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such as John Shoup list these strata in three categories: free (chiefs, farmers and herders), servile (artists, musicians and griots), and the slave class. The servile group were socially required to be endogamous, while the slaves could be emancipated over four generations. The traditionally free strata of the Zerma people have owned property and herds, and these have dominated the political system and governments during and after the French colonial rule. Within the stratified social system, the
Islamic system of polygynous marriages is a part of the Zarma people tradition, with preferred partners being cross cousins, and a system of ritualistic acceptance between co-wives. This endogamy is similar to other ethnic groups in West Africa.
737:
768:, tobacco, cotton and peanuts during the rainy season (June to November). They have traditionally owned herds of animals, which they rent out to others till they are ready to be sold for meat. Some own horses, a legacy of those Zerma people who historically belonged to the warrior class and were skilled cavalrymen in Islamic armies. Living along the River Niger, some Zarma people rely on fishing. The property inheritance and occupational descent is patrilineal. Many Zarma people, like Songhai, have migrated into coastal and prospering cities of West Africa, especially Ghana. Zarma people also grow guavas, mangoes, bananas, and citrus fruits.
424:
666:, recognized the social stratification among Zarma-Songhai people as well as other ethnic groups in West Africa, but suggested that sociologists should invent a new term for West African social stratification system. Other scholars consider this a bias and isolationist because the West African system shares all elements in Dumont's system, including economic, ritual, spiritual, endogamous, elements of pollution, segregative and spread over a large region. According to
553:
1956:, Parliamentary Campaign against FGM, IPU (November 2006), Quote: "According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence rate was 5% in 1998. Excision and circumcision are common throughout the departments of Tollabery (Say, Ayerou, Torodi, Kollo), Marady and Diffa and in the urban community of Niamey along the neighbourhoods and other villages bordering on the Niger River, such as Lamordé, Saga and Kirkisoye. The Peul and the
153:
580:, slaves accounted for two-thirds to three-quarters of the total population of the Songhay-Zarma people, similar proportions to other ethnic groups in pre-colonial West Africa. However, Bruce Hall cautions that while it is "certainly true that the majority of population" had a servile status, these colonial era estimates for "slaves" may exaggerate because there is a difference between servile status and true slavery.
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720:. It consists of two rituals. One is ritual cutting away the hymen of new born girls, second is clitoridectomy between the ages of 9 and 15 where either her prepuce is cut out or a part to all of clitoris and labia minora is cut then removed. The operation has been ritually done by the traditional barbers called
699:
The different strata of the Zarma-Songhai people have included the kings and warriors, the scribes, the artisans, the weavers, the hunters, the fishermen, the leather workers and hairdressers (Wanzam), and the domestic slaves (Horso, Bannye). Each caste reveres its own guardian spirit. Some scholars
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and have assimilated into the Zarma people, or else are people of Zarma origins who have differentiated themselves some time in the precolonial period (through dialect, political structure, or religion), but these are difficult to differentiate according to
Fuglestad. Groups usually referred to as
607:
French colonial rulers established mines throughout West Africa staffed with
African labor, many of whom were migrant Zarma people. Thousands of Zarma travelled to various mines, as well as to build roads and railroads. These laborers followed pre-colonial raiding pathways towards the Gold coast,
655:
or priests and
Islamic clerics had to be initiated but did not automatically inherit that profession, making the cleric strata a pseudo-caste. According to Ralph Austen, a professor emeritus of African history, the caste system among the Zarma people was not as well developed as the caste system
727:
Niger has attempted to end the FGM practice. According to UNICEF, these efforts have successfully and noticeably reduced the practice to a prevalence rate in the single digits (9% in Zarma ethnic group in 2006), compared to east-North Africa (Egypt to
Somalia) where the FGM rates are very high.
651:. According to the medieval and colonial era descriptions, their vocation is hereditary, and each stratified group has been endogamous. The social stratification has been unusual in two ways; one it embedded slavery, wherein the lowest strata of the population inherited slavery, and second the
611:
Of the various ethnic groups in Niger, the early cooperation of the Zarma elite with the colonizers led to a legacy where Zarma interests have been promoted, and they have continued to compose an important part of the
Nigerien political elite after independence in 1960.
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lives. Each compound has a head male and a compound may have several separate huts, each hut with the different wives of the head male. The huts are traditionally roundhouses, or circular shaped structures made of mud walls with a thatched straw conical roof.
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Slaves were an economic asset used for farming, herding and domestic work. A system of social stratification developed even among the slaves, and this status system survived even after slavery was officially abolished during French colonial rule.
390:
The estimates for the total population of Zarma people as of 2013 has been generally placed over three million, but it varies. They constitute several smaller ethnic sub-groups, who were either indigenous to the era prior to the
670:– a professor of African Studies, some scholars consider the historic caste-like social stratification in Zarma-Songhai people to be a pre-Islam feature while some consider it derived from the Arab influence.
600:
attacks, as the French increased their presence. The French relied on the Dosso post and Niger river valley as supply hubs as they attempted to establish their colonial control all the way to
592:
The French came to regions inhabited by the Zarma people at the end of the 1890s, during a period of intra-ethnic conflict. The French established a partnership with the
Zarmakoy Aouta of
647:, Tal Tamari and other scholars have stated that the Zarma people have traditionally been a socially stratified society, like the Songhai people at large, with their society featuring
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565:
The slave trade and slave raiding were historically important parts of the society and economy of the Niger river valley, and there is textual evidence annual raids undertaken by
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for tending. The Zarma people have had a history of slave and caste systems, like many West
African ethnic groups. Like them, they also have had a historical musical tradition.
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speaking the same language as the Zarma. Some study the group together as Zarma-Songhai people. However, both groups see themselves as two different people.
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480:, who migrated by flying on a magical millet silo bottom. He decided to migrate with his people following a fight between the Zarma and a neighboring
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was founded by itinerant Zarma preachers and horse traders in the 19th century military, eventually conquering much of the voltaic plateau (southern
305:, although the two groups claim differences, having different histories and speaking different dialects. They are sometimes lumped together as the
53:
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words in the Zarma language. Other scholars, however, believe them to have been part of the broader
Songhai ethnic umbrella since the beginning.
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language family. Because of the common language and culture, they are sometimes referred to as "Zarma
Songhay" (also spelled "Djerma-Songhai").
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valley which is a source of irrigation, forage for cattle herds, and drinking water. Relatively prosperous, they own cattle, sheep, goats and
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624:.Some scholars consider the Zarma people to be a part of and the largest ethnic sub-group of the Songhai – a group that includes nomads of
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part of the Zarma or Songhay, but who have traceable historical distinctions include the Gabda, Tinga, Sorko, Kalles, Golles, Loqas and
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2009:
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The Zarma people, like their neighboring ethnic groups in West Africa, have a rich tradition of music, group dance known as
576:
Sahelian societies, including the Zarma, have historically been based on slavery from far before colonialism. According to
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1705:
644:
577:
1920:
Tal Tamari (1998), Les castes de l'Afrique occidentale: Artisans et musiciens endogames, Nanterre: Société d'ethnologie,
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709:
499:, founders of the Songhai Empire. The surviving Za became the leaders of small Zarma principalities. Some helped
206:
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1320:
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The women among Zarma people, like other ethnic groups of Sahel and West Africa, have traditionally practiced
1969:
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with colonial mines provided economic opportunities and a means to escape French economic exploitation.
552:
301:. In Niger, the Zarma are often considered by outsiders to be of the same ethnicity as the neighboring
2148:
Lange, Dierk (1994), "From Mande to Songhay: Towards a political and ethnic history of medieval Gao",
1954:
Legislation and other national provisions: Namibia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Nigeria, Norway
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Using this oral tradition as evidence, Lange has argued that the Zarma were the ruling class of the
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2324:
2314:
2173:
2165:
1097:
1089:
818:
511:
1290:"Gao and the Almoravids Revisited: Ethnicity, Political Change and the Limits of Interpretation"
526:, these polities were in conflict for economically and agriculturally attractive lands with the
522:
by the 17th century. Forming a number of small communities, each led by a chief or ruler called
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and the World Health Organization studies, in Zarma culture the female circumcision is called
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The Zarma villages traditionally consist of walled off compounds where a family group called
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1774:, Présence Africaine, Nouvelle série, number 148 (4e TRIMESTRE 1988), pages 9–19 (in French)
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The language, society and culture of the Zarma people is barely distinguishable from the
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The Zarma migrated south-eastward into their current geographic concentration during the
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1420:
Jean-Pierra Olivier de Sardan (1983). Claire C. Robertson and Martin A Klein (ed.).
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Embodying Colonial Memories: Spirit Possession, Power, and the Hauka in West Africa
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In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature and Performance
777:
531:
492:
452:. Historian Dierk Lange has argued that these legends are accurate, pointing to
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337:
333:
286:
712:(FGM). However, the prevalence rates have been lower and falling. According to
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and singing. The common musical instruments that accompany these arts include
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488:
2199:
on a single Zarma village and its diverse livelihoods by S Batterbury, 2001.
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Les sociétés Songhay-Zarma (Niger-Mali): chefs, guerriers, esclaves, paysans
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523:
477:
17:
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1960:
feature the highest proportion of excised women: 30% and 9%, respectively."
1620:
1953:
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3316:
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3105:
3044:
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2792:
2414:
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897:
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The traditional form of caste-based servitude was still practiced by the
1771:
1376:
Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite
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3049:
2424:
2398:
1772:
Cultures nigériennes et éducation : Domaine Zarma-Songhay et Hausa
1354:
Sargane (Ouallam) : Sur La Tombe De Mali Béro, L'ancêtre Des Zarma
761:
274:
104:
2169:
1093:
1072:
Tal Tamari (1991). "The Development of Caste Systems in West Africa".
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historically found in the African ethnic groups further west to them.
273:. They are also found in significant numbers in the adjacent areas of
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1289:
757:
713:
597:
481:
473:
397:
321:
317:
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1747:
Outsiders and Strangers: An Archaeology of Liminality in West Africa
1597:
The Fate of Africa's Democratic Experiments: Elites and Institutions
1118:
Committee on Foreign Relations, US House of Representatives (2010).
846:- a Zarma Islamic state set up in the 19th century in Northern Ghana
1124:. Department of State, US Government Printing Office. p. 430.
800:(violin-like instrument). Some of this music also accompanies with
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3175:
3170:
3089:
2658:
2559:
2544:
1523:
1521:
864:"Africa: Niger - The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency"
753:
735:
648:
635:
551:
546:
469:
422:
329:
325:
298:
290:
278:
270:
194:
140:
122:
86:
1685:
1683:
1045:
The Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804
573:
to capture slaves, for domestic use and export to North Africa.
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2484:
765:
684:
636:
625:
601:
441:
294:
3109:
2946:
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2371:
2206:
1943:
Priorities in Child survival, education and protection, UNICEF
938:
936:
495:. In the early 14th century they were defeated by the rising
2191:
1870:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
1798:"Linguistic evidence for the history of west African castes"
1750:. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–97, 100–101, 90–114.
1322:
Oral Epics from Africa: Vibrant Voices from a Vast Continent
2067:
African Population and Capitalism: Historical Perspectives
1271:
1269:
1980:
1978:
1663:
L'Histoire traditionnelle d'un peuple: les Zarma-Songhay
1121:
Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2008 Vol.1
1802:
Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande
468:
period, settling particularly in what is now southwest
269:
are an ethnic group predominantly found in westernmost
1636:
The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Africa
427:
The geographic distribution of Zarma people (approx.).
1037:
1035:
1015:
Climate Change and Armed Conflict: Hot and Cold Wars
961:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
3385:
3143:
1804:. Indiana University Press. pp. 61–62, 61–80.
1426:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 130–143.
1042:David Eltis; Keith Bradley; Paul Cartledge (2011).
913:Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (2010). "Zerma".
740:
The traditional round Zarma hut near Niamey, Niger.
246:
231:
216:
200:
188:
167:
149:
131:
113:
95:
77:
72:
62:
38:
2130:A History of Race in Muslim West Africa, 1600–1960
2037:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1231:
351:The Zarma people are alternatively referred to as
1897:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History
1800:. In David C. Conrad and Barbara E. Frank (ed.).
662:, the 20th-century author famous for his classic
476:. According to legend, this migration was led by
436:Zarma oral traditions place their origins in the
382:is the term used by the Zarma people themselves.
1700:
1698:
1501:Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories
908:
906:
1462:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1415:
1413:
953:
951:
673:
604:. This led to conflicts with the Zarma people.
2192:Links to recordings of Djerma music on the Web
2106:Idrissa, Abdourahmane; Decalo, Samuel (2012).
1831:. Berg. pp. 20, 49–50, 115–117, 121–134.
1551:
1539:
1527:
1151:Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society
1143:
1141:
1048:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–64.
988:Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society
916:Encyclopedia of Africa: Kimbangu, Simon – Zulu
510:After leaving Gao, the Zarma first settled in
3121:
2958:
2808:
2383:
2218:
1900:. Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504.
1689:
1562:
1560:
1465:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–12.
1113:
1111:
1067:
1065:
942:
8:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1600:. Indiana University Press. pp. 35–36.
33:
1862:
1860:
964:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 612.
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
57:Young girls wearing traditional Zarma dress
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2951:
2943:
2815:
2801:
2793:
2390:
2376:
2368:
2225:
2211:
2203:
2064:Cordell, Dennis D.; Gregory, Joel (1994).
1573:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 133–134.
1198:
1196:
1148:Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques (2015).
1080:(2). Cambridge University Press: 221–250.
985:Toyin Falola; Daniel Jean-Jacques (2015).
32:
2044:, Indiana University Press, p. 124,
1218:, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
1666:(in French). Paris: Présence Africaine.
1205:, Ethnologue: The Languages of the World
804:, or spirit possession-related rituals.
444:. Some describe the Zarma as originally
1996:
1984:
855:
1783:
1404:
507:in 1493, but did not return to power.
213:
2112:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 474–476.
1639:. Taylor & Francis. p. 212.
1275:
1248:. Indiana University Press. pp.
534:and other ethnic groups in the area.
7:
1851:
1485:
1446:
73:Regions with significant populations
1714:. Paris: Karthala. pp. 56–57.
316:The Zarma people are predominantly
328:school, and they live in the arid
25:
2070:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1970:Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
1240:Stephen Paterson Belcher (1999).
556:Clothing of an aristocratic Zarma
514:, later expanding south into the
2777:
1854:, p. 15–18, 71–73, 245–248.
281:, along with smaller numbers in
151:
133:
115:
97:
79:
51:
2133:. Cambridge University Press.
2109:Historical Dictionary of Niger
1873:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 265–266.
1504:. Liverpool University Press.
1154:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 927–928.
1074:The Journal of African History
1:
3499:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
2974:Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso
1706:Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan
1498:Benedetta Rossi (2016). "8".
1216:A History of Niger: 1850–1960
1018:. Routledge. pp. 54–55.
692:—Country Report: Niger (2008)
645:Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan
578:Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan
3509:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast
3494:Muslim communities in Africa
1325:, Indiana University Press,
1972:, UNICEF 2013 Global Report
1423:Women and slavery in Africa
1319:Johnson, Sir, John (1997),
958:James Stuart Olson (1996).
919:. Oxford University Press.
27:Ethnic group in West Africa
3525:
2150:Journal of African History
2010:"Zarma | Encyclopedia.com"
1552:Cordell & Gregory 1994
1540:Cordell & Gregory 1994
1528:Cordell & Gregory 1994
1294:Journal of African History
1176:"Zarma (peuple d'Afrique)"
340:, renting them out to the
2980:
2830:
2774:
2405:
2240:
2162:10.1017/s0021853700026438
2036:Austen, Ralph A. (1999),
1828:The character of kingship
1690:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
1623:, Encyclopædia Britannica
1244:Epic Traditions of Africa
1086:10.1017/s0021853700025718
991:. ABC-CLIO. p. 916.
943:Idrissa & Decalo 2012
900:, Encyclopædia Britannica
710:female genital mutilation
704:Female genital mutilation
386:Demographics and language
256:
239:
224:
205:
193:
172:
67:
50:
42:
3489:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
3438:Gold Coast Euro-Africans
2399:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
2088:Zarma Folktales of Niger
2085:Cushman, Amanda (2010).
1894:Bonnie G. Smith (2008).
1459:Martin A. Klein (1998).
1351:Hassane, Daouda (2019),
491:, later a vassal of the
2127:Hall, Bruce S. (2011).
1825:Declan Quigley (2005).
1594:Peter VonDoepp (2005).
824:Caste systems in Africa
407:is one of the southern
3484:Ethnic groups in Niger
3479:Ethnic groups in Ghana
3474:Ethnic groups in Benin
3137:Ethnic groups in Ghana
2824:Ethnic groups in Benin
2234:Ethnic groups in Niger
1867:John A. Shoup (2011).
1288:Hunwick, John (1994).
796:(string instruments),
752:The Zarma people grow
741:
689:
641:
557:
428:
3504:Ethnic groups in Togo
1567:Paul Stoller (2014).
1373:Lange, Dierk (2004),
1214:Fuglestad, F. (1983)
1012:James R. Lee (2009).
739:
676:Caste-based servitude
639:
632:Social stratification
555:
426:
201:Related ethnic groups
2014:www.encyclopedia.com
1660:Boubou Hama (1967).
184:(colonial languages)
1958:Zarma ethnic groups
1796:Tal Tamari (1995).
1770:I. Diawara (1988),
1744:Anne Haour (2013).
694:US State Department
687:ethnic minorities.
616:Society and culture
176:(native language),
35:
2784:Nigeria portal
1786:, p. 148-150.
1633:Don Rubin (1997).
819:Zarma architecture
742:
642:
558:
429:
411:, a branch of the
378:, or other terms.
3456:
3455:
3423:African Americans
3103:
3102:
2940:
2939:
2790:
2789:
2365:
2364:
2140:978-1-139-49908-8
2119:978-0-8108-7090-1
2098:978-0-9792999-8-8
2077:978-0-299-14274-2
1907:978-0-19-514890-9
1880:978-1-59884-362-0
1838:978-1-84520-290-3
1811:978-0-253-11264-4
1757:978-0-19-969774-8
1721:978-2-86537-106-8
1646:978-0-415-05931-2
1580:978-1-136-65266-0
1511:978-1-78138-866-2
1472:978-0-521-59678-7
1161:978-1-59884-666-9
1131:978-0-16-087515-1
1055:978-0-521-84068-2
1025:978-1-135-21163-9
998:978-1-59884-666-9
971:978-0-313-27918-8
926:978-0-19-533770-9
788:(talking drums),
664:Homo Hierarchicus
472:near the capital
409:Songhai languages
332:lands, along the
263:
262:
212:
211:
16:(Redirected from
3516:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3107:
2967:
2960:
2953:
2944:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2369:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2204:
2180:
2144:
2123:
2102:
2081:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2043:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1951:
1945:
1940:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1702:
1693:
1692:, p. 474-6.
1687:
1678:
1677:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1564:
1555:
1554:, p. 131-3.
1549:
1543:
1542:, p. 127-8.
1537:
1531:
1530:, p. 124-6.
1525:
1516:
1515:
1495:
1489:
1488:, p. 213-4.
1483:
1477:
1476:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1285:
1279:
1278:, p. 286-7.
1273:
1264:
1263:
1247:
1237:
1226:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1136:
1135:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1069:
1060:
1059:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1009:
1003:
1002:
982:
976:
975:
955:
946:
940:
931:
930:
910:
901:
895:
880:
879:
877:
875:
860:
695:
258:
241:
226:
214:
157:
155:
154:
139:
137:
136:
121:
119:
118:
103:
101:
100:
85:
83:
82:
63:Total population
55:
44:
36:
21:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3381:
3139:
3134:
3104:
3099:
2976:
2971:
2941:
2936:
2826:
2821:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2401:
2396:
2366:
2361:
2236:
2231:
2188:
2147:
2141:
2126:
2120:
2105:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2035:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1999:, p. x-xi.
1995:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1932:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1743:
1742:
1729:
1722:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1379:, p. 473,
1372:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1071:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1006:
999:
984:
983:
979:
972:
957:
956:
949:
941:
934:
927:
912:
911:
904:
896:
883:
873:
871:
870:. 27 April 2021
862:
861:
857:
853:
844:Zabarma Emirate
834:Mandinka people
810:
774:
734:
706:
697:
693:
691:
678:
634:
618:
590:
571:Askiya Muhammad
563:
539:Zabarma Emirate
462:
434:
421:
388:
152:
150:
134:
132:
116:
114:
98:
96:
80:
78:
58:
46:
41:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3522:
3520:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3386:Non-indigenous
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3118:
3110:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2812:
2805:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2194:
2187:
2186:External links
2184:
2183:
2182:
2156:(2): 275–301,
2145:
2139:
2124:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2082:
2076:
2061:
2050:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2001:
1989:
1974:
1962:
1946:
1930:
1926:978-2901161509
1913:
1906:
1886:
1879:
1856:
1844:
1837:
1817:
1810:
1788:
1776:
1763:
1756:
1727:
1720:
1694:
1679:
1673:978-2850695513
1672:
1652:
1645:
1625:
1621:Songhai people
1613:
1606:
1586:
1579:
1556:
1544:
1532:
1517:
1510:
1490:
1478:
1471:
1451:
1449:, p. 214.
1439:
1433:978-0299094607
1432:
1409:
1407:, p. 124.
1397:
1385:
1365:
1343:
1331:
1311:
1280:
1265:
1258:
1227:
1207:
1192:
1167:
1160:
1137:
1130:
1107:
1061:
1054:
1031:
1024:
1004:
997:
977:
970:
947:
945:, p. 474.
932:
925:
902:
881:
854:
852:
849:
848:
847:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
809:
806:
773:
770:
733:
730:
705:
702:
672:
633:
630:
622:Songhai people
617:
614:
589:
586:
562:
559:
512:the Zarmaganda
501:Askia Muhammad
466:Songhai Empire
461:
458:
433:
430:
420:
417:
405:Zarma language
393:Songhai Empire
387:
384:
261:
260:
248:
244:
243:
233:
229:
228:
218:
210:
209:
203:
202:
198:
197:
191:
190:
186:
185:
170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
147:
146:
143:
129:
128:
125:
111:
110:
107:
93:
92:
89:
75:
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
39:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3521:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3131:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Kabye (Lokpa)
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2785:
2773:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2370:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2062:
2053:
2051:0-253-21248-0
2047:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1987:, p. xi.
1986:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1887:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1813:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1656:
1653:
1648:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1607:0-253-21764-4
1603:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1388:
1386:9783897541153
1382:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1312:
1299:
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1291:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1259:0-253-21281-2
1255:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:0-521-25268-7
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1000:
994:
990:
989:
981:
978:
973:
967:
963:
962:
954:
952:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
928:
922:
918:
917:
909:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
882:
869:
865:
859:
856:
850:
845:
842:
840:
839:Tuareg people
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
811:
807:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
771:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
750:
747:
738:
731:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
703:
701:
696:
688:
686:
682:
677:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
654:
650:
646:
640:A Zarma woman
638:
631:
629:
627:
623:
615:
613:
609:
605:
603:
599:
595:
587:
585:
581:
579:
574:
572:
568:
560:
554:
550:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
528:Tuareg people
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
497:Sonni dynasty
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
394:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
346:Tuareg people
343:
342:Fulani people
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
312:
311:Songhay-Zarma
308:
307:Zarma-Songhay
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
254:
253:
249:
245:
237:
234:
230:
222:
219:
215:
208:
204:
199:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
160:
148:
144:
142:
130:
126:
124:
112:
108:
106:
94:
90:
88:
76:
71:
66:
61:
54:
49:
37:
19:
3469:Zarma people
3417:
3094:
3040:Iwellemmedan
2931:
2634:Iwellemmedan
2464:
2356:
2325:Yerwa Kanuri
2315:Iwellemmedan
2153:
2149:
2129:
2108:
2087:
2066:
2055:, retrieved
2039:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2004:
1997:Cushman 2010
1992:
1985:Cushman 2010
1965:
1957:
1949:
1916:
1896:
1889:
1869:
1847:
1827:
1820:
1801:
1791:
1779:
1766:
1746:
1710:
1662:
1655:
1635:
1628:
1616:
1596:
1589:
1569:
1547:
1535:
1500:
1493:
1481:
1461:
1454:
1442:
1422:
1400:
1390:, retrieved
1375:
1368:
1358:, retrieved
1353:
1346:
1336:, retrieved
1321:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1293:
1283:
1243:
1215:
1210:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1150:
1120:
1077:
1073:
1044:
1014:
1007:
987:
980:
960:
915:
898:Zarma people
872:. Retrieved
867:
858:
829:Mande people
814:Songhaiborai
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:(big drum),
781:
775:
751:
745:
743:
726:
721:
717:
707:
698:
690:
683:, Zarma and
675:
674:
663:
660:Louis Dumont
658:
652:
643:
619:
610:
606:
591:
588:Colonial era
582:
575:
564:
543:Burkina Faso
536:
516:Dallol Bosso
509:
486:
463:
435:
413:Nilo-Saharan
402:
389:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
352:
350:
315:
310:
306:
303:Songhaiborai
283:Burkina Faso
267:Zarma people
266:
264:
257:زَرْمَ ݘِينٜ
250:
235:
220:
159:Burkina Faso
34:Zarma people
30:Ethnic group
18:Jerma people
2259:Diffa Arabs
1928:(in French)
1784:Austen 1999
1405:Austen 1999
1300:(2): 251–73
868:www.cia.gov
778:Bitti Harey
545:, northern
532:Fula people
518:valley and
493:Mali Empire
338:dromedaries
334:Niger River
287:Ivory Coast
252:Zarma ciine
240:زَرمَبࣷرَيْ
43:زَرمَبࣷرَيْ
3463:Categories
3280:Ga-Adangbe
3268:Avenor Ewe
3144:Indigenous
2057:2021-04-14
2019:2022-01-03
1392:2021-04-14
1360:2021-03-17
1338:2021-03-17
1332:0253211107
1276:Lange 1994
851:References
732:Livelihood
668:Anne Haour
567:Sunni 'Ali
505:Sonni Baru
503:overthrow
489:Gao Empire
484:village.
440:region of
438:Niger Bend
236:Zarmaborai
40:Zarmaborai
2305:Idaksahak
2250:Ait-Awari
2178:153657364
2091:. Quale.
1852:Hall 2011
1486:Hall 2011
1447:Hall 2011
1102:162509491
478:Mali Bero
460:Migration
400:peoples.
364:Zabermawa
225:زَرمَبࣷرࣷ
221:Zarmaboro
168:Languages
91:5,004,423
68:5,162,323
3357:Tallensi
3347:Mamprusi
3327:Konkomba
3317:Karamogo
3312:Jakhanke
3263:Anlo Ewe
3238:Chumburu
3065:Mandinka
3045:Jakhanke
2865:Anlo Ewe
2689:Mambilla
2629:Itsekiri
2597:Kalabari
2415:Anlo Ewe
1708:(1984).
1304:22 March
808:See also
794:kuntigui
524:Zarmakoy
247:Language
189:Religion
3443:Indians
3433:Chinese
3408:Soninke
3322:Kassena
3307:Gurunsi
3248:Dagomba
3243:Dagaaba
3201:Avatime
3191:Ashanti
3080:Soninke
3050:Kassena
3035:Gurunsi
3005:Djimini
3000:Dagaaba
2917:Tammari
2729:Tangale
2694:Mandara
2679:Longuda
2587:Engenni
2570:Ukwuani
2565:Ikwerre
2425:Afusari
2310:Igdalen
2255:Baggara
2197:Article
2030:Sources
1185:4 April
762:sorghum
718:Haabize
561:Slavery
450:Soninke
432:Origins
419:History
361:Zabarma
357:Zaberma
320:of the
318:Muslims
275:Nigeria
259:
242:
227:
207:Songhay
182:English
109:113,000
105:Nigeria
45:
3413:Yoruba
3352:Nafana
3337:Kusasi
3275:Frafra
3228:Bimoba
3211:Evalue
3186:Ahanta
3166:Abidji
3075:Senufo
3055:Kusasi
2927:Yoruba
2892:Kurtey
2850:Bariba
2759:Yoruba
2744:Urhobo
2699:Mumuye
2669:Kotoko
2664:Kofyar
2649:Kanuri
2644:Kamuku
2612:Nkoroo
2555:Ekpeye
2530:Ibibio
2520:Goemai
2515:Gbagyi
2465:Djerma
2455:Defaka
2450:Chamba
2445:Buduma
2435:Bariba
2420:Anaang
2410:Afemai
2347:Tuareg
2342:Toubou
2337:Maouri
2332:Kurtey
2320:Kanuri
2295:Haddad
2285:Gouran
2176:
2170:183220
2168:
2137:
2116:
2095:
2074:
2048:
1924:
1904:
1877:
1835:
1808:
1754:
1718:
1670:
1643:
1604:
1577:
1508:
1469:
1430:
1383:
1329:
1256:
1252:–173.
1222:
1158:
1128:
1100:
1094:182616
1092:
1052:
1022:
995:
968:
923:
802:folley
786:dondon
758:millet
722:wanzam
714:UNICEF
681:Tuareg
649:castes
598:locust
530:, the
482:Tuareg
474:Niamey
398:Kurtey
372:Dyerma
368:Djerma
322:Maliki
297:, and
232:People
217:Person
178:French
156:
138:
127:38,000
120:
102:
84:
3448:Tabom
3428:Arabs
3418:Zarma
3403:Mossi
3393:Hausa
3342:Logba
3332:Krobo
3300:Kyode
3295:Gonja
3290:Efutu
3285:Guang
3253:Dyula
3233:Bissa
3221:Nzema
3216:Fante
3196:Assin
3176:Akyem
3171:Ahafo
3156:Agave
3151:Adele
3095:Zarma
3090:Yarse
3085:Turka
3070:Mossi
3030:Gurma
3025:Gouin
3020:Fulse
3010:Dyula
2985:Bissa
2932:Zarma
2912:Somba
2897:Lamba
2887:Hausa
2882:Gurma
2855:Dendi
2764:Ijebu
2734:Tarok
2714:Ogoni
2674:Kuteb
2659:Kirdi
2654:Kilba
2639:Jukun
2624:Isoko
2617:Obolo
2607:Nkoro
2592:Ibani
2582:Bille
2560:Etche
2545:Igede
2540:Igala
2535:Idoma
2525:Hausa
2495:Eleme
2470:Ebira
2460:Dendi
2440:Berom
2430:Atyap
2357:Zarma
2300:Hausa
2290:Gurma
2275:Dogon
2265:Dendi
2174:S2CID
2166:JSTOR
1203:Zarma
1098:S2CID
1090:JSTOR
874:1 May
782:gumbe
754:maize
746:windi
594:Dosso
547:Ghana
520:Dosso
470:Niger
454:Mande
446:Mande
380:Zarma
376:Jerma
353:Zerma
330:Sahel
326:Sunni
299:Sudan
291:Ghana
279:Benin
271:Niger
195:Islam
174:Zarma
163:1,100
145:6,900
141:Ghana
123:Benin
87:Niger
3398:Fula
3377:Yeji
3372:Wala
3367:Tshi
3206:Bono
3181:Anyi
3161:Akan
3060:Lobi
3015:Fula
2990:Bobo
2907:Mahi
2877:Fula
2840:Akan
2754:Yakö
2749:Waja
2724:Tera
2719:Saro
2709:Ogba
2704:Nupe
2684:Mafa
2602:Kula
2577:Ijaw
2550:Igbo
2510:Fula
2500:Esan
2490:Ekoi
2485:Eket
2480:Efik
2352:Wogo
2280:Fula
2270:Daza
2245:Arma
2135:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2046:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1641:ISBN
1602:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1327:ISBN
1306:2024
1254:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1187:2022
1156:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1050:ISBN
1020:ISBN
993:ISBN
966:ISBN
921:ISBN
876:2021
798:goge
790:molo
772:Arts
766:rice
685:Arab
653:Zima
626:Mali
602:Chad
569:and
537:The
442:Mali
403:The
295:Togo
277:and
265:The
3362:Tem
3258:Ewe
2995:Bwa
2922:Tém
2872:Fon
2860:Ewe
2845:Ana
2835:Aja
2739:Tiv
2505:Fon
2475:Edo
2158:doi
1250:164
1180:BnF
1082:doi
792:or
549:).
448:or
344:or
309:or
3465::
2172:,
2164:,
2154:35
2152:,
2012:.
1977:^
1933:^
1859:^
1730:^
1697:^
1682:^
1559:^
1520:^
1412:^
1298:35
1296:.
1292:.
1268:^
1230:^
1195:^
1178:.
1140:^
1110:^
1096:.
1088:.
1078:32
1076:.
1064:^
1034:^
950:^
935:^
905:^
884:^
866:.
764:,
760:,
756:,
724:.
374:,
370:,
366:,
359:,
355:,
313:.
293:,
289:,
285:,
255:/
238:/
223:/
180:,
3129:e
3122:t
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2966:e
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2261:)
2257:(
2226:e
2219:t
2212:v
2181:.
2160::
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2101:.
2080:.
2022:.
1910:.
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1841:.
1814:.
1760:.
1724:.
1676:.
1649:.
1610:.
1583:.
1514:.
1475:.
1436:.
1308:.
1262:.
1189:.
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1001:.
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324:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
