481:
children of intermarriage are much more likely to intermarry themselves and much more likely than people with two Jewish parents to describe themselves religiously as atheist, agnostic or just “nothing in particular.” The Study "also suggests" that an increasing percentage of the children of intermarriages are Jewish in adulthood. Among
Americans age 65 and older who at the time of the survey said they had one Jewish parent, 25% were Jewish. By contrast, among adults under 30 with one Jewish parent, 59% were Jewish at the time of the survey. Therefore "in this sense, intermarriage may be transmitting Jewish identity to a growing number of Americans.". The survey qualifies that "it is snapshot in time and shows show associations, or linkages, rather than clear causal connections" and it is unknown "whether the large cohort of young adult children of intermarriage who are Jewish today will remain Jewish as they age, marry (and in some cases, intermarry), start families and move through the life cycle".
239:". Israelites were permitted to take foreign female prisoners of war as wives, but only under specific conditions: the women could not have come from any city within the Land of Israel, as these cities may have been inhabited by the aforementioned nations, the captive woman was to be a virgin; and was not allowed to have any sexual relations with her captor until after she had mourned her absent parents for a full month; if a soldier became tired of her, he was to give her freedom if she asked for it; he was not to sell her or enslave her since this was a marriage under compulsion. Also, the Torah posits that a Jewish soldier should not marry a captive non-Jewish woman as a wife because the son would rebel against his father; this would later happen to
458:)—do not generally regard the historic corpus and process of Jewish law as intrinsically binding. Progressive rabbinical associations have no firm prohibition against intermarriage; according to a survey of rabbis, conducted in 1985, more than 87% of Reconstructionist rabbis were willing to officiate at interfaith marriages, and in 2003 at least 50% of Reform rabbis were willing to perform interfaith marriages. The Central Conference of American Rabbis, the Reform rabbinical association in North America and the largest Progressive rabbinical association, consistently opposed intermarriage at least until the 1980s, including their members officiating at them, through resolutions and responsa. In 2015, the
407:(Mourning) for someone who has married outside the faith because unless to prevent assimilation both the father and the mother teach both their sons and daughters to accept the Iron Yoke of the Torah, the chances are not good the child will be raised in the Jewish faith; hence the sitting of Shiva is mourning for successive generations of children who will not be raised Jewish. Hence to the Orthodox Jews Intermarriage is the "Silent Holocaust"(see below). The only legal way for children of such relationships to be part of a Jewish community, is for them of their own free will to willingly accept the Iron Yoke of the Torah with help from Orthodox Jewish guidance.
339:– a person who was abandoned as a child without their parents being identified – was classified as a non-Jew, in relation to intermarriage, if they had been found in an area where at least one non-Jew lived (even if there were hundreds of Jews in the area, and just one non-Jew); this drastically contrasts with the treatment by other areas of Jewish religion, in which a foundling was classified as Jewish if the majority of the people were Jewish in the area in which the foundling was found. If the mother was known, but not the father, the child was treated as a foundling, unless the mother claimed that the child was an Israelite (the claim would be given
135:
490:
were interfaith; among Reform Jews 50% were interfaith; and, among Non-Denominational Jews 69% were interfaith. Among those who were religiously Jewish only 36% had interfaith marriages while 79% of
Atheist jews have interfaith marriages. Those who had been married longer also had lower rates of intermarriage. The rates of intermarriage have been consistent since 2000 but had decreased from a low of 17% of marriages being interfaith before 1970.
38:
439:, we should not reject them. We should continue to give our love and by that retain a measure of influence in their lives, Jewishly and otherwise. Life consists of constant growth and our adult children may yet reach a stage when Judaism has new meaning for them. However, the marriage between a Jew and non-Jew is not a celebration for the Jewish community....
777:
1121:
1004:
570:. On the other hand, more tolerant and liberal Jews embrace interfaith marriage as an enriching contribution to a multicultural society. Regardless of attitudes to intermarriage, there is now an increasing effort to reach out to descendants of intermarried parents, each Jewish denomination focusing on those it defines as
489:
In a Pew
Research poll conducted in 2013 found that religious and non religious Jews 58% of marriages were interfaith, but that there was significant differences in the prevalence of interfaith marriages by denomination. Among Orthodox Jews 2% of marriages were interfaith; among Conservative Jews 27%
381:
follow the historic Jewish attitudes to intermarriage, and therefore refuse to accept that intermarriages would have any validity or legitimacy, and strictly forbid sexual intercourse with a member of a different faith. Orthodox rabbis refuse to officiate at interfaith weddings, and also try to avoid
480:
The largest Reform
Synagogue in New York- Central Synagogue, performs "interfaith" marriages. Such marriages are conducted to strengthen Jewish continuity (with the aim that the non-Jewish spouse will convert to Judaism). The 2013 study by Pew Research "What happens when Jews intermarry?" found that
230:
marriage, on the other hand, was almost universally condemned, as it was perceived that such a union could result in the perversion or abandonment of
Israelite religion. Since the notion of these interethnic marriages were inextricably tied to the potential mixing of Israelite and foreign religions,
559:
reported an intermarriage rate of 52 percent among
American Jews. The possibility that this might lead to the gradual dying out of Judaism is regarded by most Jewish leaders, regardless of denomination, as precipitating a crisis. For this reason, as early as the mid 19th century, some senior Jewish
476:
answers the question "Is intermarriage contributing to the demise of
Judaism?" on its website, stating, "Intermarriage is the positive consequence of a free and open society. If the Jewish community is open, welcoming, embracing, and pluralistic, we will encourage more people to identify with the
394:
do reach out to intermarried Jews, especially Jewish women (because
Orthodox Jewish law considers the children of Jewish women to be Jews regardless of the father's status). For Orthodox Jews marriage of a Jewish man with a Jewish woman is a reunion of two halves of the same Soul; thus for the
539:
In the early 19th century, in some less modernised regions of the world, exogamy was extremely rare—less than 0.1% of the Jews of
Algeria, for example, practiced exogamy. In the early 20th century, even in most Germanic regions of central Europe there were still only a mere 5% of Jews marrying
563:
In the United States of
America, other causes, such as more people marrying later in life, have combined with intermarriage to cause the Jewish community to decrease dramatically; for every 20 adult Jews, there are now only 17 Jewish children. Some religious conservatives now even speak
599:
In Christian–Jewish relations, interfaith marriage and the associated phenomenon of Jewish assimilation are a matter of concern for both Jewish and Christian leaders. Most mainstream Christian churches accept and may even promote the conversion of Jews. However, a number of
328:, were regarded by the classical rabbis as having occurred only after the foreign spouse had converted to Judaism. Some opinions, however, still considered Canaanites forbidden to marry even after conversion; this did not necessarily apply to their children. The
301:, but they also altered it to forbid marriages involving those who lived in states that would prevent children of the marriage from being raised Jewish. This conference was highly controversial; one of its resolutions called on its members to abolish the
266:
The Talmud holds that a marriage between a Jew and a non-Jew is both prohibited and also does not constitute a marriage under Jewish law – the non-Jew would need to convert in order for the marriage to be legal. From biblical times until the Middle Ages,
189:
found that 42% of all currently married Jewish respondents indicated they have a non-Jewish spouse. Among those who had married since 2010, 61% were intermarried and the percent increases to 72% when Orthodox Jews were excluded from the data.
669:
has also announced an initiative to prevent interfaith relationships, providing a telephone hotline for friends and family to "inform" on Jewish girls who date Arab men as well as psychologists to provide counselling. The city of
640:
Most Israeli Jews oppose mixed relationships, particularly those between Jewish women and Muslim men. A 2007 opinion survey found that over half of Israeli Jews believed intermarriage is equivalent to "national treason". In 2005,
234:
The Bible contains numerous laws which either forbid or restrict interethnic, and thus interfaith, marriage: ancient Israelites were forbidden from intermarrying with any one of seven "nations" that also dwelt within the
689:
study, conducted in 2014-2015, stated that they would be not be completely comfortable with their child marrying a Muslim while 89 percent expressed similar views when asked about a hypothetical marriage to a Christian.
924:
Going back to biblical times and into the second century BCE through late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, the Jewish collectivity seemed rather amenable to exogamy and conversion. This has changed in later
414:
does not sanction or recognize the Jewish legal validity of intermarriage, but encourages acceptance of the non-Jewish spouse within the family, hoping that such acceptance will lead to the spouse's
1651:
678:
men. In November 2019, Lehava leader Gopstein was indicted on charges of incitement to terrorism, violence, and racism. Chemla is also dictated of rescuing Jewish Women from marriage with Arabs
422:
Standards of Rabbinic Practice prohibit Conservative rabbis from officiating at intermarriages, and officially forbade Conservative rabbis from attending intermarriages until 2018. In 1995 the
312:
Traditional Judaism does not consider marriage between a Jew by birth and a convert as an intermarriage. Hence, all the Biblical passages that appear to support intermarriages, such as that of
709:
581:
In some cases, children of a Jewish parent were raised in the non-Jewish parent's religion while maintaining a sense of Jewish ethnicity and identity. An example of such a child is the late
506:
marriage. Unlike Reform Judaism, the Orthodox stream does not accept as Jewish a person whose mother is not Jewish, nor a convert whose conversion was not performed according to classical
1465:
472:
is a Jewish movement that offers a nontheistic alternative in contemporary Jewish life, and defines Judaism as the cultural and historical experience of the Jewish people. The
609:
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declared that such marriages although not valid under Jewish law were civilly valid and should not be treated as anathema. In 1844, the 1807 ruling was extended by the
55:
510:. Conservative Judaism does not accept patrilineal descent. Some Conservative rabbis will accept Reform conversions even absent traditional halachic criteria.
258:
is described as exhorting his fellow Jews to send away their "foreign" wives and children, and under his tutelage intermarriage came to be highly discouraged.
540:
non-Jews. However, the picture was quite different in other locations; the figure was 18% for Berlin, and during the same period, nearly half of all Jews in
513:
Occasionally, a Jew marries a non-Jew who believes in God as understood by Judaism, and who rejects non-Jewish theologies; Jews sometimes call such people
170:) was historically looked upon with very strong disfavor by Jewish leaders, and it remains a controversial issue among them today. Many Jews followed the
423:
1655:
278:
In Europe, Medieval Christian rulers regarded unions between Jews and Christians unfavourably, and repeatedly prohibited them under penalty of death.
1990:
1417:
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Interfaith marriages are extremely rare in Israel, reaching about two percent of the population. In addition, about 97 percent of Jews in the same
1960:
1751:
2065:
1399:
1380:
1361:
1865:
910:
102:
459:
74:
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527:– the biblical description of someone who is not Jewish, but who lives within the Jewish community; according to Jewish tradition, such
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1268:
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1941:
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81:
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and its commentaries bring various opinions as to whether intermarriage is a Torah prohibition and when the prohibition is rabbinic.
574:; secular and non-denominational Jewish organisations have sprung up to bring the descendants of intermarried parents back into the
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548:
121:
585:, who had a Jewish father, but was a lifelong Episcopalian like his mother, though Goldwater rarely referred to himself as Jewish.
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between 1996 and 2001, nearly half (47%) of Jews who had married during that time period had married non-Jewish partners. The 1990
1497:
1190:
Strnad, Maximilian (2015). "The Fortune of Survival – Intermarried German Jews in the Dying Breath of the 'Thousand-Year Reich'".
1839:
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In the past, intermarriage... was viewed as an act of rebellion, a rejection of Judaism. Jews who intermarried were essentially
88:
1806:
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59:
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the biblical text uses the condition of having "foreign" spouses to illustrate the concerns surrounding interfaith unions.
70:
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2016:
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521:, an Orthodox Rabbi, has made the controversial proposal that, in these cases, the non-Jewish partner be considered a
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139:
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service. One member of the Brunswick Conference later changed his opinion, becoming an opponent of intermarriage.
48:
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denominations have publicly declared that they will no longer adhere to this practice. These churches embrace
435:. But now, intermarriage is often the result of living in an open society... If our children end up marrying
281:
Gradually, however, many countries removed these restrictions, and marriage between Jews and Christians (and
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1139:
1022:
95:
1978:
Israel National News Chemla organization: "Jewish women ensnared into marriage with Arabs" 30 November 2023
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605:
340:
321:
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Jewish people rather than fewer. Intermarriage could contribute to the continuity of the Jewish people."
867:
415:
313:
386:, and an intermarried person is effectively cut off from most of the Orthodox community, although some
182:"; in Halakha marriage between a Jew and a gentile is both prohibited, and also void under Jewish law.
1743:
905:. Fertility, Reproduction and Sexuality: Social and Cultural Perspectives. Berghahn Books. p. 7.
1281:
653:. The group's name is an acronym for “To Prevent Assimilation in the Holy Land”. A group of Jewish "
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share many of the same responsibilities and privileges as the Jewish community in which they reside.
411:
391:
1396:
1377:
1358:
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1098:
Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Sanctity, Laws of Prohibited Relations, 12:22 and Maggid Mashnah ad. loc.
1017:
134:
1626:"American Jewry Today - Jewish Population Statistics - 2000 NJPS National Jewish Population Survey"
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686:
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419:
383:
186:
1925:
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1207:
878:
469:
1822:
David Cho, "Conversion Outreach Plan Stirs Outrage: Jews for Jesus Trains 600 for Street Work",
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the first type of Judaism to officially allow rabbis in relationships with non-Jewish partners.
215:
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906:
642:
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1629:
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until the advent of new Jewish movements following the Jewish Enlightenment resulted in the "
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714:
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1466:"'Judaism Shouldn't Have to Stay Alive Only Because Jews Are Afraid of Everything Else'"
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In more recent times, rates of intermarriage have increased generally; for example, the
1130:
1076:
1013:
968:
679:
629:
447:
351:
329:
286:
236:
1843:
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Ask the Rabbi query - Response of Rabbi Eliezer Zalmanov for Chabad.org 22 August 2022
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1883:
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1125:
1008:
902:
Assisting Reproduction, Testing Genes: Global Encounters with the New Biotechnologies
781:
17:
1866:"Israeli press review: Minister calls marriages with non-Jews 'a second Holocaust'"
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560:
leaders denounced intermarriage as a danger to the continued existence of Judaism.
499:
347:
289:
induced the Jews bespoused by such marriages to dissolve them. In 1807, Napoleon's
199:
1803:
1346:, Irwin H. Fishbein, Rabbi, D. Min., Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling,
1203:
254:
renewed concerns for maintaining the "purity" of the ethnic Israelite population.
214:, are described taking non-Israelite women as wives or consorts, and the books of
1977:
674:
launched a school programme in schools to warn Jewish girls against dating local
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666:
646:
223:
37:
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Chabad.org: On Intermarriage - The Basis for Jewish Opposition to Intermarriage
1325:
1702:
1246:
1071:
671:
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403:(gentile man) would be considered a disgrace. Some Orthodox families will sit
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240:
219:
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contains numerous examples of interethnic marriage. Numerous figures, such as
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in an effort to stop Jewish women from dating Arab men. The municipality of
658:
541:
382:
assisting them in other ways. Secular intermarriage is seen as a deliberate
302:
144:
1782:
1387:
CCAR Responsa (Vol. XCII, 1982, pp. 213–215), American Reform Responsa 149.
1764:
1418:"Reconstructionists give green light to intermarried rabbinical students"
1347:
514:
1368:
CCAR Responsa (Vol. XC, 1980, pp. 86–102), American Reform Responsa 146.
1124: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1007: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
462:
voted to accept rabbinical students in interfaith relationships, making
1961:"Lehava head Bentzi Gopstein indicted for incitement to terror, racism"
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1543:
1539:
1535:
675:
507:
367:
317:
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179:
175:
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Policies of mainline and liberal Christians towards proselytizing Jews
744:
654:
650:
396:
363:
171:
148:
399:" (gentile woman) or a Jewish woman to have any relationship with a
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1344:
Summary of Rabbinic Center for Research and Counseling 2003 Survey
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Marriages between Jews and "German-blooded" people were banned in
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211:
207:
133:
780:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1991:"The Israeli Charity "Helping" Jewish Women in "Arab Captivity""
325:
255:
1652:"National Jewish Population Survey: 1990 - My Jewish Learning"
436:
400:
31:
1744:"Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89"
759:"Jewish Americans In 2020: Marriage, families and children"
1226:"New Chabad Representatives Broach Intermarriage Directly"
845:
710:
Association for the Protection of Mixed Families' Rights
498:
Different movements in Judaism have different views on
395:
Orthodox a Jewish man to have any relationship with a "
1765:
Ecumenical Considerations on Jewish-Christian Dialogue
1690:
Referate über die der Ersten Synode Gestellten Anträge
446:
The more liberal American Jewish movements—including
2046:
Supporting Interfaith Families Exploring Jewish Life
1942:"Israeli drive to prevent Jewish girls dating Arabs"
610:
counter-missionary and anti-missionary organizations
426:
published the following statement on intermarriage:
271:(marriage outside the community) was common, as was
185:
A 2020 survey conducted in the United States by the
1406:
CCAR Responsa (1979), American Reform Responsa 147.
370:are clear that the institution of Jewish marriage,
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1720:
1572:Census of the Baverian Kingdom, Statistics Bureaux
1628:. Judaism.about.com. 11 June 2009. Archived from
1498:"Chapter 2: Intermarriage and Other Demographics"
807:Deuteronomy 20:15-17; Joshua 9:1-2; Joshua 24:12
1779:"Should Christians Attempt to Evangelize Jews?"
1654:. Smyjewishlearning.atypica.com. Archived from
1115:
1113:
1036:Jewish Encyclopedia, "Conferences, Rabbinical"
998:
996:
994:
649:, founded the anti-miscegenation organisation
218:describe widespread intermarriage of Jews and
27:Jewish religious views on interfaith marriages
1397:Prayer for Couple Contemplating Intermarriage
1269:Response of Rabbi Eliezer Zalmanov 08/01/2019
797:Response of Rabbi Eliezer Zalmanov 08/19/2022
494:The exact definition of 'interfaith' marriage
8:
899:Birenbaum-Carmeli, D.; Inhorn, M.C. (2009).
549:US National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01
1306:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
424:Leadership Council of Conservative Judaism
1903:"Israel's vile anti-miscegenation squads"
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
2017:"11. Intergroup marriage and friendship"
739:
737:
733:
636:Opposition to mixed marriages in Israel
299:any adherent of a monotheistic religion
1921:"'Protecting' Jewish girls from Arabs"
1258:On Intermarriage Rabbi Eliezer Shemtov
645:, a disciple of the ultra-nationalist
1378:Rabbi Officiating at a Mixed Marriage
564:metaphorically of intermarriage as a
374:, can only be effected between Jews.
7:
2015:Pew Research Center (8 March 2016).
1901:Freedman, Seth (29 September 2009).
1484:"What happens when Jews intermarry?"
460:Reconstructionist Rabbinical College
60:adding citations to reliable sources
1688:Geiger and Aub,Leipsic Synod 1869;
682:also opposes Interfaith marriages.
456:World Union for Progressive Judaism
1754:from the original on 7 March 2013.
1464:Ettinger, Yair (14 January 2019).
502:, and thus on what constitutes an
493:
295:Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick
25:
1989:Gontarz, Nir (22 December 2018).
1677:What Is Wrong with Intermarriage?
1359:Reform Judaism and Mixed Marriage
1324:, The Jewish Outreach Institute,
1282:"Update to Standards of Practice"
1133:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
1016:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
879:Intermarriage Jewish Encyclopedia
557:National Jewish Population Survey
1322:Survey of the American Rabbinate
1143:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1119:
1026:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1002:
835:Woman captured in War Aish Torah
816:Numbers:31 17-18; Judges 21:9-21
775:
412:Conservative Movement in Judaism
174:and all of resulting Jewish law
71:"Interfaith marriage in Judaism"
36:
1613:Census of New South Wales, 1901
1416:Lisa Hostein (1 October 2015).
1192:Dapim: Studies on the Holocaust
632:actively work to encourage it.
454:(collectively organized in the
368:classical sources of Jewish law
47:needs additional citations for
1560:Census for Prussian Statistics
786:Legends of the Jews pp.100-101
474:Society for Humanistic Judaism
160:Interfaith marriage in Judaism
1:
2066:Judaism-related controversies
1842:. Aishdas.org. Archived from
1204:10.1080/23256249.2015.1082806
1180:(Palestinian Talmud only) 1:9
657:" men started patrolling the
1781:. abrock.com. Archived from
1742:Clymer, Adam (29 May 1998).
1047:Israelitische Religionslehre
147:, depicting the marriage of
1826:, 17 August 2004; Page B01
1767:(World Council of Churches)
1717:"Jewish Outreach Institute"
285:) began to occur. In 1236,
140:The Wedding Feast of Samson
2097:
1310:Statement on Intermarriage
846:The Torah position on Rape
592:
589:Christian–Jewish relations
222:, and to a lesser extent,
1719:. joi.org. Archived from
1312:, Adopted on 7 March 1995
616:encourage Jews to reject
464:Reconstructionist Judaism
1813:(religioustolerance.org)
1330:3 September 2009 at the
705:Jewish views of marriage
595:Christianity and Judaism
553:United States of America
341:the benefit of the doubt
305:prayer, which opens the
1286:The Rabbinical Assembly
1247:In laws and Shabbat Law
1140:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1023:The Jewish Encyclopedia
608:. Additionally, Jewish
535:Impact and consequences
1445:. Shj.org. 13 May 2013
1349:(retrieved 6 May 2009)
1334:(retrieved 6 May 2009)
986:Sefer Mitzvot ha-Gadol
889:Ezra Chapters 9 and 10
606:dual-covenant theology
262:Later laws and rulings
156:
1809:12 March 2017 at the
1607:specifically, 44% in
1524:Demography of Algeria
1280:Rabbinical-Assembly.
857:Woman captured in war
602:Progressive Christian
551:reports that, in the
416:conversion to Judaism
273:conversion to Judaism
137:
1929:. 18 September 2009.
1584:Statebook of Austria
1526:, Paris, 1860, p. 71
1443:"13 Tough Questions"
1402:21 July 2011 at the
1383:21 July 2011 at the
1364:21 July 2011 at the
959:) 4:363; 5:359; 7;27
953:Geschichte der Juden
825:Deuteronomy 21:10-14
392:Modern Orthodox Jews
384:rejection of Judaism
56:improve this article
18:Jewish intermarriage
2081:Interfaith marriage
1824:The Washington Post
1777:Brockway, Allan R.
1596:Statistics Yearbook
1586:8:283, Vienna, 1900
1502:Pew Research Center
1045:Ludwig Philippson,
957:History of the Jews
763:Pew Research Center
700:Interfaith marriage
687:Pew Research Center
628:organizations like
420:Rabbinical Assembly
187:Pew Research Center
2061:Jewish marital law
1965:The Jerusalem Post
1926:The Jerusalem Post
1884:"Racism in Israel"
1840:"Aishdas Torahnet"
1785:on 24 January 2010
1748:The New York Times
1723:on 3 February 2011
1703:"Beta-Gershom.org"
1089:Genesis Rabbah, 65
937:Codex Theodosianus
470:Humanistic Judaism
250:The crisis of the
157:
2076:Negative Mitzvoth
1615:, Bulletin No. 14
912:978-1-84545-941-3
643:Ben-Zion Gopstein
452:Reconstructionist
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661:neighborhood of
626:Messianic Jewish
614:Outreach Judaism
567:silent holocaust
519:Steven Greenberg
388:Chabad-Lubavitch
379:Orthodox Judaism
377:All branches of
358:Modern attitudes
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61:
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45:This article
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2020:. Retrieved
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
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1946:The National
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1907:The Guardian
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1848:. Retrieved
1844:the original
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1783:the original
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1725:. Retrieved
1721:the original
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1662:10 September
1660:. Retrieved
1656:the original
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1636:10 September
1634:. Retrieved
1630:the original
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1289:. Retrieved
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54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1135:"Foundling"
969:Leopold Löw
680:Yad L'Achim
667:Petah Tikva
647:Meir Kahane
297:to include
224:Philistines
2055:Categories
2000:27 October
1850:21 January
1679:Chabad.org
1449:22 October
1072:Yosef Karo
728:References
672:Kiryat Gat
618:conversion
508:Jewish law
504:interfaith
485:Prevalence
366:and later
350:under the
307:Yom Kippur
241:King David
220:Samaritans
82:newspapers
1828:full text
1789:3 January
1422:J. weekly
1232:5 January
1212:163076737
1166:Kiddushin
939:, 16:8, 6
745:Kiddushin
659:Jerusalem
542:Australia
372:kiddushin
337:foundling
303:Kol Nidre
145:Rembrandt
1807:Archived
1752:Archived
1522:Ricoux,
1508:25 April
1427:17 March
1400:Archived
1381:Archived
1362:Archived
1328:Archived
1291:26 April
1107:III:16:2
1080:III:4:10
1059:Berakhot
694:See also
624:, while
515:Noahides
437:non-Jews
2022:19 July
1995:Haaretz
1548:Bohemia
1544:Austria
1540:Bavaria
1536:Prussia
1470:Haaretz
1178:Ketubot
1154:Ketubot
1128::
1011::
975:, 2:176
925:periods
676:Bedouin
318:Asenath
283:Muslims
269:exogamy
245:Absalom
226:. Inter
204:Abraham
180:Haskala
176:Halakha
153:Delilah
96:scholar
1692:p. 193
1550:, etc.
1210:
1070:Rabbi
918:8 July
909:
784::
655:Lehava
651:Lehava
578:fold.
576:Jewish
572:Jewish
448:Reform
418:. The
397:Shiksa
364:Talmud
314:Joseph
210:, and
172:Talmud
149:Samson
98:
91:
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69:
1727:6 May
1208:S2CID
988:, 112
612:like
405:shiva
228:faith
212:David
208:Moses
103:JSTOR
89:books
2024:2024
2002:2019
1852:2011
1791:2010
1729:2009
1664:2013
1638:2013
1510:2024
1451:2015
1429:2015
1293:2022
1234:2020
920:2023
907:ISBN
410:The
390:and
362:The
326:Boaz
322:Ruth
256:Ezra
243:and
198:The
151:and
75:news
1200:doi
1168:74a
1156:13a
1061:28a
748:68b
620:to
401:goy
343:).
324:to
316:to
166:or
143:by
58:by
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114:)
110:(
100:·
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20:)
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