April 30, 2008. Archived from 1182:Mooney, Alexander (September 19, 2007). 3998:2006 controversies in the United States 1974: 1972: 1970: 1748:. Associated Press. September 27, 2007. 1746:"Jena 6 Teen Released on $ 45,000 Bail" 1601:"Victim in Jena 6 case takes the stand" 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1056:"Jena, Louisiana (LA) Detailed Profile" 930: 922:as a Gates Public Service Law Scholar. 3485: 3483: 3481: 3326:"Lawmakers Seek Jena 6 Teen's Release" 3324:Barrett, Devlin (September 25, 2007). 2627:Williams, Byron (September 20, 2007). 2542: 2540: 2437: 2435: 1693: 1456:McKewon, Elaine (September 21, 2007). 1032:Simmons, Christine (October 2, 2007). 979:Gallacher, Andy (September 21, 2007). 916:University of Washington School of Law 776:On September 25, 2007, Representative 215:School arson, fight, and confrontation 3953:African-American history of Louisiana 3490:Chicago Tribune (November 11, 2007). 3413:"Black Caucus seeks pardon of Jena 6" 3173:Michels, Scott (September 11, 2007). 3018:Lang, Derrik J. (November 27, 2007). 2470:. Friends of Justice. October 2, 2007 2002:"Bond hearing for Jena Six defendant" 1383:Farwell, Scott (September 20, 2007). 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 839: 54:racial injustice in the United States 7: 3963:American people convicted of assault 3514:"Victim in Jena Six case files suit" 3347:Barrett, Devlin (October 16, 2007). 3293:Bohrer, Becky (September 22, 2007). 3207:. September 28, 2007. Archived from 3124:Garofoli, Joe (September 22, 2007). 2547:Miller, Talea (September 24, 2007). 2416:. Left Turn Magazine. Archived from 2147:"Charges Reduced in 'Jena 6' Attack" 2096:. Associated Press. November 8, 2007 1571:"Documents give details about fight" 1357:Walters, Reed (September 26, 2007). 1212:Franklin, Craig (October 24, 2007). 1120:"'Stealth racism' stalks deep South" 1006:Newman, Maria (September 24, 2007). 981:"Huge rally in small-town Louisiana" 584:Marchers supporting the Jena Six in 3861:"Gates Public Service Law Scholars" 3261:"Controversy over the Jena 6 funds" 2921:Tucker, Chad (September 18, 2007). 2902:. Associated Press. October 4, 2007 2676:Younge, Gary (September 17, 2007). 2653:Landers, Kim (September 21, 2007). 2574:Kaufman, Gil (September 24, 2007). 2534:, CNN Newsroom video, July 1, 2007. 2385:Witt, Howard (September 18, 2007). 2359:. September 3, 2007. Archived from 1548:"Jena Six teen to be freed on bail" 1507:State of Louisiana v. Robert Bailey 786:United States Department of Justice 411:(a regional newspaper published in 3381:Fears, Darryl (October 17, 2007). 3355:. Associated Press. Archived from 3301:. Associated Press. Archived from 3259:Witt, Howard (November 11, 2007). 2874:"Mos Def Leads 'Jena Six' Protest" 2804:"Bowie supports US race row teens" 2186:. November 8, 2007. Archived from 1092:Lewan, Todd (September 22, 2007). 1034:"'Jena 6' Protest at Justice Dept" 25: 3620:. August 13, 2008. Archived from 3434:"Jena High 'noose' tree cut down" 3295:"FBI probes anti-Jena 6 Web page" 3233:. Color of Change. Archived from 2832:. NBCnews.com. September 20, 2007 2210:"Judge in Jena 6 case is removed" 2115:Brown, Abbey (December 4, 2007). 1783:"The Recent Lessons of Louisiana" 1276:Barr, John (September 21, 2007). 701:gathers petition signatures at a 672:released a song called "Jena 6". 505:, was one of several to cite the 3905:page on the Jena Six controversy 3827:DeBerry, Jarvis (June 6, 2018). 3590:. March 20, 2009. Archived from 3492:"Jena 6 face donation questions" 3071:Brantley, Ben (April 13, 2016). 2412:Flaherty, Jordan (May 9, 2007). 2321:Morgan, Robert (June 27, 2009). 2292:Morgan, Robert (June 26, 2009). 1876:Brown, Abbey (August 25, 2007). 1845:Brown, Abbey (August 16, 2007). 1789:. United Nations. Archived from 1524:Foster, Mary (August 25, 2011). 1250:Fears, Darryl (August 4, 2007). 1118:Mangold, Tom (August 16, 2007). 840:Jena Six's subsequent activities 3973:Quantified groups of defendants 3440:. July 31, 2008. Archived from 2387:"Blogs help drive Jena protest" 2269:. June 27, 2009. Archived from 1526:"5 years later, Jena 6 move on" 886:On May 10, Bell was stopped in 319:that Bell should not have been 192:Federal Bureau of Investigation 3707:. May 30, 2008. Archived from 2028:"Bail denied for Jena suspect" 1819:Witt, Howard (June 29, 2007). 1759:Foster, Mary (June 27, 2007). 1723:. NBC News. September 14, 2007 1569:Brown, Abbey (June 11, 2007). 1550:. CBS News. September 27, 2007 1214:"Media myths about the Jena 6" 1151:Brown, Abbey (July 31, 2007). 812:Jones and Purvis attended the 668:was filmed at the Jena rally. 623:, an African American who was 101:attempted second-degree murder 1: 2489:Mangold, Tom (May 20, 2007). 2078:. NBC News. October 12, 2007. 1305:Witt, Howard (May 20, 2007). 1218:The Christian Science Monitor 755:opened an investigation of a 552:The Christian Science Monitor 143:Western District of Louisiana 3988:21st-century American trials 3910:NPR coverage of the Jena Six 2117:"Bell admits role in attack" 2094:International Herald Tribune 1674:McLaughlin, Eliott C. & 3958:People convicted of battery 2925:. FOX8 News. Archived from 751:On September 22, 2007, the 727:Southern Poverty Law Center 4029: 2522:, bbc.co.uk, May 23, 2007. 1307:"Racial demons rear heads" 798:Congressional Black Caucus 122:is located in the town of 4003:African-American children 2854:. NPR. September 20, 2007 2056:. CNN. September 27, 2007 1982:. CNN. September 20, 2007 1955:. CNN. September 19, 2007 1338:. CNN. September 19, 2007 918:, having received a full 782:House Judiciary Committee 764:". Civil rights advocate 488:Columnists and editorials 484:from other news sources. 107:Background to the assault 3099:"Justice for the Jena 6" 2516:"Race Hate in Louisiana" 1629:. NBC News. July 2, 2007 298:Before the trial began, 3897:(Alexandria, Louisiana) 3735:September 12, 2012, at 3152:"How funds are managed" 3130:San Francisco Chronicle 2741:The Dallas Morning News 1389:The Dallas Morning News 960:. National Public Radio 468:, referred to historic 374:Louisiana Supreme Court 290:Mychal Bell proceedings 3681:. CNN. August 25, 2009 3181:. Jena, Louisiana: ABC 2735:(September 30, 2007). 2706:(September 30, 2007). 1422:(September 29, 2007). 987:. Jena, Louisiana: BBC 872: 857: 706: 654:Martin Luther King Jr. 602:Martin Luther King III 588: 568:British rock musician 387: 235: 139:United States Attorney 116: 84:. Before a retrial in 3652:. September 21, 2008. 3201:"'Jena Six' notebook" 2578:. MTV. Archived from 2551:. PBS. Archived from 2532:CNN segment from Jena 2127:on September 18, 2012 1857:on September 17, 2012 1678:(September 5, 2007). 1058:. City-data.com. 2007 958:All Things Considered 863: 847: 780:(D), Chairman of the 705:rally in October 2007 696: 583: 466:Civil Rights Movement 413:Alexandria, Louisiana 383: 229: 114: 48:student at the local 3624:on December 17, 2014 3419:. December 24, 2007. 3052:. September 28, 2007 2999:on December 15, 2007 2810:. September 20, 2007 2784:. September 19, 2007 2608:. September 23, 2007 2448:. Friends of Justice 2034:. September 20, 2007 2008:on December 17, 2014 1933:on November 14, 2007 1793:on December 16, 2007 1781:(November 3, 2007). 1767:on October 25, 2007. 1655:on December 17, 2014 1491:. December 13, 2008. 1428:The Kansas City Star 633:Martin Luther King's 625:wrongfully convicted 360:Remaining defendants 4013:Trials in Louisiana 3968:Crimes in Louisiana 3903:The Washington Post 3711:on February 4, 2013 3594:on February 5, 2013 3520:on December 6, 2007 3387:The Washington Post 3359:on January 25, 2009 3305:on November 6, 2012 3299:The Washington Post 3211:on February 4, 2013 3105:on October 11, 2007 3050:BlackElectorate.com 2973:on January 25, 2009 2929:on October 11, 2007 2880:on January 13, 2009 2733:Mac Donald, Heather 2633:The Huffington Post 2420:on October 11, 2007 2363:on February 4, 2013 2273:on February 5, 2013 2190:on February 4, 2013 1884:on January 12, 2015 1607:on October 11, 2007 1468:on October 11, 2007 1458:"Jena Six timeline" 1434:on October 12, 2007 1395:on October 15, 2007 1256:The Washington Post 1163:on February 4, 2013 897:Southern University 530:Dallas Morning News 3871:on October 7, 2016 3788:Al Jazeera America 3772:. August 28, 2008. 3757:. August 28, 2008. 3743:, August 25, 2008. 3667:. August 15, 2008. 3553:. December 4, 2007 3271:on January 1, 2008 3077:The New York Times 2712:The New York Times 2704:Patterson, Orlando 2582:on January 5, 2009 1363:The New York Times 1012:The New York Times 873: 858: 814:BET Hip Hop Awards 791:Sheila Jackson Lee 772:Later developments 707: 589: 521:Harvard University 512:The New York Times 236: 202:District Attorney 180:board of education 117: 74:aggravated battery 4008:American children 3943:2006 in Louisiana 3808:. August 25, 2008 3154:. Color of Change 3150:Color of Change. 3097:Color of Change. 3026:on March 20, 2009 2747:on March 15, 2008 2414:"Justice in Jena" 2393:. Jena, Louisiana 2333:on April 19, 2013 2231:. August 5, 2008. 2216:. August 1, 2008. 1359:"Justice in Jena" 1313:. Jena, Louisiana 952:(July 30, 2007). 908:Columbus, Georgia 877:Canterbury School 866:white supremacist 822:Video of the Year 757:white supremacist 715:Hurricane Katrina 682:Blood at the Root 677:Blood at the Root 639:Artistic tributes 517:Orlando Patterson 496:The New York Post 321:tried as an adult 310:. The 150-person 135:Donald Washington 16:(Redirected from 4020: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3837:. 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