3304:
3731:
effort to create a new Hebrew style of music, a style that would tie them to their earliest Hebrew origins and that would differentiate them from the style of the Jewish diaspora of
Eastern Europe, which they viewed as weak. This new style borrowed elements from Arabic and, to a lesser extent, traditional Yemenite and eastern Jewish styles: the songs were often homophonic (that is, without clear harmonic character), modal, and limited in range. "The huge change in our lives demands new modes of expression", wrote composer and music critic Menashe Ravina in 1943. "... and, just as in our language we returned to our historical past, so has our ear turned to the music of the east ... as an expression of our innermost feelings."
3703:. These composers were all concerned with forging a new Jewish identity in music, an identity which would suit the new, emerging identity of Israel. While the response of each of these composers to this challenge was intensely personal, there was one distinct trend to which many of them adhered: many of these and other composers sought to distance themselves from the musical style of the Klezmer, which they viewed as weak and unsuitable for the new national ethos. Many of the stylistic features of Klezmer were abhorrent to them. "Its character is depressing and sentimental", wrote music critic and composer Menashe Ravina in 1943. "The healthy desire to free ourselves of this sentimentalism causes many to avoid this...".
3198:
3953:, and responses were made by the congregation, in a manner which resembled the hum of bees. After this three of the sweet singers of Israel began singing a kind of jolly modern melody, sometimes in unison and sometimes in parts, to a kind of tol de rol, instead of words, which to me, seemed very farcical ... At the end of each strain, the whole congregation set up such a kind of cry, as a pack of hounds when a fox breaks cover ... It is impossible for me to divine what idea the Jews themselves annex to this vociferation." The historian
3961:(= klei zmir, "instruments of song"); this denoted the accompaniment of the chazan by bass and descant ( meshorrer ), which became a common practice in European synagogues in the early eighteenth century and had been introduced to Amsterdam between 1700 and 1712. The epithet "sweet singer of Israel", by the way, derived from the description of King David in 2 Samuel 23.1, was to be used ad nauseam by writers about Jewish musicians in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, both in praise and, by their detractors, sarcastically."
3296:
3804:
6123:
145:
33:
6137:
137:
3606:"—the Jewish villages of Russia—and meticulously recorded and transcribed thousands of Yiddish folksongs. They then set these songs to both vocal and instrumental ensembles. The resulting music is a marriage between often melancholy and "krekhtsen" (moaning) melodies of the shtetl with late Russian romantic harmonies of Scriabin and Rachmaninoff.
3746:
level, of teaching Hebrew to new immigrants. The national labor organization, the
Histadrut, set up a music publishing house that disseminated songbooks and encouraged public sing-alongs (שירה בציבור). This tradition of public sing-alongs continues to the present day, and is a characteristic of modern Israeli culture.
3745:
The youth, labor and kibbutz movements played a major role in musical development before and after the establishment of
Israeli statehood in 1948, and in the popularization of these songs. The Zionist establishment saw music as a way of establishing a new national identity, and, on a purely pragmatic
2967:
response between cantor and congregation: the cantor singing a half-verse at a time, with the congregation making a constant refrain; the cantor singing a half-verse, with the congregation repeating exactly what he had sung; and the cantor and congregation singing alternate verses. All of these forms
3730:
From the earliest days of
Zionist settlement, Jewish immigrants wrote popular folk music. At first, songs were based on borrowed melodies from German, Russian, or traditional Jewish folk music with new lyrics written in Hebrew. Starting in the early 1920s, however, Jewish immigrants made a conscious
3311:
Changes in
European Jewish communities, including increasing political emancipation and some elements of religious reform, had their effects on music of the synagogue. By the late eighteenth century, music in European synagogues had sunk to a low standard. The Jewish scholar Eric Werner notes that
3639:
It is not my purpose, nor my desire, to attempt a 'reconstitution' of Jewish music, or to base my work on melodies more or less authentic. I am not an archeologist.... It is the Jewish soul that interests me ... the freshness and naiveté of the
Patriarchs; the violence of the Prophetic books; the
3564:(1819–1880), a leading composer of operetta in the 19th century, was the son of a cantor, and grew up steeped in traditional Jewish music. Yet there is nothing about his music which could be characterized as Jewish in terms of style, and he himself did not consider his work to be Jewish.
3113:(liturgical poems—singular: piyut), dating from the first millennium after the destruction of the Temple, one stream of Jewish synagogal music began to crystallize into definite form. The hazzan sang the piyyutim to melodies either selected by themselves or drawn from tradition.
3660:(1895–1968), an Italian composer who immigrated to America on the eve of World War II, was strongly influenced by his Sephardic Jewish upbringing. His second violin concerto draws on Jewish themes, as do many of his songs and choral works: these include a number of songs in
3559:
Most art musicians of Jewish origin in the 19th century composed music that cannot be considered Jewish in any sense. In the words of Peter
Gradenwitz, from this period onwards, the issue is "no longer the story of Jewish music, but the story of music by Jewish masters."
2986:, which serves to both identify different types of prayer, as well as to link those prayers to the time of year, or even time of day in which they are set. There are three main modes, as well as a number of combined or compound modes. The three main modes are called
3594:. Led by composer-critic Joel Engel, these graduates of the St. Petersburg and Moscow Conservatories rediscovered their Jewish national roots, and created a new genre of Jewish art music. Inspired by the nationalist movement in Russian music, exemplified by
3503:
and various popular tunes from Spain and further abroad. There are three types of
Sephardic songs—topical and entertainment songs, romance songs and spiritual or ceremonial songs. Lyrics can be in several languages, including Hebrew for religious songs, and
3324:
in 1772, gave the opinion of one who was clearly ignorant of synagogue music (but did not regard that as a disqualification for comment) that the service resembled "a kind of tol- de rol, instead of words, which to me, seemed very farcical".
3159:
are traditional Jewish songs and melodies praising God and describing certain aspects of traditional religious teachings. Pizmonim are traditionally associated with Middle
Eastern Sephardic Jews, although they are related to Ashkenazi Jews'
3821:
3948:
The extent of Burney's lack of understanding, and his possible anti-Jewish sentiments, may be construed from his more detailed comments:"At my first entrance, one of the priests was chanting part of the service in a kind of ancient
3303:
2835:), differences of rhythm and sound can be found among later Jewish communities that have been musically influenced by location. In the nineteenth century, religious reform led to composition of ecclesiastic music in the styles of
3053:
Synagogues following traditional Jewish rites do not employ musical instruments as part of the synagogue service. Traditional synagogal music is therefore purely vocal. The principal melodic role in the service is that of the
3813:
2847:
has written, "What is known as 'Jewish music' today is thus the result of complex historical processes". A number of modern Jewish composers have been aware of and influenced by the different traditions of Jewish music.
3312:
among the
European Ashkenazi communities of Europe "between 1660 and 1720 the musical tradition was waning, and the second half of the eighteenth century witnessed its worst decay". The historian of Jewish music
3391:, a number of hazzanim, who had received formal training in Western music, began to compose works for the synagogue, many of which are still in use today in the congregations of their countries. These included
3250:
community and other congregations every Sabbath eve from midnight until dawn. The custom of singing baqashot originated in Spain towards the time of the expulsion, but took on increased momentum in the
3590:
At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries many Jewish composers sought to create a distinctly Jewish national sound in their music. Notable among these were the composers of the
2888:
gives several accounts of Temple music. According to the Mishnah, the regular Temple orchestra consisted of twelve instruments, and a choir of twelve male singers. The instruments included the
2948:
was not used in the Temple as its sounds were too distracting. No provable examples of the music played at the Temple have survived. However, there is an oral tradition that the tune used for
1471:
3957:
notes: " We have in the account of the ‘trio’ a description of the "keleichomos", literally "instruments of robbery", an acronym of 'chazan, meshorrer, singer' and a sort of pun on
3045:). In practice the cantillation often echoes the tones and rhythms of the countries and ages in which Jews lived, notably as regards the modality in which the local music was based.
2049:
3822:
1704:
1399:
1591:
3366:, and the popularity of this work drew the attention of Gentiles for the first time to this music (although in fact many of Nathan's melodies were not Jewish in origin, but
3531:. Sephardic music adapted to each of these locals, assimilating North African high-pitched, extended ululations; Balkan rhythms, for instance in 9/8 time; and the Turkish
2799:
563:
5627:
3613:
in music was not only in Russia. A number of Western European composers took an interest in their Jewish musical roots, and tried to create a unique Jewish art style.
1586:
6017:
2959:
in 70 AD and the subsequent dispersion of the Jews to Babylon and Persia, versions of the public singing of the Temple were continued in the new institution of the
1834:
6175:
4700:
3014:). Since the late eighteenth century, many of these chants have been written down and standardized, yet the practice of improvisation still exists to this day.
2088:
3576:
Christian at the age of seven. He occasionally drew inspiration from Christian sources, but there is nothing characteristically Jewish about any of his music.
3687:
The 1930s saw an influx of Jewish composers to British Mandatory Palestine, later Israel, among them musicians of stature in Europe. These composers included
3316:
considers that "Eighteenth century manuscripts of Synagogue song display a striking monotony of style and texts". In this context the English music historian
3006:
utilised by the Jews and these modes and synagogue melodies derived from them were therefore handed down directly, typically from a chazzan to his apprentice
3652:(1892–1974) was exposed to the music of the Provençal Jewish community. "I have been greatly influenced by the character" of this music, he wrote. His opera
3267:
reached countries all round the Mediterranean and even became customary for a time in Sephardic communities in western Europe, such as Amsterdam and London.
5977:
1073:
1036:
4495:
3002:) improvised sung prayers within the designated mode, while following a general structure of how each prayer should sound. There was no standard form of
3096:
2012:
4524:
2035:
6023:
2868:
1385:
4280:
Edel, Itzhak (1946) "HaShir HaEretz-Yisraeli" ("The Songs of the Land of Israel") (Tel Aviv: Monograph published by Merkaz HaTarbut, Histadrut).
5123:
4577:
3466:
by Ashkenazi Jews in Eastern Europe. The repertoire is largely dance songs for weddings and other celebrations. They are typically in Yiddish.
2792:
1962:
1897:
1779:
3556:(1570 – c. 1630) of Mantua composed a series of choral settings called "The Songs of Solomon", based on Jewish liturgical and biblical texts.
5118:
4326:
1083:
452:
3095:
1521:
5138:
5133:
4557:
3424:
3062:—the introduction of a choir singing in harmony was largely a nineteenth-century innovation. However, during the mediaeval period among
1789:
1606:
1596:
836:
169:
6168:
5950:
4827:
4414:
2185:
2135:
2100:
1794:
1659:
1526:
4356:
6379:
4978:
4832:
2785:
1877:
1839:
1814:
1734:
1719:
1566:
1506:
1461:
273:
116:
3737:
4887:
4795:
2170:
2152:
2058:
1952:
1804:
1799:
1724:
1689:
1556:
6052:
3736:
5246:
3993:
3706:
From these early experiments a large corpus of original Israeli art music has been developed. Modern Israeli composers include
2688:
2587:
2142:
2125:
2078:
1977:
1887:
1824:
1774:
1754:
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3104:
There are many forms of song which are used in Jewish religious services and ceremonies. The following are notable examples.
2161:
2147:
2115:
2095:
2063:
2007:
1982:
1957:
1937:
1927:
1912:
1907:
1902:
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1867:
1844:
1759:
1744:
1664:
1623:
1576:
1571:
1491:
1436:
54:
3041:' and it is represented in printed Hebrew versions of the Bible by a system of cantillation marks (sometimes referred to as
3197:
97:
6161:
6029:
5350:
3094:
2582:
2120:
2105:
2068:
2030:
2002:
1992:
1987:
1972:
1967:
1947:
1932:
1917:
1892:
1858:
1829:
1729:
1714:
1638:
1628:
1546:
1516:
1441:
1427:
50:
6092:
1063:
69:
5960:
5955:
5143:
5128:
4892:
4847:
4592:
2190:
2110:
2073:
1997:
1942:
1809:
1784:
1709:
1684:
1674:
1613:
1536:
1531:
1511:
1501:
1481:
1466:
1359:
827:
822:
6198:
6057:
6042:
4923:
4783:
4271:
Menashe Ravina, The Songs of the Land of Israel, monograph published by the Institute for Music, Ltd., Jerusalem, 1943
3573:
3171:
2180:
2175:
2130:
2083:
1769:
1739:
1699:
1694:
1551:
857:
76:
6011:
5905:
5556:
5450:
5158:
5091:
4652:
4542:
2956:
2654:
2499:
2207:
1601:
797:
787:
523:
3279:) refers to religious songs and tunes that are sung either by individuals or groups; they are associated with the
1144:
6306:
6203:
6127:
6067:
5965:
5945:
5815:
5740:
5600:
5467:
5153:
5113:
4481:
3885:
3700:
3657:
3348:
3037:), may recall the melodic tropes of the actual Temple service. Ashkenazic Jews named this official cantillation '
2768:
2461:
2312:
2253:
445:
3635:, for full orchestra, choir and soloists. Bloch described his connection to Jewish music as intensely personal:
3458:
Around the 15th century, a tradition of secular (non-liturgical) Jewish music was developed by musicians called
6573:
6047:
5878:
5177:
5052:
3924:
3735:
2471:
2451:
1561:
1041:
582:
83:
6547:
6519:
6498:
6316:
6248:
6000:
5989:
5583:
5504:
5209:
5108:
5047:
5027:
4933:
4906:
3897:
2612:
2602:
2567:
2446:
2436:
2219:
1390:
1332:
1166:
845:
802:
517:
354:
43:
6263:
6036:
6006:
5069:
2857:
2731:
2466:
2380:
1446:
998:
617:
587:
160:
993:
65:
6568:
6434:
6062:
5983:
5765:
5472:
5355:
5096:
5086:
5079:
5064:
4950:
4467:
4338:
4068:
3313:
2983:
2622:
2617:
2562:
2350:
1265:
980:
875:
592:
412:
6482:
6465:
6184:
6097:
6087:
5590:
4562:
3610:
3435:
3191:
2693:
2645:
2385:
2243:
1056:
921:
910:
868:
438:
291:
238:
233:
207:
4441:
3696:
6474:
6295:
5745:
5713:
5639:
5548:
5494:
5101:
4901:
4635:
4600:
4361:
3895:
incorporated elements of Jewish music in some of his compositions. Most notable are the song cycle
3892:
3295:
3144:
3038:
2977:
2881:
2746:
1119:
986:
889:
882:
812:
700:
575:
144:
6424:
6256:
6252:
6077:
6072:
5883:
5605:
5482:
5477:
5462:
5432:
5385:
5308:
5214:
5074:
4647:
4552:
4519:
3868:
3307:
Sabbath morning service for the synagogue : according to the Union Prayer Book, Rogers, 1913
2893:
2597:
2547:
2494:
2489:
2403:
2273:
1541:
1370:
1129:
1049:
903:
469:
5360:
5236:
3845:
A number of non-Jewish composers have adapted Jewish music to their compositions. They include:
3487:
being performed at the royal courts. Since then, it has picked up influences from across Spain,
2982:
Jewish liturgical music is characterized by a set of musical modes. These modes make up musical
4289:
Menashe Ravina, "The Songs of the People of Israel", published by Hamossad Lemusika Ba'am, 1943
3242:
are a collection of supplications, songs, and prayers that have been sung for centuries by the
6334:
6330:
5861:
5792:
5674:
5659:
5442:
5313:
5278:
4567:
4322:
3781:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3404:
3381:
2963:. Three musical forms were identified by scholars of the period, involving different modes of
2880:
The earliest synagogal music of which we have any account was based on the system used in the
2741:
2683:
2663:
2480:
2040:
1679:
1139:
1010:
940:
817:
730:
597:
426:
268:
6414:
6357:
6291:
6272:
5927:
5895:
5856:
5827:
5810:
5760:
5561:
5370:
5303:
5256:
5204:
5172:
5163:
5148:
5022:
4997:
4973:
4857:
4788:
4705:
4572:
3880:
3863:
3711:
3591:
3585:
3400:
3328:
Others in England were more sympathetic to the synagogue service. The singing of the chazan
3126:
3066:
Jews there developed the tradition of the hazzan being accompanied for certain prayers by a
3003:
2711:
2592:
2552:
2516:
2214:
1764:
1275:
1031:
935:
850:
740:
532:
245:
136:
4411:
6444:
6409:
6399:
6394:
6362:
6299:
6280:
6276:
6223:
5837:
5832:
5644:
5571:
5404:
5375:
5298:
5288:
5251:
5226:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5017:
5012:
5002:
4987:
4778:
4695:
4662:
4620:
4610:
4445:
4418:
4081:
3997:
3677:
3645:
3595:
3505:
3475:
3388:
3362:
3183:
3134:
3122:
2840:
2836:
2673:
2632:
2627:
2607:
2529:
2523:
2456:
2408:
2248:
2229:
1380:
1109:
1021:
1004:
548:
254:
221:
90:
3889:, an arrangement of traditional Jewish folksongs for clarinet, string quartet, and piano.
5538:
495:
6449:
6439:
6429:
6367:
6285:
6268:
6141:
6116:
5937:
5844:
5802:
5782:
5770:
5750:
5664:
5654:
5622:
5615:
5595:
5566:
5533:
5499:
5409:
5333:
5323:
5261:
5059:
5007:
4918:
4913:
4675:
4670:
4605:
4534:
3919:
3665:
3661:
3649:
3553:
3516:
3412:
3392:
3377:
3373:
3337:
3317:
3218:
2873:
The history of religious Jewish music spans the evolution of cantorial, synagogal, and
2844:
2832:
2773:
2572:
2441:
2427:
2307:
2286:
2263:
2258:
2236:
2224:
1819:
1300:
1234:
1199:
1177:
1114:
952:
930:
792:
771:
747:
513:
407:
378:
371:
366:
359:
342:
334:
6562:
6542:
6524:
6502:
6494:
6490:
6419:
6404:
6389:
6384:
6321:
6219:
5910:
5755:
5682:
5489:
5423:
5396:
5345:
5293:
5266:
5241:
5231:
4992:
4938:
4872:
4852:
4842:
4837:
4810:
4756:
4685:
4630:
4176:
3849:
3769:
3755:
3719:
3715:
3707:
3688:
2721:
2716:
1922:
1849:
1375:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1182:
1134:
896:
735:
640:
602:
553:
325:
308:
226:
6534:
6486:
6372:
6238:
6231:
6210:
5687:
5649:
5610:
5199:
4943:
4882:
4862:
4822:
4805:
4773:
4761:
4722:
4640:
4615:
3614:
3537:
3533:
3367:
3353:
3182:
countries. Jews of Greek, Turkish and Balkan origin have songs of the same kind in
3179:
3067:
2751:
2577:
2418:
2413:
2324:
1418:
1285:
1270:
1229:
1194:
807:
649:
303:
296:
282:
4010:
3990:
3599:
3380:. German congregations commissioned works from other Gentile composers, including
3820:
6538:
6478:
5900:
5415:
5340:
5318:
5221:
4815:
4744:
4739:
4727:
4717:
4319:
Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner
3950:
3789:
3773:
3631:, which is the first attempt to set the Jewish service in a form similar to the
3572:, continued to acknowledge his Jewish origins, even though he was baptized as a
3260:
3226:
2945:
2736:
2678:
2343:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1209:
385:
347:
32:
3387:
Later in the century, as synagogues began to utilize choirs singing in Western
6470:
6341:
6326:
6243:
5994:
5701:
5283:
4877:
4625:
4547:
4063:
Nulman, Macy. "Concise Encyclopedia of Jewish Music s.v. Kol Nidre, page 144".
3837:
3785:
3692:
3376:
around 1828 made a choral setting of Psalm 92 in Hebrew for the Vienna chazan
3357:
3059:
3034:
2937:
2394:
1408:
1337:
1295:
1124:
1104:
663:
570:
490:
419:
402:
5915:
5380:
5271:
5182:
4800:
4734:
3874:
3859:
3492:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3280:
3243:
3230:
3139:
3063:
2960:
2949:
2820:
2557:
2542:
1632:
1580:
1342:
1290:
1280:
961:
957:
947:
862:
622:
17:
4751:
3617:(1880–1959), a Swiss composer who emigrated to the United States, composed
3440:
Secular Jewish music (and dances) have been influenced both by surrounding
1310:
5634:
5576:
5521:
5516:
5187:
4312:
An Eighteenth Century Musical Tour in Central Europe and the Netherlands.
3619:
3480:
3252:
3238:
3130:
3029:
3019:
2964:
2839:. At the same period, academics began to treat the topic in the light of
2726:
2336:
2268:
1099:
607:
558:
263:
198:
193:
6514:
6509:
6215:
6153:
5849:
5733:
5728:
5718:
5706:
5526:
5511:
5455:
5390:
5365:
5328:
5192:
4867:
4766:
4690:
4582:
4508:
4241:
Quoted in Mary Tibaldi Chiesa, "Ernest Bloch - The Jewish Composer" in
3958:
3929:
3632:
3524:
3488:
3453:
3441:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3162:
3118:
3079:
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Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World: "Music", excerpt, p 18 sqq
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390:
176:
3862:, a German Protestant, (but a student of the German Jewish composer
3259:
in the 16th century, and were spread from Safed by the followers of
3225:
are taken from poems written by various rabbis and sages during the
3190:. Some melodies are quite old, while others may be based on popular
4473:
6227:
5871:
5866:
5820:
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5696:
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4955:
4710:
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4428:
3792:
is a popular singer whose music typifies the Mizrahi music style.
3733:
3528:
3302:
3294:
3271:
3256:
3196:
3166:(see below). One tradition is associated with Jews descended from
3148:
3092:
3024:
2828:
1325:
754:
658:
627:
186:
3741:
Your Land, a Hebrew song adapted to a traditional Bedouin Melody.
2819:. There exist both traditions of religious music, as sung at the
5970:
4504:
4461:
4455:
4423:
3765:
3484:
2816:
477:
6157:
4477:
4439:
Judaica Sound Archives at Florida Atlantic University Libraries
3137:
or spelling out the name of the author. A well-known piyyut is
4000:, on website of Oceanside Jewish Centre, accessed 8 June 2014.
2897:
26:
4379:
A Voice Still Heard: The Sacred Songs of the Ashkenazic Jews.
4464:
of Jewish composers with sheet music published by IMSLP.com.
3802:
3549:
Preclassical, classical, romantic and 20th-century composers
143:
135:
2968:
can be discerned in parts of the modern synagogue service.
4405:
4333:
The Music of Israel from the Biblical Era to Modern Times.
4438:
3511:
These song traditions spread from Spain to Morocco (the
3100:"Emet El Shmeha", traditional Jewish 17th century song.
2827:. While some elements of Jewish music may originate in
2823:
and in domestic prayers, and of secular music, such as
4458:
Articles, images and recordings of music of 1933–1945.
4450:
3058:(cantor). Responses of the congregation are typically
3194:, with the words composed specially to fit the tune.
3828:
Performed by members of the Advent Chamber Orchestra
3776:) music. Typical Mizrahi songs will have a dominant
3186:, associated with the festivals: these are known as
2341:
2322:
745:
6458:
6350:
6191:
5936:
5801:
5673:
5547:
5441:
4972:
4661:
4591:
4533:
4374:
Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
3602:
and others, these Jewish composers set out to the "
3444:traditions and Jewish sources preserved over time.
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3291:Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century synagogue music
4381:Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press
3788:elements. Mizrahi music is usually high pitched.
3143:("Master of the World"), sometimes attributed to
3129:, and most follow some poetic scheme, such as an
3764:which combines Israeli music with the flavor of
3760:Mizrahi music usually refers to the new wave of
4310:Burney, Charles, ed. Percy A. Scholes (1959).
6169:
4489:
2863:Religious Jewish music in the biblical period
2793:
446:
8:
4175:Conway (2012), 135. A score is available at
3086:). This combination was known in Yiddish as
5978:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation
4348:Idelsohn, A. Z., int. A. Orenstein (1992).
3814:Sergei Prokofiev: Overture on Hebrew Themes
3683:Art music in Mandatory Palestine and Israel
3592:St. Petersburg Society for Jewish Folkmusic
2908:(trumpet) and three varieties of pipe, the
1037:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
6176:
6162:
6154:
4658:
4496:
4482:
4474:
2800:
2786:
2650:
2291:
1364:
1171:
776:
645:
464:
453:
439:
131:
4350:Jewish Music: Its Historical Development.
4321:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3568:, the grandson of the Jewish philosopher
3209:are hymns, usually sung in the Hebrew or
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
4525:Index of Jewish history-related articles
4395:, trans. from the Yiddish by A. M. Klein
4372:The Cambridge Companion to Jewish Music.
4314:" vols. London: Oxford University Press.
3580:The Jewish national revival in art music
3340:in 1770 to adapt the melody of the hymn
3170:, though similar traditions exist among
6024:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
3973:
3941:
3796:Non-Jewish composers using Jewish music
3483:music was born in medieval Spain, with
3352:. Many synagogue melodies were used by
2920:. The Temple orchestra also included a
2869:History of music in the biblical period
2701:
2653:
2479:
2426:
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2160:
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699:
676:
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316:
281:
253:
206:
159:
134:
129:Music and melodies of the Jewish people
4335:2nd. edition. Portland: Amadeus Press.
4077:
4066:
3835:
3370:adapted from European folk melodies).
3656:draws on this rich musical heritage.
2936:also mentions use in the Temple of a
7:
4408:- Perform wide range of Jewish music
4256:La Musique Juive au Comtat-Venaissin
3761:
3320:visiting the Ashkenazi synagogue of
55:adding citations to reliable sources
4393:Of Jewish Music, Ancient and Modern
3523:) including Greece, Jerusalem, the
3425:Contemporary Jewish religious music
3419:Contemporary Jewish religious music
5971:YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
5951:American Jewish Historical Society
4429:The Dartmouth Jewish Sound Archive
25:
4343:Thesaurus of Hebrew Oriental song
3640:Jewish savage love of justice...
3213:languages, but sometimes also in
2815:is the music and melodies of the
828:Historical population comparisons
274:We Are Both from the Same Village
6135:
6122:
6121:
3873:of the Jewish Yom Kippur prayer
3836:Problems playing this file? See
3818:
3784:sound as well as Middle Eastern
1472:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1386:Historical population by country
31:
4355:Seroussi, Edwin et al. (n.d.),
3299:L. Finzi synagogue music 19th c
2877:melodies since Biblical times.
42:needs additional citations for
6043:Relations with other religions
4424:Milken Archive of Jewish Music
4262:, Volume 1–2 (Jerusalem, 1938)
4245:, Volume 1–2 (Jerusalem, 1938)
3174:(where the songs are known as
1:
6030:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust
4232:Gradenwitz (1996), pp. 174–5.
3023:(the weekly extract from the
3017:The synagogal reading of the
2998:. Traditionally, the cantor (
1043:Christianity and Judaism
5961:Leo Baeck Institute New York
5956:American Sephardi Federation
4434:Jewish Music Research Center
3121:times. Most piyyutim are in
4784:Constantinopolitan Karaites
4470:, print: Brill, Leiden 2010
4011:The Choir in Jewish History
3515:) and several parts of the
3133:following the order of the
3049:Traditional religious music
2342:
2323:
2050:Latin America and Caribbean
746:
6590:
6012:National Library of Israel
4653:Zionism, race and genetics
4451:The Jewish Music WebCenter
4412:Jewish Sheet Music Archive
4370:Walden, Joshua S. (2015).
4331:Gradenwitz, Peter (1996).
3753:
3691:, Erich Walter Sternberg,
3675:
3583:
3473:
3451:
3433:
3422:
2975:
2866:
2855:
2655:Jewish political movements
2352:Conversion to Judaism
6110:
5966:Yeshiva University Museum
5946:Center for Jewish History
4515:
3991:Mishnah Sukkot, chapter 5
3886:Overture on Hebrew Themes
3701:Alexander Uriah Boskovich
3658:Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco
3627:for viola and piano, and
3623:for cello and orchestra,
3349:The God of Abraham Praise
2957:destruction of the Temple
1058:Hinduism and Judaism
4558:Ancient Israel and Judah
4406:London Jewish Male Choir
4009:Jonathan L. Friedmann, "
3925:List of Jewish musicians
3877:for cello and orchestra.
3356:in his 1815 settings of
3287:are generally wordless.
3117:have been written since
2952:was sung in the temple.
884:Temple in Jerusalem
577:Bar and bat mitzvah
4934:North African Sephardim
4907:Jewish tribes of Arabia
4456:Music and the Holocaust
4366:(subscription required)
4139:Burney (1959), II, 229.
4121:Idelsohn (1992), p. 213
4094:Idelsohn (1992), 19–21.
4017:, accessed 8 June 2014.
3980:Seroussi et al., (n.d.)
3898:From Jewish Folk Poetry
3866:) made an arrangement,
3229:. Others are anonymous
2944:), and states that the
846:Twelve Tribes of Israel
6037:Holocaust Encyclopedia
6007:Jewish Virtual Library
4317:Conway, David (2012).
4076:Cite journal requires
4026:Idelsohn (1992), 9–13.
3807:
3742:
3642:
3346:for a Christian hymn,
3308:
3300:
3201:
3101:
2858:Religious Jewish music
2852:Religious Jewish music
149:
141:
5984:Encyclopaedia Judaica
5766:Sefer Raziel HaMalakh
4951:Sephardic Bnei Anusim
4701:Udmurt and Tatar Jews
4391:Rabinovitch, Israel,
4377:Werner, Eric (1976).
4205:Conway (2012), 219–20
4187:Conway (2012), 156–7.
4166:Conway (2012), 93–97.
4112:Werner (1976), p. 169
3856:for violin and piano.
3806:
3740:
3637:
3314:Abraham Zevi Idelsohn
3306:
3298:
3200:
3099:
2867:Further information:
1592:São Tomé and Príncipe
1587:Republic of the Congo
981:Second Temple Judaism
852:Kingdom of Judah
823:Modern historiography
147:
139:
6185:Middle Eastern music
4563:Second Temple period
4223:Conway (2012), 103–4
4196:Conway (2012), 133–6
4148:Conway (2012), p. 21
4130:Conway (2012), p. 21
4053:Idelsohn (1992), 18.
4044:Idelsohn (1992), 14.
4035:Idelsohn (1992), 15.
3654:Esther de Carpentras
3436:Secular Jewish music
3430:Secular Jewish music
3221:. The words to many
3192:Middle Eastern music
2694:World Agudath Israel
1835:United Arab Emirates
922:Second Temple period
912:Babylonian captivity
292:Israeli folk dancing
51:improve this article
6001:Jewish Encyclopedia
5746:Hekhalot literature
5557:Religious movements
5092:Judeo-Tripolitanian
4362:Oxford Music Online
4298:Conway (2012), 193.
3893:Dmitri Shostakovich
3854:Mélodies hébraïques
3145:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2978:Jewish prayer modes
2972:Jewish prayer modes
2882:Temple in Jerusalem
987:Hellenistic Judaism
565:Land of Israel
524:Principles of faith
379:Passover (Haggadah)
234:Mainstream and jazz
6142:Judaism portal
6078:Jews and Halloween
6073:Jews and Christmas
5463:Rabbinic authority
5215:Judaeo-Piedmontese
4648:Xueta Christianity
4553:Origins of Judaism
4520:Outline of Judaism
4444:2020-09-29 at the
4417:2017-09-07 at the
4214:Conway (2012), 158
4157:Conway (2012), 76.
4103:Conway (2012), 21.
3996:2020-10-05 at the
3808:
3743:
3664:, the language of
3309:
3301:
3202:
3178:, praises) and in
3102:
3033:(section from the
2548:Jewish Koine Greek
2090:Dominican Republic
1371:Judaism by country
1050:Jews and Christmas
905:Assyrian captivity
317:Music for holidays
150:
142:
6556:
6555:
6317:Ottoman classical
6307:Iranian classical
6151:
6150:
6117:extinct languages
6018:YIVO Encyclopedia
5793:Hebrew literature
5761:Sefer HaEtz Chaim
5601:Reconstructionist
5279:Judaeo-Portuguese
4968:
4967:
4924:Eastern Sephardim
4568:Synagogal Judaism
4327:978-1-107-01538-8
3823:
3738:
3570:Moses Mendelssohn
3566:Felix Mendelssohn
3562:Jacques Offenbach
3521:Eastern Tradition
3513:Western Tradition
3405:Louis Lewandowski
3382:Albert Methfessel
3097:
2810:
2809:
2759:
2758:
2507:
2506:
2254:Reconstructionist
2198:
2197:
1350:
1349:
1157:
1156:
994:Jewish–Roman wars
942:Hasmonean dynasty
858:Kingdom of Israel
762:
761:
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269:Jerusalem of Gold
140:Menorah(מְנוֹרָה)
127:
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5257:Judeo-Golpaygani
4858:Palestinian Jews
4833:Alexandrian Jews
4789:Crimean Karaites
4706:Unterlander Jews
4659:
4573:Rabbinic Judaism
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4352:New York: Dover.
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3881:Sergei Prokofiev
3864:Ferdinand Hiller
3825:
3824:
3805:
3739:
3712:Tsippi Fleischer
3611:national revival
3586:Jewish art music
3544:Jewish art music
3470:Sephardic/Ladino
3401:Samuel Naumbourg
3263:(16th century).
3147:in 11th century
3098:
3070:voice (known in
3004:musical notation
2802:
2795:
2788:
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2353:
2347:
2328:
2292:
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2186:New Zealand
2138:
2101:El Salvador
2091:
2023:Northern America
2015:
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1365:
1276:Crimean Karaites
1172:
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1148:
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1067:
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1032:Rabbinic Judaism
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309:Yemenite dancing
246:Jewish art music
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6574:Religious music
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5252:Judeo-Borujerdi
5227:Judeo-Malayalam
5173:Judeo-Aragonese
5144:Lishanid Noshan
4976:
4964:
4696:Oberlander Jews
4657:
4587:
4529:
4511:
4502:
4446:Wayback Machine
4419:Wayback Machine
4402:
4388:
4386:Further reading
4365:
4339:Idelsohn, A. Z.
4307:
4302:
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4015:Jewish Magazine
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4004:
3998:Wayback Machine
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3762:music in Israel
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3678:Music of Israel
3674:
3646:Aix-en-Provence
3625:Suite Hebraique
3596:Rimsky-Korsakov
3588:
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3478:
3476:Sephardic music
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3456:
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3363:Hebrew Melodies
3293:
3135:Hebrew alphabet
3093:
3051:
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2841:ethnomusicology
2837:classical music
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2628:Judeo-Malayalam
2608:Judaeo-Georgian
2528:
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2409:Yiddish theatre
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1391:Genetic studies
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1024:and Middle Ages
1022:Rabbinic period
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869:in Judaism
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413:L'Shana Haba'ah
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5410:Judeo-Alsatian
5402:
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5388:
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5262:Judeo-Hamedani
5259:
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5239:
5237:Judaeo-Occitan
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
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5178:Jewish English
5175:
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5131:
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5109:Judaeo-Aramaic
5106:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5097:Judeo-Tunisian
5094:
5089:
5087:Judeo-Moroccan
5084:
5083:
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5080:Judeo-Baghdadi
5067:
5062:
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4929:Livornese Jews
4926:
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4909:
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4400:External links
4398:
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4375:
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4357:"Jewish Music"
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3676:Main article:
3673:
3670:
3666:Sephardic Jews
3650:Darius Milhaud
3644:As a child in
3629:Sacred Service
3584:Main article:
3581:
3578:
3554:Salamone Rossi
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3517:Ottoman Empire
3474:Main article:
3471:
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3452:Main article:
3449:
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3434:Main article:
3431:
3428:
3423:Main article:
3420:
3417:
3413:Julius Mombach
3393:Salomon Sulzer
3378:Salomon Sulzer
3374:Franz Schubert
3338:Thomas Olivers
3318:Charles Burney
3292:
3289:
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3047:
2976:Main article:
2973:
2970:
2904:(ram's horn),
2900:(tambourine),
2864:
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2856:Main article:
2853:
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2845:Edwin Seroussi
2833:Biblical music
2808:
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2014:United Kingdom
2010:
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1066:Islamic–Jewish
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837:Ancient Israel
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66:"Jewish music"
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14:
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6068:Protestantism
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5777:
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5772:
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5757:
5756:Sefer HaBahir
5754:
5752:
5749:
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5708:
5705:
5703:
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5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5683:Sifrei Kodesh
5681:
5680:
5678:
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5555:
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5550:
5546:
5540:
5539:Who is a Jew?
5537:
5535:
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5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5468:Chosen people
5466:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5434:
5431:
5425:
5424:Scots-Yiddish
5422:
5418:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5397:Klezmer-loshn
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5374:
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5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:Judeo-Shirazi
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5242:Judeo-Persian
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5232:Judeo-Marathi
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5210:Judeo-Italian
5208:
5206:
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5201:
5198:
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5088:
5085:
5081:
5078:
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5076:
5073:
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5068:
5066:
5065:Judeo-Amazigh
5063:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4975:
4971:
4957:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4900:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:Hadhrami Jews
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4853:Mountain Jews
4851:
4849:
4848:Egyptian Jews
4846:
4844:
4843:Bukharan Jews
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Lists of Jews
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4469:
4466:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4295:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4229:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4145:
4142:
4136:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4118:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4083:
4070:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3986:
3983:
3977:
3974:
3968:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3942:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3903:13th symphony
3900:
3899:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3870:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3850:Maurice Ravel
3848:
3847:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3815:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3770:Mediterranean
3767:
3763:
3757:
3756:Mizrahi music
3749:
3747:
3732:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3720:Yitzhak Yedid
3717:
3716:Mark Kopytman
3713:
3709:
3708:Betty Olivero
3704:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3689:Paul Ben-Haim
3682:
3679:
3672:Israeli music
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3385:
3384:(1785–1869).
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3332:inspired the
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3297:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3180:North African
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:(in Yiddish,
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:Adonai Malach
2993:
2989:
2988:Ahavah Rabbah
2985:
2979:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2862:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2817:Jewish people
2814:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Judeo-Aramaic
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Judeo-Italian
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Ghardaïa Sign
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:Denominations
2204:
2203:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2036:United States
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1522:Guinea-Bissau
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1376:Lists of Jews
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1151:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1135:The Holocaust
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1006:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
982:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
927:
926:
923:
919:
914:
909:
907:
902:
898:
894:
891:
886:
881:
877:
873:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
841:
838:
834:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
784:
783:
778:
773:
768:
767:
756:
753:
750:
749:
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:Mishneh Torah
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:
716:
713:
711:
708:
707:
706:
705:
702:
698:
693:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
679:
675:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
651:
647:
642:
637:
636:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
574:
572:
569:
567:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
519:
515:
512:
511:
508:
503:
502:
497:
496:Who is a Jew?
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
466:
456:
451:
449:
444:
442:
437:
436:
434:
433:
428:
425:
424:
421:
418:
417:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
383:
380:
377:
376:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
352:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
337:
336:
332:
331:
328:
327:
323:
322:
321:
320:
315:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
284:
280:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
259:
256:
252:
247:
244:
243:
240:
237:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
213:
212:
209:
205:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
158:
155:
154:Israeli music
146:
138:
133:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
6569:Jewish music
6535:Arabic maqam
6499:Pontic Greek
6483:Israeli folk
6311:
6133:
6126:
6112:
6035:
6028:
6016:
5999:
5982:
5890:
5816:perspectives
5650:Samaritanism
5611:Neo-Hasidism
5591:Conservative
5505:Names of God
5414:
5395:
5205:Judaeo-Greek
5200:Judeo-Gascon
5139:Lishán Didán
5134:Lishana Deni
5102:Judeo-Yemeni
5070:Judeo-Arabic
4944:Meshuchrarim
4863:Persian Jews
4796:Kurdish Jews
4774:Kaifeng Jews
4723:Beta Abraham
4686:Galitzianers
4641:Antisemitism
4616:Israeli Jews
4601:Assimilation
4392:
4378:
4371:
4360:
4349:
4342:
4332:
4318:
4311:
4305:Bibliography
4294:
4285:
4276:
4267:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4242:
4237:
4228:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4126:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4069:cite journal
4058:
4049:
4040:
4031:
4022:
4014:
4005:
3985:
3976:
3955:David Conway
3944:
3906:
3896:
3884:
3867:
3853:
3844:
3772:(especially
3759:
3744:
3729:
3726:Israeli folk
3705:
3686:
3653:
3643:
3638:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3615:Ernest Bloch
3608:
3589:
3558:
3552:
3532:
3520:
3512:
3510:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3439:
3386:
3372:
3361:
3354:Isaac Nathan
3347:
3341:
3327:
3310:
3284:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3237:
3235:
3222:
3204:
3203:
3187:
3175:
3161:
3154:
3153:
3138:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3052:
3028:
3018:
3016:
3007:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2954:
2941:
2925:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2879:
2872:
2813:Jewish music
2812:
2811:
2752:Post-Zionism
2623:Judeo-Berber
2618:Judeo-Arabic
2578:Judeo-Gascon
2371:
2325:Pidyon haben
2244:Conservative
1790:Saudi Arabia
1608:South Africa
1597:Sierra Leone
1419:Israeli Jews
1333:Mosaic Arabs
1286:Kaifeng Jews
1147:Arab–Israeli
1120:Emancipation
999:Great Revolt
808:Anti-Judaism
803:Antisemitism
798:Name "Judea"
593:Baal teshuva
355:Dreidel song
333:
324:
170:Contemporary
151:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
18:Jewish Music
6539:Iraqi maqam
6425:Palestinian
6296:Palestinian
6058:Catholicism
5640:Hellenistic
5478:Eschatology
5416:Lachoudisch
5341:Lotegorisch
5319:Lachoudisch
5309:Koiné Greek
5222:Judeo-Latin
5159:Palestinian
5053:Palestinian
4902:Mustaʿravim
4828:Afghan Jews
4816:Berber Jews
4740:Bene Israel
4728:Falash Mura
4718:Beta Israel
4636:Persecution
4578:Middle Ages
3951:canto fermo
3790:Zohar Argov
3697:Ödön Pártos
3609:The Jewish
3415:in London.
3368:contrafacta
3261:Isaac Luria
3253:Kabbalistic
3227:Middle Ages
3088:keleichomos
2992:Magein Avot
2946:water organ
2906:ḥatzotzᵊrot
2747:Revisionist
2737:Neo-Zionism
2344:Zeved habat
2137:Puerto Rico
1963:Netherlands
1795:South Korea
1780:Philippines
1660:Afghanistan
1527:Ivory Coast
1301:Crypto-Jews
1266:Bnei Anusim
1245:Bene Israel
1210:Beta Israel
1167:Communities
1074:Middle Ages
813:Persecution
588:Bereavement
386:Ma Nishtana
348:Oh Chanukah
6563:Categories
6342:Luri music
6053:Anabaptism
5995:Jew (word)
5862:Leadership
5675:Literature
5660:Secularism
5606:Humanistic
5473:Conversion
5443:Philosophy
5284:Judeo-Urdu
5048:Babylonian
4893:Saada Jews
4878:Adeni Jews
4671:Ashkenazim
4626:Samaritans
4593:Population
4548:Israelites
4345:(10 vols.)
3989:See, e.g.
3969:References
3901:, and the
3869:Kol Nidrei
3838:media help
3786:percussion
3693:Marc Lavry
3464:kleyzmerim
3460:kleyzmorim
3403:in Paris,
3358:Lord Byron
3283:movement.
3255:circle in
3231:folk songs
3172:Iraqi Jews
3060:monophonic
3027:) and the
2965:antiphonal
2955:After the
2950:Kol Nidrei
2938:pipe organ
2928:) made of
2732:Maximalism
2684:Secularism
2664:Autonomism
2481:Literature
2274:Humanistic
1878:Azerbaijan
1840:Uzbekistan
1815:Tajikistan
1735:Kyrgyzstan
1720:Kazakhstan
1567:Mozambique
1542:Madagascar
1462:Cape Verde
1414:New Yishuv
1409:Old Yishuv
1360:Population
1338:Subbotniks
1296:Samaritans
1235:Romanyotim
1178:Ashkenazim
1125:Old Yishuv
1105:Sabbateans
1092:Modern era
1084:Golden Age
1011:Bar Kokhba
731:Beit Yosef
598:Philosophy
427:Bar Yochai
420:Lag BaOmer
403:Chad Gadya
367:Mi Y'malel
360:Al Hanisim
152:Jewish and
77:newspapers
6400:Jordanian
6351:By region
6199:Arabesque
6115:indicate
6063:Mormonism
6048:Christian
5928:Symbolism
5916:Synagogue
5896:Mythology
5857:Education
5828:Astronomy
5811:Astrology
5628:relations
5433:Zarphatic
5381:Galitzish
5183:Yeshivish
5060:Catalanic
5023:Samaritan
4998:Ashkenazi
4979:Diasporic
4974:Languages
4919:Sephardim
4914:Romaniote
4801:Krymchaks
4735:Desi Jews
4611:Buddhists
3905:, titled
3875:Kol Nidre
3860:Max Bruch
3493:Argentina
3485:canciones
3481:Sephardic
3336:minister
3334:Methodist
3330:Myer Lyon
3322:Amsterdam
3246:Aleppian
3244:Sephardic
3176:shbaִhoth
3140:Adon Olam
3107:With the
3084:meshorrer
3064:Ashkenazi
3008:meshorrer
2961:synagogue
2821:synagogue
2742:Religious
2598:Zarphatic
2588:Bukharian
2558:Judeo-Tat
2543:Yeshivish
2517:Languages
2472:Sephardic
2462:Israelite
2452:Ethiopian
2442:Ashkenazi
2381:Religious
2171:Australia
2153:Venezuela
2059:Argentina
2041:Greenland
1953:Lithuania
1805:Sri Lanka
1800:Singapore
1725:Kurdistan
1690:Indonesia
1680:Hong Kong
1633:Abayudaya
1557:Mauritius
1291:Igbo Jews
1281:Krymchaks
1200:Sephardim
1068:relations
962:Sadducees
958:Pharisees
948:Sanhedrin
863:Jerusalem
623:Synagogue
491:Etymology
343:Blessings
239:Classical
222:Sephardic
161:Religious
107:June 2014
6415:Lebanese
6368:Egyptian
6358:Bahraini
6292:Lebanese
6273:Egyptian
6249:Assyrian
6192:By style
6128:Category
6098:Hinduism
6088:Buddhism
5990:Genetics
5906:Politics
5879:Marriage
5838:Holidays
5833:Calendar
5714:Rabbinic
5690:/Hebrew
5635:Haymanot
5562:Orthodox
5549:Branches
5522:Kabbalah
5517:Haskalah
5495:Holiness
5371:dialects
5351:Shassagh
5314:Krymchak
5294:Kayliñña
5188:Yinglish
5164:Galilean
5154:Talmudic
5149:Biblical
5124:Betanure
5043:Biblical
5038:Mishnaic
5033:Medieval
5018:Tiberian
5013:Yemenite
5003:Sephardi
4939:Paradesi
4883:Ḥabbanim
4873:Teimanim
4838:Baghdadi
4811:Maghrebi
4779:Karaites
4757:Gruzínim
4745:Kochinim
4663:Diaspora
4621:Karaites
4606:Atheists
4543:Timeline
4442:Archived
4415:Archived
3994:Archived
3914:See also
3907:Babi Yar
3620:Schelomo
3574:Reformed
3281:Hassidic
3265:Baqashot
3239:baqashot
3156:Pizmonim
3131:acrostic
3119:Mishnaic
3115:Piyyutim
3110:piyyutim
3078:) and a
3035:Prophets
3030:haftarah
3020:parashah
2942:magrepha
2926:tziltzal
2916:and the
2896:(harp),
2892:(lyre),
2829:biblical
2769:Category
2727:Kahanism
2674:Feminism
2646:Politics
2530:Biblical
2500:American
2447:Bukharan
2437:American
2337:Shidduch
2313:Clothing
2269:Haymanot
2215:Orthodox
2143:Suriname
2126:Paraguay
2079:Colombia
1978:Portugal
1888:Bulgaria
1825:Thailand
1775:Pakistan
1755:Mongolia
1750:Malaysia
1670:Cambodia
1644:Zimbabwe
1619:Tanzania
1497:Eswatini
1487:Ethiopia
1477:Djibouti
1457:Cameroon
1452:Botswana
1381:Diaspora
1343:Noahides
1316:Marranos
1240:Cochinim
1225:Bukharim
1215:Gruzinim
1205:Teimanim
1195:Mizrahim
1183:Galician
1149:conflict
1110:Hasidism
1100:Haskalah
1005:Diaspora
876:timeline
788:Timeline
701:Rabbinic
608:Kabbalah
583:Marriage
559:Tzedakah
549:Holidays
507:Religion
470:a series
468:Part of
335:Hanukkah
264:Hatikvah
199:Baqashot
194:Pizmonim
6515:Fantezi
6510:Dastgah
6503:Turkish
6495:Persian
6491:Kurdish
6445:Turkish
6410:Kuwaiti
6405:Kurdish
6395:Israeli
6385:Iranian
6380:Emirati
6363:Cypriot
6335:Turkish
6331:Iranian
6300:Turkish
6281:Israeli
6277:Iranian
6264:Hip hop
6257:Turkish
6253:Iranian
6224:khaliji
6220:Bedouin
6216:al-jeel
6204:Turkish
6113:Italics
5938:Studies
5884:Divorce
5850:Kashrut
5845:Cuisine
5803:Culture
5734:Midrash
5729:Tosefta
5719:Mishnah
5707:Ketuvim
5702:Nevi'im
5665:Schisms
5655:Science
5645:Karaite
5616:Renewal
5577:Litvaks
5572:Hasidic
5527:Sefirot
5512:Halakha
5483:Messiah
5456:Mitzvah
5451:Beliefs
5405:Western
5391:Poylish
5386:Litvish
5376:Eastern
5366:Yiddish
5361:Shuadit
5346:Qwareña
5334:Tetuani
5329:Haketia
5304:Knaanic
5299:Kivruli
5247:Bukhori
5193:Heblish
5129:Hulaulá
5119:Barzani
5075:Yahudic
5008:Mizrahi
4868:Urfalim
4823:Mizrahi
4767:Neofiti
4762:Italkim
4691:Lita'im
4583:Zionism
4535:History
4509:Judaism
3959:klezmer
3930:Klezmer
3750:Mizrahi
3633:Requiem
3604:shtetls
3525:Balkans
3489:Morocco
3454:Klezmer
3448:Klezmer
3442:Gentile
3389:harmony
3285:Nigunim
3277:nigunim
3223:zemirot
3215:Yiddish
3211:Aramaic
3206:Zemirot
3163:zemirot
3127:Aramaic
3080:descant
3072:Yiddish
3039:neginot
3012:descant
3000:chazzan
2914:alamoth
2886:Mishnah
2831:times (
2825:klezmer
2712:General
2703:Zionism
2679:Leftism
2669:Bundism
2593:Knaanic
2553:Yevanic
2538:Yiddish
2495:Yiddish
2490:Israeli
2467:Mizrahi
2457:Israeli
2428:Cuisine
2404:Ancient
2386:Secular
2332:Kashrut
2308:Wedding
2295:Customs
2287:Culture
2264:Science
2259:Renewal
2249:Karaite
2230:Hasidic
2162:Oceania
2148:Uruguay
2116:Jamaica
2096:Ecuador
2064:Bolivia
2008:Ukraine
1983:Romania
1958:Moldova
1938:Hungary
1928:Germany
1923:Georgia
1913:Finland
1908:Estonia
1903:Denmark
1898:Czechia
1883:Belarus
1873:Austria
1868:Armenia
1845:Vietnam
1760:Myanmar
1745:Lebanon
1665:Bahrain
1624:Tunisia
1602:Somalia
1577:Nigeria
1572:Namibia
1562:Morocco
1492:Eritrea
1437:Algeria
1321:Neofiti
1230:Italkim
1220:Juhurim
1130:Zionism
1079:Khazars
974:Sicarii
970:Zealots
966:Essenes
953:Schisms
818:Leaders
780:General
772:History
715:Tosefta
710:Midrash
687:Mishnah
669:Ketuvim
664:Nevi'im
613:Customs
544:Shabbat
539:Halakha
531: (
529:Mitzvot
516: (
482:Judaism
396:Adir Hu
326:Shabbat
227:Mizrahi
217:Klezmer
208:Secular
182:Zemirot
91:scholar
6530:Khigga
6487:Jewish
6450:Yemeni
6440:Syrian
6430:Qatari
6373:Coptic
6327:Arabic
6312:Jewish
6286:Jewish
6269:Arabic
6239:Coptic
6211:Arabic
5921:Hazzan
5911:Prayer
5788:Siddur
5724:Talmud
5688:Tanakh
5623:Neolog
5596:Reform
5584:Modern
5567:Haredi
5490:Ethics
5356:Shassi
5324:Ladino
5289:Karaim
5272:Juhuri
5114:Targum
5028:Signed
4993:Modern
4988:Hebrew
4956:Xuetes
4752:Dönmeh
4711:Yekkes
4462:A list
4325:
3883:wrote
3852:wrote
3782:string
3778:violin
3766:Arabic
3699:, and
3662:Ladino
3506:Ladino
3501:Greece
3497:Turkey
3411:, and
3409:Berlin
3397:Vienna
3343:Yigdal
3248:Jewish
3219:Ladino
3188:coplas
3184:Ladino
3168:Aleppo
3123:Hebrew
3076:singer
3056:hazzan
3043:neumes
2984:nusach
2934:Talmud
2932:. The
2930:copper
2922:cymbal
2910:chalil
2902:shofar
2890:kinnor
2884:. The
2875:Temple
2774:Portal
2633:Domari
2563:Shassi
2524:Hebrew
2419:Humour
2363:Hiloni
2358:Aliyah
2318:Niddah
2303:Minyan
2238:Reform
2225:Haredi
2220:Modern
2121:Mexico
2106:Guyana
2069:Brazil
2031:Canada
2003:Sweden
1993:Serbia
1988:Russia
1973:Poland
1968:Norway
1948:Latvia
1933:Greece
1918:France
1893:Cyprus
1859:Europe
1830:Turkey
1820:Taiwan
1730:Kuwait
1715:Jordan
1705:Israel
1639:Zambia
1629:Uganda
1547:Malawi
1517:Guinea
1507:Gambia
1442:Angola
1428:Africa
1311:Dönmeh
1306:Anusim
1250:Berber
1188:Litvak
1140:Israel
1046:
983:
897:Second
865:
726:Targum
692:Gemara
678:Talmud
650:Tanakh
603:Ethics
554:Prayer
391:Dayenu
372:Ner Li
297:Ballet
255:Israel
177:Piyyut
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
6525:Kanto
6479:belly
6466:Dance
6420:Omani
6390:Iraqi
6228:samri
6093:Islam
5901:Names
5891:Music
5872:Rebbe
5867:Rabbi
5821:Monen
5776:Zohar
5697:Torah
5692:Bible
4806:Lemba
4681:Chuts
4177:IMSLP
3936:Notes
3774:Greek
3534:maqam
3529:Egypt
3519:(the
3275:(pl.
3272:Nigun
3257:Safed
3149:Spain
3025:Torah
2918:uggav
2894:nevel
2722:Labor
2717:Green
2414:Dance
2372:Music
2191:Palau
2111:Haiti
2074:Chile
1998:Spain
1943:Italy
1850:Yemen
1810:Syria
1785:Qatar
1765:Nepal
1710:Japan
1685:India
1675:China
1614:Sudan
1537:Libya
1532:Kenya
1512:Ghana
1502:Gabon
1482:Egypt
1467:Benin
1326:Xueta
1271:Lemba
890:First
755:Zohar
659:Torah
641:Texts
628:Rabbi
618:Rites
518:names
304:Horah
283:Dance
187:Nigun
98:JSTOR
84:books
6548:Usul
6520:Iqa'
6471:Arab
6244:Folk
6232:sawt
4507:and
4505:Jews
4323:ISBN
4082:help
3768:and
3718:and
3538:mode
3527:and
3236:The
3068:bass
2994:and
2181:Guam
2176:Fiji
2131:Peru
2084:Cuba
1770:Oman
1740:Laos
1700:Iraq
1695:Iran
1652:Asia
1581:Igbo
1552:Mali
571:Brit
480:and
478:Jews
70:news
6541:),
6497:,
6322:Pop
5500:God
4359:in
4258:in
4013:",
3780:or
3714:,
3710:,
3600:Cui
3462:or
3407:in
3395:in
3360:'s
3217:or
3125:or
3074:as
2898:tof
2395:Art
741:Tur
533:613
53:by
6565::
6501:,
6493:,
6489:,
6485:,
6481:,
6477:,
6473:,
6333:,
6329:,
6298:,
6294:,
6290:,
6279:,
6275:,
6271:,
6255:,
6251:,
6230:,
6226:,
6222:,
6218:,
4341:,
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4067:{{
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972:,
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6469:(
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