1638:
1544:
31:
146:
1621:
1582:
1570:
1402:
1414:
1375:
1650:
1438:
1513:
1462:
1497:
1390:
1601:
1426:
1450:
1620:
1481:
1529:
1275:
1233:
1055:
1974:, "So far as we learn from these texts Moses might never have existed, there might have been no bondage in Egypt, no exodus, no monarchy, no prophets. There is no mention of other tribes and no claim to any heritage in the land of Judah. Among the numerous names of colonists, Abraham, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Samuel, David, so common in later times, never occur (nor in Nehemiah), nor any other name derived from their past history as recorded in the Pentateuch and early literature. It is almost incredible, but it is true."
163:
2968:
3175:
673:. A sensation was caused; as they summarized in the introduction to the work: "Perhaps one of the most remarkable results of the discovery is the proof it affords us that within a century after the death of Jeremiah a colony of Jews had found their way to Assuan, at the southern limit of Egypt, where they had acquired houses and other property and were engaged in trade as bankers or money-lenders"
604:
3164:
1293:, was located across the street from the Temple of Yauh and adjacent to the Persian family of Ubil's father. As such proximity might suggest, the Egyptians, Jews, and Persians in Elephantine all lived among one another. The renovation of the house and its gradual transfers to family members are the central concerns of the next several documents in Ananiah's family archive.
3185:
1637:
2975:
1543:
1751:
although not exclusive, source of our knowledge of
Persian-period Aramaic is a large number of papyri discovered on the island of Elephantine… All of the Egyptian Aramaic texts have been collected and reedited in the Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt… This is now the standard text edition.
1089:
Excavation work done in 1967 revealed the remains of the Jewish colony centered on a small temple. The "Petition to Bagoas" (Sayce-Cowley collection) is a letter written in 407 BCE to Bagoas, the
Persian governor of Judea, appealing for assistance in rebuilding the Jewish temple in Elephantine, which
335:
having been told by local
Egyptians that it was the find spot of the recently discovered Aramaic papyri. The expedition worked for three seasons, two under the direction of Rubensohn and the third under Friedrich Zucker. The daily logs reported the discovery of papyri and ostraca, but made no record
1310:
Drawn up thirty years after the preceding papyrus, this document is one of several that gradually transferred ownership of
Ananiah and Tamut's house to their daughter, Yehoishema, as payment on her dowry. The legal descriptions of the house preserve the names of Ananiah's neighbors. They included an
1256:
Nearly twenty-two years after her marriage to
Ananiah, Tamut's master released her and her daughter, Yehoishema, from slavery. It was rare for a slave to be freed. And though a slave could marry a free person, their children usually belonged to the master. As an institution, slavery in Egypt at that
1166:
created a display entitled "Jewish Life in
Ancient Egypt: A Family Archive From the Nile Valley," which featured the interfaith couple of Ananiah, an official at the temple of Yahou (a.k.a. Yahweh), and his wife, Tamut, who was previously an Egyptian slave owned by an Aramean master, Meshullam. Some
1215:
concern one particular Jewish family, providing specific information about the daily lives of a man called
Ananiah, a Jewish temple official; his wife, Tamut, an Egyptian slave; and their children, over the course of forty-seven years. Egyptian farmers discovered the archive of Ananiah and Tamut on
1332:
This papyrus records the sale of the remaining portion of
Ananiah and Tamut's house to Yehoishema's husband. Possibly because the clients were dissatisfied with something the scribe had written, at one point the text of the document breaks off and then starts over again, repeating what has gone on
1301:
Three years after purchasing the house from
Bagazust and Ubil, Ananiah transferred ownership of an apartment within the now renovated house to his wife, Tamut. Although Tamut thereafter owned the apartment, Ananiah required that at her death it pass to their children, Palti and Yehoishema. As with
1244:
father-in-law who made Jewish marriage agreements, but
Ananiah made this contract with Tamut's master, Meshullam, who legally was her father. In addition, special provision was made to free the couple's son, also a slave to Meshullam; perhaps Ananiah consented to the small dowry of either 7 or 15
999:
sect of Jews. It is widely agreed that this Elephantine community originated in the mid-seventh or mid-sixth centuries BCE, likely as a result of Judean and Samaritan refugees fleeing into Egypt during the times of Assyrian and Babylonian invasions. They seem to have had no knowledge of a written
1750:
Imperial Aramaic (IA) … As noted, the documentation of IA is significantly greater than that of Old Aramaic; the hot and dry climate of Egypt has been particularly favorable to the preservation of antiquities, including Aramaic texts written on soft media such as papyrus or leather. The primary,
1012:
law, which stipulates that no Jewish temple may be constructed outside of Jerusalem. Furthermore, the papyri show that the Jews at Elephantine sent letters to the high priest in Jerusalem asking for his support in re-building their temple, which seems to suggest that the priests of the Jerusalem
340:
in 1980–82. The Aramaic, and some Greek, papyri were well published, but most of the demotic, hieratic, and Coptic texts were not. The Demotic and Greek papyri were found early on. The first Aramaic papyri were discovered on New Years day, 1907 in the rubble of a room at the northern edge of the
1030:
should have already been well-established by the time these papyri were written. Most scholars explain this apparent discrepancy by theorizing that the Elephantine Jews represented an isolated remnant of Jewish religious practices from earlier centuries, or that the Torah had only recently been
1345:
with an Egyptian name. This receipt would have been held by Pakhnum and returned to Ananiah son of Haggai when he repaid the loan. No interest is charged but there is a penalty for failing to repay the loan by the agreed date. The receipt demonstrates that friendly business relations continued
1881:
Euting Julius. Notice sur un papyrus égypto-araméen de la Bibliothèque impériale de Strasbourg. In: Mémoires présentés par divers savants à l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres de l'Institut de France. Première série, Sujets divers d'érudition. Tome 11, 2e partie, 1904. pp. 297–312.
1626:
Letter from the Elephantine Papyri, a collection of 5th century BCE writings of the Jewish community at Elephantine in Egypt. Authors are Yedoniah and his colleagues the priests and it is addressed to Bagoas, governor of Judah. The letter is a request for the rebuilding of a Jewish temple at
1243:
Ancient marriage documents generally formalized already existing relationships. In this case, Ananiah and Tamut already had a young son when the document was drawn up. Because Tamut was a slave when she married Ananiah, the contract has special conditions: usually, it was the groom and his
1323:
For his daughter Yehoishema's dowry, Ananiah had transferred to her partial ownership of the house he shared with Tamut. After making more repairs to the building, Ananiah transferred a further section of the house, described in this document, to the dowry. Image of document in gallery.
320:
in Cairo, which retained nine; one was subsequently acquired by the Bodleian. Their high profile publication in 1906 by Sayce and Cowley catalyzed expeditions for more Aramaic papyri. They were originally thought to have been found in Aswan rather than on the Elephantine
1333:
before with some additions. The boundary description included here refers to the Temple of Yauh in Elephantine, now rebuilt eight years after its destruction in 410 BCE during a civil war conflict that arose out of a land dispute. Image of document in gallery below.
1581:
1569:
1248:(the text is ambiguous) in order to obtain his son's freedom. Future children, however, would still be born slaves. In contrast to Jewish documents like this one, contemporaneous Egyptian marriage documents were negotiated between a husband and wife.
1512:
223:
The major Elephantine collections consist of discoveries from the end of the 19th and start of the 20th century, and these collections are now in museums in Berlin, Brooklyn, Cairo, London, Munich, and Paris. The largest collection is in the
1528:
180:
Between 1815 and 1904, all discoveries were unprovenanced and came via informal discoveries and antiquities dealers; only later were they understood by scholars to have originated from Elephantine. The first known such papyri were bought by
1401:
1007:
Also important is the fact that the papyri document the existence of a small Jewish temple at Elephantine, which possessed altars for incense offerings and animal sacrifices, as late as 411 BCE. Such a temple would be in clear violation of
85:, spanning a period of 100 years in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE. The documents include letters and legal contracts from family and other archives, and are thus an invaluable source of knowledge for scholars of varied disciplines such as
1413:
1496:
611:
The publication of the documents from Elephantine discovered in the 19th and early 20th centuries, took many years, and is still ongoing. The Aramaic and Demotic texts have received the greatest and most complete focus from scholars.
30:
1461:
1649:
341:
mound, 0.5m beneath the surface; this was found to be part of an "Aramaic quarter”, a housing complex which yielded numerous Aramaic papyri. The three most significant of these Aramaic documents were published in 1907 by
1600:
145:
1374:
1389:
2571:, Mémoires présentés par divers savants à l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres de l'Institut de France. Première série, Sujets divers d'érudition. Tome 11, 2e partie, 1904. pp. 297–312; DOI:
1041:
have argued that the Elephantine papyri demonstrate that monotheism and the Torah could not have been established in Jewish culture before 400 BCE, and that the Torah was therefore likely written in the
1437:
1480:
1257:
time differed in notable ways from the practice in some other cultures: Egyptian slaves retained control over personal property, had professions, and were entitled to compensation. During the
1627:
Elephantine, which had been destroyed by Egyptian pagans. The letter is dated year 17 of king Darius (II) under the rule of the satrap of Egypt Arsames, which corresponds to 407 BCE. From
1285:
This document to the right describes a property purchased by Ananiah, twelve years after his marriage, from a Persian soldier named Bagazust and his wife, Ubil. The property, in a town on
486:
in 1824, a hieratic charge sheet against the Elephantine Khnum priests. Donated together with two other hieratic letters from the Butehamun correspondence probably sent from Elephantine.
1155:
By the middle of the 4th century BCE, the temple at Elephantine had ceased to function. There is evidence from excavations that the rebuilding and enlargement of the Khnum temple under
995:, and thus give scholars a very important glimpse at how Judaism was practiced in Egypt during the fifth century BCE, as they seem to show evidence of the existence in c. 400 BCE of a
212:
Formal excavation of the mound at Elephantine Island began in 1904, and continued for the next seven years. Further finds were discovered through the first half of the 20th century.
153:
115:
rule, 495–399 BCE. The so-called "Passover Letter" of 419 BCE (discovered in 1907), which appears to give instructions for the observance of the Festival of Unleavened Bread (though
1449:
1425:
104:
Hundreds of these Elephantine papyri span a period of 100 years, during the 5th to 4th centuries BCE. Legal documents and a cache of letters survived, turned up on the local "
2855:
1022:
Upon first examination, this appears to contradict commonly accepted models of the development of Jewish religion and the dating of the Hebrew scriptures, which posit that
356:
Late 1906 until 1911: following the German successes, the French were assigned to excavate the eastern side of the mound. There were four campaigns, the first two under
2212:
So long ago, so very much like us: A multicultural couple marries, buys a house, raises kids. That's the age-old story of 'Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt' at the Skirball
128:
1844:
Levine, Baruch A. “Notes on an Aramaic Dream Text from Egypt.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 84, no. 1, American Oriental Society, 1964, pp. 18–22,
1216:
Elephantine Island in 1893, while digging for fertilizer in the remains of ancient mud-brick houses. They found at least eight papyrus rolls which were purchased by
574:
1920: James Henry Breasted purchased from Mohareb Todrous at Luxor for the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago an Arabic reddish brown leather parchment.
497:
acquired, allegedly at Philae but presumably at Elephantine, on behalf of the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, a 5th century Greek petition to Emperor Theodosius.
254:
a few decades after his death, and they were published in 1953. It was at this time that scholars concluded that "Wilbour had acquired the first Elephantine papyri".
3124:
376:
in Paris and some parts have been published. The excavations discovered hundreds of Aramaic, demotic, Greek, Coptic and Arabic ostraca; these are now held at the
3249:
581:: Spiegelberg acquired for the Staatliche Sammlung Agyptischer Kunst in Munich a demotic papyrus which became known by the name of the benefactor Dr. James Lob.
243:
1890s: From Luxor via the dealer Abd el-Megid was purchased a bilingual family archive which included three Greek legal texts and a demotic matrimonial document
535:
237:
519:: In January, 1881 Elkanah Armitage acquired a demotic papyrus on Elephantine which he presented to Aquila Dodgson; it was subsequently passed in 1932 to the
412:
1926: Bernard P. Grenfell and Francis W. Kelsey acquired seventy-seven Greek papyri, including one from Elephantine, for the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
2185:
1140:
There was a response of both governors (Bagoas and Delaiah) which gave the permission by decree to rebuild the temple written in the form of a memorandum: "
1195:(mentioned in the document AP 44, line 3, in Cowley's numbering). Anat-Yahu is described as either the wife (or paredra, sacred consort) of Yahweh or as a
309:
215:
The mode of burial of the documents remains unknown, but they are thought to have been stored laterally and horizontally in close proximity to each other.
387:
1907: The Byzantine "Patermouthis archive" of approximately 30 documents was acquired in two halves: Robert de Rustafjaell acquired half in Luxor for the
232:
1875–76: The British Museum acquired two Aramaic and one Coptic ostraca from the Rev. Greville John Chester. The two Aramaic ostraca are now known as
3234:
3219:
1183:
The papyri suggest that, "Even in exile and beyond, the veneration of a female deity endured." The texts were written by a group of Jews living at
2848:
407:
1101:
came to Egypt he found it built. They (the Persians) knocked down all the temples of the gods of Egypt, but no one did any damage to this temple.
504:: A Ramesside hieratic letter from the collection of the Duke of Valençay, now in the private collection of Jean Morel in the Château de Fins,
380:
in Cairo and the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris. It also discovered five Greek papyri, and a hieratic papyrus now at the
266:
1835:, Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin: "...erster Vertreter dieser Gattung hervorzuheben ist..."
1013:
Temple were not enforcing Deuteronomic law at that time. Cowley notes that their petition expressed their pride at having a temple to Ya'u, '
2728:
2707:
2673:
2096:
2039:
2010:
1743:
1191:
border, whose religion has been described as "nearly identical to Iron Age II Judahite religion". The papyri describe the Jews as worshiping
2143:
1083:
419:
in Tuna el-Gebel (Hermopolis West): eight Aramaic letters which were deposited in the Department of Archaeology of the University of Cairo.
34:
Papyrus narrating the story of the wise chancellor Ahiqar. Aramaic script. 5th century BCE. From Elephantine, Egypt. Neues Museum, Berlin
3254:
3214:
3209:
881:
2841:
2828:
2387:
2355:
2308:
2250:
277:
2543:
2371:
2280:
2113:
1927:
2809:
328:
to excavate to search there for more Aramaic texts. No Aramaic texts were found, but a number of Greek and demotic fragments were.
3239:
2771:
2296:
1969:
649:
645:
641:
634:
531:
458:: A Greek manumission document was acquired in 1819 by Sir Archibald Edmonstone and is still in the hands of a private collector.
250:
acquired a number of papyri, including 12 Aramaic documents from the Anani archive. Wilbour’s family passed the documents to the
233:
369:
3244:
3030:
1985:
1666:
1355:
845:
1950: André Bataille published two of the Clermont-Ganneau Greek papyri donated to the Académie des Inscriptions in 1907–1908
814:
1224:
papyri. The papyri have been grouped here by topic, such as marriage contract, real estate transaction, or loan agreement.
3035:
2324:
2196:
1258:
1097:
Now our forefathers built this temple in the fortress of Elephantine back in the days of the kingdom of Egypt, and when
494:
1341:
Sometime in December 402 BCE, Ananiah son of Haggai borrowed two monthly rations of grain from Pakhnum son of Besa, an
1274:
1232:
93:. The Elephantine documents include letters and legal contracts from family and other archives: divorce documents, the
3224:
258:
297:
1901–02: large collection of Greek and demotic papyri, including an IOU of a blacksmith from Syene, were acquired by
3129:
1093:
In the course of this appeal, the Jewish inhabitants of Elephantine speak of the antiquity of the damaged temple:
349:; however, between 1907–12 ten Greek and demotic pieces, and many further Aramaic papyri, were transferred to the
316:
acquired from dealers in Aswan a total of 11 Aramaic papyri from the Mibtahiah archive. These were donated to the
2723:. Documenta et monumenta Orientis antiqui : studies in Near Eastern archaeology and civilisation. New York.
2699:
The Brooklyn Museum Aramaic Papyri: New Documents of the Fifth Century B.C. from the Jewish Colony at Elephantine
1554:
1535:
1519:
1503:
1487:
1172:
1090:
had recently been badly damaged by an anti-Jewish rampage on the part of a segment of the Elephantine community.
923:
791:
712:
684:
656:
416:
361:
120:
2821:
2814:
2211:
1054:
849:
780:
357:
331:
Early 1906 until 1908: the German expedition was assigned to excavate the Western side of the mound; following
908:
265:
acquired the first identifiable Aramaic papyrus from Elephantine in 1898–99. He donated it to what is now the
3178:
1534:
Aramaic papyrus containing a contract for a loan, dated to regnal year 5 of pharaoh Amyrtaios, in 400 BCE,
1019:' (no other god is mentioned in the petition) and gave no suggestion that their temple could be heretical.
111:
A number of the Aramaic papyri document the Jewish community among soldiers stationed at Elephantine under
2794:
441:
396:
194:
1832:
1167:
related exhibition didactics of 2002 included comments about significant structural similarities between
108:" of antiquities starting in the late 19th century, and were scattered into several Western collections.
1217:
1122:
620:
566:
470:
287:
247:
198:
337:
162:
3269:
3264:
1712:
1694:
1611:
1467:
Aramaic Property Sale Document: Bagazust and Ubil Sell a House to Ananiah, 437 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum
705:
591:
545:
509:
433:
346:
225:
190:
2658:, vol. 93, no. 2, 1974, pp. 201–225. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3263093. Accessed 23 May 2021.
2633:, vol. 21, no. 3, 1917, pp. 411–452. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3155527. Accessed 23 May 2021.
3061:
2897:
2892:
2067:
1009:
988:
901:
807:
734:
728:
585:
475:
302:
298:
262:
186:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1058:
A letter from the Elephantine Papyri, requesting the rebuilding of a Jewish temple at Elephantine.
3108:
2318:
1979:
1819:
1807:
1700:
1671:
1643:
Phoenician-Aramaic papyrus CIS II 149 and Cowley 69; Cowley suggested they came from Elephantine.
1043:
1038:
1034:
941:
761:
373:
63:
2226:
2137:
3188:
2623:
2568:
1896:
800:
1907: The two major Greek papyri found by Rubensohn were published a year after their discovery
324:
1904: The first (brief) excavation on the Elephantine mound took place, after Sayce encouraged
3259:
2967:
2766:
2724:
2703:
2669:
2539:
2383:
2375:
2351:
2304:
2276:
2270:
2246:
2240:
2092:
2035:
2006:
2000:
1965:
1923:
1919:
Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch
1739:
930:
754:
505:
112:
66:
2347:
2084:
2027:
3229:
3134:
3066:
2998:
2939:
2934:
2758:
2748:
2663:
1733:
1607:
1261:
in Egypt, it was not uncommon to sell children, or even oneself, into slavery to pay debts.
1126:
1114:
832:
607:
Elephantine temple environs layout. From major work, Arthur Cowley's 1923 "Aramaic Papyri."
551:
520:
437:
291:
182:
70:
17:
2796:
The Elephantine papyri in English: Three Millennia of Cross-Cultural Continuity and Change.
2782:
3080:
2720:
The Elephantine Papyri in English: Three Millennia of Cross-Cultural Continuity and Change
2598:, 1911, Aramäische Papyrus und Ostraka aus einer jüdischen Militär-Kolonie zu Elephantine
2529:
2511:
2493:
2475:
2457:
2439:
2421:
2403:
2147:
1550:
1381:
1279:
1237:
1212:
1163:
400:
377:
350:
317:
251:
82:
2615:
1278:
Property Sale Document: Bagazust and Ubil Sell a House to Ananiah, September 14, 437 BCE
867:
399:
in Munich in 1908. Coptic papyri acquired by Rustafjaell at the same time are now in the
392:
290:
acquired a fragmented Aramaic papyrus and three Aramaic ostraca, which he donated to the
3168:
3089:
3056:
2763:
Une Communauté Judéo-Araméenne à Éléphantine, en Égypte aux VIe et Ve siècles av. J.-C.
2744:
2606:
2590:
2581:
2055:
934:
818:
768:
701:
562:
388:
365:
332:
325:
86:
2803:
1419:
Ananiah Gives Yehoishema Another Part of the House, March 10, 402 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
451:: Bibliothèque Nationale, Butehamun correspondence letter bought by Frédéric Cailliaud
3203:
3144:
3139:
3103:
3016:
2944:
2902:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2340:
2229:
See esp. section "Jewish and Egyptian Ritual in Elephantine" and other sections. 2002
1706:
1682:
1677:
1628:
894:
884:
published two of the Turin hieratic pieces from the Drovetti Collection found in 1824
877:
published one of the Turin hieratic pieces from the Drovetti Collection found in 1824
694:
677:
663:
626:
555:
342:
2684:
937:(translation and commentary) published three Coptic fragments acquired by Rusafjaell
915:
Another forty catalogued hieratic fragments in the Berlin Museum await publication.
821:
published the part of the Patermouthis archive acquired by the Munich museum in 1908
3025:
2577:
1688:
1302:
all property transfers within a family, this gift was described as made "in love".
1196:
1156:
1079:
1075:
996:
992:
951:
874:
855:
1980: William Brasher published two fragments from the 1907–1908 Zucker excavations
479:
465:: Bibliothèque Nationale, a Greek conveyance document from a traveler named Casati.
202:
126:
The standard reference collection of the Aramaic documents from Elephantine is the
1655:
Greville Chester Aramaic ostraca (CIS II 138–139) and Dream Ostracon (CIS II 137)
947:
1939: Ewing Crum published a Coptic fragment donated to the Bristol Museum in 1930
842:
published the Greek fragment from the 1901–1902 Reinach collection in the Sorbonne
2804:
Elephantine Papyri: overview, The Principal Jewish Archives, corpus, bibliography
2718:
2697:
2533:
1959:
1917:
1587:
Elephantine papyrus J 37113 (Sayce and Cowley 1906, J) from the Mibtahiah archive
1575:
Elephantine papyrus J 37112 (Sayce and Cowley 1906, F) from the Mibtahiah archive
1407:
Ananiah Gives Yehoishema Part of the House, November 26, 404 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
1346:
between Egyptians and Jews in Elephantine after the expulsion of the Persians by
839:
2823:
P.Eleph.Wagner: Elephantine XIII: Les papyrus et les ostraca grecs d'Elephantine
2138:
Comment on 'Petition to Bagoas' (Elephantine Papyri), by Jim Reilly in his book
1286:
1184:
1106:
1098:
973:
1979: Two Latin fragments discovered by Rubensohn in 1907 were published in 1979
603:
539:
313:
105:
98:
94:
74:
43:
2569:
Notice sur un papyrus égypto-araméen de la Bibliothèque impériale de Strasbourg
2089:
Elephantine Revisited: New Insights into the Judean Community and Its Neighbors
1134:
1130:
666:
published the Strasbourg Aramaic papyrus which had been discovered in 1898–1899
281:
3071:
2925:
2883:
1023:
825:
669:
1906: Sayce and Cowley published the Cecil-Mond documents in the high profile
270:
90:
2783:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ELEPHANTINE PAPYRI FOR THE HISTORY OF HEBREW RELIGION
828:
published the part of the Patermouthis archive acquired by the British museum
3094:
3040:
2833:
1347:
1118:
1110:
1086:
of Yahweh, and dispute the idea that the Elephantine Jews were polytheists.
863:
1895: Spiegelberg published the Butehamun letters, first acquired in 1817–18
2034:. Changing Perspectives. Vol. 7. New York: Routledge. pp. 76–90.
1395:
Ananiah Gives Tamut Part of the House, October 30, 434 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
1315:
and, on the other side, two Persian boatmen. Image of document in gallery.
794:
published a Greek fragment found in 1821, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale
680:
published all the Rubensohn Aramaic finds which had been discovered in 1907
2572:
2186:
Jehoishma Daughter of Ananiah: The Life of a Totally Normal Ancient Person
1883:
965:
1941: A fragment given to the Chicago museum in 1920 was published in 1941
962:
1937: A fragment given to the Hamburg museum in 1911 was published in 1937
887:
1945: Paul C. Smither published the “Semna Despatches”, discovered in 1898
764:
catalogued 333 Berlin demotic papyri, publishing 20 in 1978 and 29 in 1993
2909:
1822:: "...Pottery ostracon with painted Aramaic inscription in four lines..."
1342:
954:
published the Coptic ostraca unearthed in the 1907-08 Germans excavations
584:
1930: The Bristol Museum and Art Gallery acquired a Coptic ostracon from
116:
59:
55:
42:
consist of thousands of documents from the Egyptian border fortresses of
2739:
Archives from Elephantine: The Life of an Ancient Jewish Military Colony
1351:
1245:
1221:
1168:
697:
published the Brooklyn Museum papyri, which had been discovered in 1893
544:
1896: three 6th dynasty hieratic papyri were acquired at Luxor for the
51:
2989:
1200:
1063:
1015:
750:
1962 Edda Bresciani published the Padua demotic papyrus found in 1819
381:
240:
271 and British Museum E14219) and CIS II 139 (British Museum E14420)
944:
published a Coptic ostraca discovered by Clermont-Ganneau and Clédat
926:
published a Coptic ostracon donated to the British Museum after 1877
2816:
P.Eleph.: Aegyptische Urkunden aus den königlichen Museen in Berlin
2535:
Jewish life in ancient Egypt: a family archive from the Nile Valley
2516:
Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt: A Family Archive from the Nile Valley
2498:
Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt: A Family Archive from the Nile Valley
2480:
Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt: A Family Archive from the Nile Valley
2462:
Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt: A Family Archive from the Nile Valley
2444:
Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt: A Family Archive from the Nile Valley
2426:
Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt: A Family Archive from the Nile Valley
2408:
Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt: A Family Archive from the Nile Valley
904:
published the Berlin medical papyrus fragment, discovered 1906–1908
3007:
2974:
2641:
1312:
1290:
1273:
1231:
1188:
1067:
1027:
1001:
797:
1828: The Leiden papyrus was published shortly after its discovery
602:
483:
206:
168:
Modern photo of the main temple on the mound, following excavation
78:
47:
1845:
1192:
1071:
835:
and Ernst KĂĽhn published the three Abd el-Megid papyri in Berlin
2837:
2629:
Sprengling, M. "The Aramaic Papyri of Elephantine in English."
1810:: "...two nine line Aramaic inscriptions on different sides..."
687:
published 87 Aramaic papyri, all that were then known, in his
1082:
beliefs. Other scholars argue that these theonyms are merely
890:
1948: A Berlin leather piece discovered in 1930 was published
870:
transcribed a letter from the Berlin museum purchased in 1896
2654:
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. "Some Notes on Aramaic Epistolography."
2636:
Arnold, William R. "The Passover Papyrus from Elephantine."
2072:. T&T Clark International, 2000, London/New York, p. 151
1964:
Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers. pp. xx–xxiii.
508:. It may have been originally purchased in 1862–63 by Count
428:
Numerous smaller finds have been attributed to Elephantine:
1443:
Receipt for a Grain Loan, December 402 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
1311:
Egyptian who held the post of gardener of the Egyptian god
897:
published P. Valençay, which had been discovered in 1862–63
747:
1939–57: Wolja Erichsen published six Berlin demotic papyri
2798:
Bezalel Porten e.a.. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1996.
1922:. New York: T & T Clark International. pp. 29ff.
1703:, similar cache of ancient religious and secular documents
1697:, similar cache of ancient religious and secular documents
1691:, similar cache of ancient religious and secular documents
1685:, similar cache of ancient religious and secular documents
1175:
and how they easily coexisted and blended at Elephantine.
197:
in 1819 and three hieratic pieces from Drovetti – and the
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1674:, perhaps originating in the Jewish Elephantine community
1236:
Marriage Document of Ananiah and Tamut, July 3, 449 BCE,
174:
Images of the mound in which the discoveries were located
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
659:
published the papyrus and ostraca found by Sayce in 1901
280:
of Vienna acquired four demotic documents, probably via
2665:
Becoming Diaspora Jews: Behind the Story of Elephantine
2028:"From Plato to Moses: Genesis-Kings as a Platonic Epic"
1159:(360–343) took the place of the former temple of YHWH.
803:
1911: Sachau published another Greek Rubensohn fragment
571:
1914: Sayce gave the Bodleian Library a Coptic ostracon
406:
1910–11: A batch of Arabic papyri were acquired by the
368:. Daily records were kept; these were deposited in the
119:
itself is not mentioned in the extant text), is in the
1735:
Biblical Aramaic and Related Dialects: An Introduction
1078:– seem to have been worshiped by these Jews, evincing
193:
and a demotic letter were presented by Belzoni to the
1455:
Aramaic Marriage Document, 449 B.C.E. Brooklyn Museum
911:
published the Clermont-Ganneau papyrus, found in 1907
2753:
Studies in the Aramaic Legal Papyri from Elephantine
1886:
www.persee.fr/doc/mesav_0398-3587_1904_num_11_2_1089
1380:
Freedom for Tamut and Yehoishema, June 12, 427 BCE,
1328:
Ananiah and Tamut sell the house to their son-in-law
1152:
to (re)build it on its site as it was formerly...".
1148:
to me, saying: Memorandum: You may say in Egypt ...
1066:
which functioned alongside that of the Egyptian god
3117:
3049:
2982:
2918:
2876:
2869:
2518:. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum of Art. p. 39.
2500:. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum of Art. p. 36.
2482:. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum of Art. p. 34.
2464:. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum of Art. p. 32.
2446:. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum of Art. p. 30.
2428:. Brooklyn, NY: Brooklyn Museum of Art. p. 26.
1709:, another temple of YHWH in Egypt (170 BCE – 73 CE)
136:
Discovery, excavation, collections and publications
2741:, 1968. (Berkeley: University of California Press)
2339:
2150:From website www.kent.net. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
1319:Ananiah gives Yehoishema another part of the house
1125:. Both Sanballat and Johanan are mentioned in the
852:published the Wisconsin papyrus discovered in 1926
565:acquired a demotic papyrus from the collection of
1859:Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archæology
1431:House Sale, December 12, 402 BCE, Brooklyn Museum
336:of their find-spots; the report was published by
2342:The triumph of Elohim: from Yahwisms to Judaisms
2174:Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
2030:. In Hjelm, Ingrid; Thompson, Thomas L. (eds.).
129:Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt
2806:. English translation of “The Passover Papyrus”
2591:Drei aramäische papyrusurkunden aus Elephantine
2272:Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction
1095:
97:of slaves, and other business. The dry soil of
737:published 13 Rubensohn papyri found in 1906-07
711:1966: Bresciani and Murad Kamil published the
2849:
2114:"Was there a Jewish temple in ancient Egypt?"
757:published the two Vienna papyri found in 1899
8:
2242:No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel
2176:1. Jerusalem 1986, Letters, 76 (=TADAE A4.9)
1037:, Philippe Wajdenbaum, Russell Gmirkin, and
594:acquired a unique hieratic leather document.
558:in Thebes included one sent from Elephantine
2301:Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan
2264:
2262:
1738:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3-7.
1144:Memorandum of what Bagohi and Delaiah said
987:The Elephantine papyri pre-date all extant
648:II 138–139 and the Golenishchev ostraca as
345:. Many of these discoveries are now in the
3046:
2873:
2856:
2842:
2834:
2662:Toorn, Karel van der (24 September 2019).
2032:Biblical Interpretation Beyond Historicity
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1522:, hieratic; Old Kingdom (2.300 BC); P 9010
1518:Court judgment in an inheritance dispute,
1306:Ananiah gives Yehoishema part of the house
771:published the Moscow papyrus found in 1909
644:publishes the Greville Chester ostraca as
424:Individual finds attributed to Elephantine
370:Académie de Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres
2689:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 4
2275:. Sheffield Academic Press. p. 248.
2112:Stephen Gabriel Rosenberg (1 July 2013).
2002:Egypt on the Pentateuch's Ideological Map
1953:
1951:
1506:, demotic; 535 BC (26th dynasty); P 13614
1358:. Image of document is in gallery below.
1270:Bagazust and Ubil sell a house to Ananiah
538:270) is brought back from Elephantine by
1961:Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century B.C.
1053:
1046:, in the third or fourth centuries BCE.
29:
2616:The Aramaic Papyri of the Fifth Century
2573:https://doi.org/10.3406/mesav.1904.1089
2140:Nebuchadnezzar & the Egyptian Exile
2070:The History of the Second Temple Period
1884:https://doi.org/10.3406/mesav.1904.1089
1724:
1596:
1565:
1476:
1370:
1207:The family archive of Ananiah and Tamut
1105:The community also appealed for aid to
744:and three further Berlin demotic papyri
740:1926–28: Wilhelm Spiegelberg published
436:and a demotic letter were presented by
89:, law, society, religion, language and
2538:. Brooklyn Museum of Art. p. 23.
2410:. Brooklyn, NY: Booklyn Museum of Art.
2316:
1977:
1795:
1070:. Along with Yahweh, other deities – ʿ
27:5th- to 4th-century BCE Egyptian texts
2829:COJS: The Elephantine Temple, 407 BCE
1942:
1502:Marriage contract between Egyptians,
1297:Ananiah gives Tamut part of the house
1004:or the narratives described therein.
308:Early 1900s: Over a number of years,
228:with texts in each of the languages.
7:
3250:Archaeology of the Achaemenid Empire
3184:
2619:, 1923, Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
2091:. Penn State Press. pp. 61–62.
2624:Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan
1897:Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan
689:Aramaic Papyri of the fifth century
671:Aramaic Papyri Discovered at Assuan
2778:, 1995, Jewish Publication Society
2582:Aramäische Papyrus aus Elephantine
2380:Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader
2197:New Tales From a Post-Exodus Egypt
1486:Marriage contract between Greeks,
1220:. He was the first person to find
1211:The eight papyri contained at the
25:
3017:Destruction of Jerusalem Temple (
2532:; Brooklyn Museum of Art (2002).
2303:. 143: Sheffield Academic Press.
2199:by Naomi Pfefferman, 2004-04-08,
1062:The Jews had their own temple to
534:II 137, also known as NSI 73 and
278:Papyrussammlung und Papyrusmuseum
3183:
3174:
3173:
3162:
2973:
2966:
2631:The American Journal of Theology
2338:Edelman, Diana Vikander (1996).
2005:. Bloomsbury. pp. 236–245.
1648:
1636:
1619:
1610:, an Aramaic translation of the
1599:
1580:
1568:
1542:
1527:
1511:
1495:
1479:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1373:
810:published the Strasbourg papyrus
642:Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum
415:1945: Sami Gabri discovered the
301:; this collection is now in the
161:
144:
3235:Ancient Jewish Egyptian history
3220:1819 archaeological discoveries
3031:House of Yahweh (biblical term)
2898:Solomon's Temple (First Temple)
2642:https://doi.org/10.2307/3259988
2346:. William B. Eerdmans. p.
2087:. In Folmer, Margaretha (ed.).
2085:"Elephantine and Ezra–Nehemiah"
1999:Greifenhagen, Franz V. (2003).
708:which had been found in 1815–19
395:acquired half in Cairo for the
267:National and University Library
151:Map of the mound from the 1809
2903:Second Temple / Herod's Temple
2656:Journal of Biblical Literature
2638:Journal of Biblical Literature
2245:. T&T Clark. p. 185.
1846:https://doi.org/10.2307/597058
1667:Astarte and the Insatiable Sea
1356:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
815:Kaspar Ernst August Heisenberg
449:Papyrus Bibliothèque Nationale
236:II 138 (also known as NSI 74,
40:Elephantine Papyri and Ostraca
1:
3036:Replicas of the Jewish Temple
2172:Bezalel Porten; Ada Yardeni,
2026:Wajdenbaum, Philippe (2016).
3125:Jerusalem Temple archaeology
2696:Kraeling, Emil G.H. (1953).
2382:. Eisenbrauns. p. 394.
2378:. In Suzanne Richard (ed.).
2227:Jewish Life in Ancient Egypt
1050:Jewish temple at Elephantine
753:1963–65: Wolja Erichsen and
201:– were deposited at the new
50:, which yielded hundreds of
18:Jewish temple at Elephantine
2239:Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997).
850:Pieter Johannes Sijpesteijn
434:a number of Aramaic letters
259:Richard August Reitzenstein
191:a number of Aramaic letters
3286:
3255:Egyptian papyri in Aramaic
3215:4th-century BC manuscripts
3210:5th-century BC manuscripts
3130:Temple Warning inscription
2772:Joseph Mélèze-Modrzejewski
2083:Grabbe, Lester L. (2022).
1984:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1857:Three publications in the
1289:Island, named for the god
1031:promulgated at that time.
3157:
2964:
2864:Temples in Jewish history
2702:. Yale University Press.
2668:. Yale University Press.
2562:Primary scholarly sources
1916:Gmirkin, Russell (2006).
1899:, (London, 1906), page 10
1555:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
1536:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
1520:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
1504:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
1488:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
1473:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
1173:ancient Egyptian religion
792:Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin
713:Hermopolis Aramaic papyri
417:Hermopolis Aramaic papyri
246:1893: American collector
121:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
101:preserved the documents.
2910:Northern Kingdom Temples
2717:Porten, Bezalel (1996).
2683:Bresciani, Edda (1998).
2640:31, no. 1 (1912): 1–33.
2323:: CS1 maint: location (
2054:The written form of the
1113:potentate, and his sons
408:State Library of Hamburg
358:Charles Clermont-Ganneau
3240:Jewish texts in Aramaic
2870:Temples and other sites
2800:Retrieved 18 July 2010.
1958:Cowley, Arthur (2005).
1833:Epigraphische Miscellen
983:Historical significance
478:and donated to the new
364:, and the fourth under
3245:Archaeological corpora
2161:Unger's Bible Handbook
2058:in Elephantine is YHW.
1562:Egyptian Museum, Cairo
1282:
1240:
1103:
1059:
608:
442:Musei Civici di Padova
397:Bavarian State Library
362:Joseph Étienne Gautier
195:Musei Civici di Padova
35:
1820:British Museum E14420
1808:British Museum E14219
1732:Cook, Edward (2022).
1549:Aramaic Papyrus with
1277:
1265:Real estate documents
1235:
1218:Charles Edwin Wilbour
1057:
909:Paule Posener-Kriéger
621:Turin Aramaic Papyrus
606:
567:Vladimir Golenishchev
471:Turin Aramaic Papyrus
288:Archibald Henry Sayce
248:Charles Edwin Wilbour
199:Turin Aramaic Papyrus
33:
2765:, 1915, London, The
1895:* Sayce and Cowley,
1713:Timbuktu manuscripts
1695:Dunhuang manuscripts
1612:Behistun inscription
1252:Deed of Emancipation
1123:Johanan ben Eliashib
933:(transcription) and
762:Karl-Theodor Zauzich
706:Padua Aramaic papyri
592:Berlin State Museums
546:Berlin State Museums
510:Eustachy Tyszkiewicz
347:Berlin State Museums
338:Hans Wolfgang MĂĽller
226:Berlin State Museums
3062:Ark of the Covenant
2893:Temple in Jerusalem
2691:. pp. 360–362.
2269:Noll, K.L. (2001).
1631:'s 1907 publication
1614:on Papyrus, 520 BCE
1553:, 5th century BCE,
902:Wolfhart Westendorf
808:Friedrich Preisigke
735:Wilhelm Spiegelberg
599:Publication history
586:Francis Fox Tuckett
550:1898: The hieratic
476:Bernardino Drovetti
310:Baroness Mary Cecil
263:Wilhelm Spiegelberg
187:Bernardino Drovetti
3225:Jewish manuscripts
3169:Judaism portal
3109:Court of the women
2999:Incense offering (
2990:Temple sacrifice (
2954:Elephantine Temple
2810:A Passover Letter.
2622:Sayce and Cowley,
2146:2011-07-23 at the
2118:The Jerusalem Post
1701:Herculaneum papyri
1672:Papyrus Amherst 63
1283:
1241:
1060:
1044:Hellenistic period
1039:Thomas L. Thompson
1035:Niels Peter Lemche
942:Reginald Engelbach
715:discovered in 1945
609:
456:Papyrus Edmonstone
374:Institut de France
360:, the third under
36:
3197:
3196:
3153:
3152:
3050:Rooms and objects
2962:
2961:
2776:The Jews of Egypt
2767:Schweich Lectures
2747:(Prolegomenon by
2730:978-90-04-10197-5
2709:978-0-405-00873-3
2675:978-0-300-24949-1
2216:Los Angeles Times
2098:978-1-64602-208-3
2041:978-1-315-69077-3
2012:978-0-567-39136-0
1945:, pp. 61–88.
1745:978-1-108-78788-8
1490:, 310 BC; P 13500
1228:Marriage document
931:Walter Ewing Crum
727:was published by
495:Giovanni Anastasi
219:Major discoveries
154:Carte de l'Égypte
16:(Redirected from
3277:
3187:
3186:
3177:
3176:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3135:Foundation Stone
3067:Tablets of Stone
3047:
2977:
2970:
2940:Tel Motza temple
2935:Samaritan Temple
2874:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2835:
2781:Stanley A Cook,
2759:A. van Hoonacker
2755:(Brill Academic)
2749:Baruch A. Levine
2737:Bezalel Porten,
2734:
2713:
2692:
2679:
2626:, (London, 1906)
2613:Cowley, Arthur,
2550:
2549:
2530:Bleiberg, Edward
2526:
2520:
2519:
2512:Bleiberg, Edward
2508:
2502:
2501:
2494:Bleiberg, Edward
2490:
2484:
2483:
2476:Bleiberg, Edward
2472:
2466:
2465:
2458:Bleiberg, Edward
2454:
2448:
2447:
2440:Bleiberg, Edward
2436:
2430:
2429:
2422:Bleiberg, Edward
2418:
2412:
2411:
2404:Bleiberg, Edward
2400:
2394:
2393:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2345:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2314:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2203:
2194:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1798:, pp. 7–11.
1793:
1754:
1753:
1729:
1652:
1640:
1623:
1608:Behistun papyrus
1603:
1584:
1572:
1546:
1531:
1515:
1499:
1483:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1377:
1127:Book of Nehemiah
1074:Betel and Asham
978:Jewish documents
833:Wilhelm Schubart
755:Erich LĂĽddeckens
729:Eugène Revillout
633:(later known as
552:Semna Despatches
521:Ashmolean Museum
502:Papyrus Valençay
438:Giovanni Belzoni
393:Friedrich Zucker
299:Théodore Reinach
292:Bodleian Library
183:Giovanni Belzoni
165:
148:
21:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3163:
3161:
3149:
3113:
3083:Boaz and Jachin
3045:
3008:Temple priest (
2978:
2972:
2971:
2958:
2945:Onias' Temple (
2914:
2865:
2862:
2791:
2731:
2716:
2710:
2695:
2682:
2676:
2661:
2651:
2649:Further reading
2567:Euting Julius.
2564:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2505:
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2233:
2225:
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2210:
2206:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2171:
2167:
2159:Merrill Unger,
2158:
2154:
2148:Wayback Machine
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
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1551:Story of Ahikar
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1408:
1405:
1396:
1393:
1384:
1382:Brooklyn Museum
1378:
1369:
1367:Brooklyn Museum
1364:
1339:
1330:
1321:
1308:
1299:
1280:Brooklyn Museum
1272:
1267:
1254:
1238:Brooklyn Museum
1230:
1213:Brooklyn Museum
1209:
1181:
1164:Brooklyn Museum
1151:
1147:
1143:
1052:
985:
980:
929:1921 and 1995:
787:, found in 1819
769:Michel Malinine
601:
517:Papyrus Dodgson
426:
401:British Library
378:Egyptian Museum
351:Egyptian Museum
318:Egyptian Museum
252:Brooklyn Museum
221:
178:
177:
176:
175:
171:
170:
169:
166:
158:
157:
149:
138:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3181:
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3158:
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3147:
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3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3097:Lekhem Hapanim
3092:
3090:Temple menorah
3087:
3078:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Holy of Holies
3053:
3051:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2983:Related topics
2980:
2979:
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2807:
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2790:
2789:External links
2787:
2786:
2785:
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2769:
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2745:Yochanan Muffs
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2395:
2389:978-1575060835
2388:
2372:Susan Ackerman
2363:
2357:978-0802841612
2356:
2330:
2310:978-0826468307
2309:
2288:
2281:
2258:
2252:978-1850756576
2251:
2231:
2219:
2204:
2201:Jewish Journal
2189:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2130:
2104:
2097:
2075:
2068:Paolo Sacchi,
2060:
2056:Tetragrammaton
2047:
2040:
2018:
2011:
1991:
1970:
1947:
1935:
1928:
1901:
1888:
1874:
1850:
1837:
1831:Euting, 1887,
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1338:
1337:Loan agreement
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1307:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1259:Persian Period
1253:
1250:
1229:
1226:
1208:
1205:
1180:
1177:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1051:
1048:
984:
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974:
967:
966:
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948:
945:
938:
935:Sarah Clackson
927:
913:
912:
905:
898:
891:
888:
885:
882:Jaroslav ÄŚernĂ˝
878:
871:
864:
857:
856:
853:
846:
843:
836:
829:
822:
819:Leopold Wenger
811:
804:
801:
798:
795:
788:
773:
772:
765:
758:
751:
748:
745:
738:
731:
717:
716:
709:
704:published the
702:Edda Bresciani
698:
691:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
638:
631:Dream ostracon
629:publishes the
623:
600:
597:
596:
595:
590:Early 1930's:
588:
582:
575:
572:
569:
563:Pushkin Museum
559:
554:discovered by
548:
542:
528:Dream ostracon
524:
513:
506:Dun-le-Poëlier
498:
491:Papyrus Leiden
487:
474:: acquired by
466:
459:
452:
445:
425:
422:
421:
420:
413:
410:
404:
389:British Museum
385:
354:
333:Otto Rubensohn
329:
326:Gaston Maspero
322:
306:
295:
284:
274:
255:
244:
241:
220:
217:
173:
172:
167:
160:
159:
150:
143:
142:
141:
140:
139:
137:
134:
87:epistolography
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3282:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3172:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3146:
3145:Temple denial
3143:
3141:
3140:Magdala stone
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2926:High places (
2924:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2882:
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2879:
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2872:
2868:
2859:
2854:
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2839:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2818:
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2813:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2784:
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2777:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:"ELEPHANTINE"
2681:
2677:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:Eduard Sachau
2594:
2592:
2588:
2587:Eduard Sachau
2585:
2583:
2579:
2578:Arthur Ungnad
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2547:
2545:9780872731479
2541:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2282:9781841273181
2278:
2274:
2273:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1929:0-567-02592-6
1925:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1871:p. 311 et seq
1868:
1867:p. 259 et seq
1864:
1863:p. 202 et seq
1860:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1788:
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1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1725:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1707:Land of Onias
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:Afghan Geniza
1681:
1679:
1678:Blacas papyri
1676:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:Eduard Sachau
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1422:
1415:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1162:In 2004, the
1160:
1158:
1153:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1121:, as well as
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
982:
977:
972:
971:
970:
964:
961:
960:
959:
953:
949:
946:
943:
939:
936:
932:
928:
925:
921:
920:
919:
916:
910:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:Alan Gardiner
892:
889:
886:
883:
879:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
861:
860:
854:
851:
847:
844:
841:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
820:
816:
812:
809:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
789:
786:
785:P. Edmonstone
782:
778:
777:
776:
770:
766:
763:
759:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
739:
736:
732:
730:
726:
722:
721:
720:
714:
710:
707:
703:
699:
696:
695:Emil Kraeling
692:
690:
686:
685:Arthur Cowley
682:
679:
678:Eduard Sachau
675:
672:
668:
665:
664:Julius Euting
661:
658:
657:Arthur Cowley
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
627:Julius Euting
624:
622:
618:
617:
616:
613:
605:
598:
593:
589:
587:
583:
580:
576:
573:
570:
568:
564:
560:
557:
556:James Quibell
553:
549:
547:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
522:
518:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:
467:
464:
463:Papyrus Paris
460:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:
429:
423:
418:
414:
411:
409:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:in 1907, and
390:
386:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
348:
344:
343:Eduard Sachau
339:
334:
330:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
304:
300:
296:
293:
289:
285:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
239:
235:
231:
230:
229:
227:
218:
216:
213:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
164:
156:
155:
147:
135:
133:
131:
130:
124:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
3096:
3082:
3073:
3072:Mercy seat (
3026:Third Temple
3018:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2953:
2946:
2927:
2885:
2884:Tabernacle (
2822:
2815:
2795:
2775:
2762:
2752:
2738:
2719:
2698:
2688:
2664:
2655:
2637:
2630:
2614:
2557:Bibliography
2534:
2524:
2515:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2416:
2407:
2398:
2379:
2366:
2341:
2333:
2300:
2291:
2271:
2241:
2234:
2222:
2215:
2214:2004-05-11,
2207:
2200:
2192:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2155:
2139:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:
2107:
2088:
2078:
2069:
2063:
2050:
2031:
2021:
2001:
1994:
1971:1-59752-3631
1960:
1938:
1918:
1891:
1877:
1858:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1749:
1734:
1727:
1689:Cairo Geniza
1340:
1331:
1322:
1309:
1300:
1284:
1255:
1242:
1210:
1197:hypostatized
1182:
1161:
1157:Nectanebo II
1154:
1139:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:polytheistic
1061:
1033:
1021:
1014:
1010:Deuteronomic
1006:
997:polytheistic
993:Hebrew Bible
986:
968:
957:
952:Fritz Hintze
917:
914:
875:T. Eric Peet
868:Georg Möller
858:
840:Paul Collart
784:
781:Thomas Young
774:
741:
724:
718:
688:
670:
630:
614:
610:
578:
527:
516:
501:
490:
480:Museo Egizio
469:
462:
455:
448:
427:
222:
214:
211:
203:Museo Egizio
179:
152:
127:
125:
110:
103:
39:
37:
3270:Elephantine
3265:Upper Egypt
3118:Archaeology
3095:Showbread (
2919:Other sites
2376:"Goddesses"
1882:DOI :
1796:Porten 1996
1350:, the only
1287:Elephantine
1185:Elephantine
1107:Sanballat I
989:manuscripts
579:Papyrus Lob
540:Adolf Erman
366:Jean Clédat
314:Robert Mond
282:Jakob Krall
106:grey market
99:Upper Egypt
95:manumission
75:Koine Greek
44:Elephantine
3204:Categories
3019:Tisha B'Av
2947:Beit Honyo
2123:3 December
1943:Toorn 2019
1719:References
1199:aspect of
1084:hypostases
1024:monotheism
924:Henry Hall
826:Idris Bell
783:published
725:P. Dodgson
652:II 154–155
640:1889: The
561:1909: The
526:1887: The
523:in Oxford.
276:1899: The
271:Strasbourg
113:Achaemenid
91:onomastics
3081:Pillars (
3041:Synagogue
2751:), 2003.
2319:cite book
2297:Day, John
1980:cite book
1348:Amyrtaeus
1193:Anat-Yahu
1187:near the
1179:Anat-Yahu
1119:Shelemiah
1111:Samaritan
859:Hieratic
760:1971–78:
619:1824-28:
447:1817–18:
432:1815–19:
353:in Cairo.
294:in Oxford
257:1898–99:
209:in 1824.
3260:Ostracon
3179:Category
2589:, 1908,
2514:(2002).
2496:(2002).
2478:(2002).
2460:(2002).
2442:(2002).
2424:(2002).
2406:(2002).
2374:(2004).
2299:(2002).
2163:, p. 260
2144:Archived
1861:, 1903:
1661:See also
1171:and the
1099:Cambyses
1026:and the
719:Demotic
615:Aramaic
303:Sorbonne
117:Passover
67:Egyptian
60:hieratic
3230:Papyrus
3189:Commons
3074:Kaporet
3001:Ketoret
2886:Mishkan
2877:Temples
1362:Gallery
1354:of the
1352:pharaoh
1343:Aramean
1246:shekels
1222:Aramaic
1169:Judaism
1115:Delaiah
991:of the
958:Arabic
918:Coptic
637:II 137)
577:1927:
444:in 1819
440:to the
372:in the
321:island.
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64:demotic
56:ostraca
2992:Korban
2928:Bamoth
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1064:Yahweh
1016:Yahweh
969:Latin
950:1977:
940:1938:
922:1905:
907:1978:
900:1974:
893:1951:
880:1939:
873:1924:
866:1911:
848:1967:
838:1940:
831:1922:
824:1917:
813:1914:
806:1912:
790:1822:
779:1828:
775:Greek
767:1974:
742:P. Lob
733:1908:
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700:1960:
693:1953:
683:1923:
676:1911:
662:1903:
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625:1887:
515:1881:
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489:1828:
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461:1821:
382:Louvre
286:1901:
83:Coptic
52:papyri
3104:Altar
3010:Kohen
1593:Other
1313:Khnum
1291:Khnum
1135:12:23
1068:Khnum
1028:Torah
1002:Torah
484:Turin
454:1819
207:Turin
79:Latin
48:Aswan
2725:ISBN
2704:ISBN
2670:ISBN
2602:Text
2540:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2325:link
2305:ISBN
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2247:ISBN
2125:2015
2093:ISBN
2036:ISBN
2007:ISBN
1986:link
1966:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1869:and
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646:CIS
635:CIS
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532:CIS
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