2137:(Conservative), Reconstructionist Progressive (Reform), and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance. Despite this variety in religious observances in society, Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams. This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building. ... Since the founding period, in order to defuse religious tensions, the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the 'status quo,' an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion, and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially. The 'status quo' has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel. This situation was designed to appease the religious sector, and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments. ... On one hand, the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion. On the other, it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel.
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religion of the state, and even though the Jewish, Muslim and
Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state, this fact does not make Israel a neutral state. This apparent pluralism cannot dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters. ... It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view, this self-restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community. As surprising as it seems, if not paradoxical for a state in war, Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status.
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a matter of nationality. And a Jewish state is not a monopoly of rabbis. It is not. It is about the nature of the State of Israel. It is about Jewish tradition. It is about Jewish history, regardless of the question of what each and every
Israeli citizen does in his own home on Saturdays and what he does on the Jewish holidays. We need to maintain the nature of the State of Israel, the character of the State of Israel, because this is the
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1773:, saying that he has always supported a Jewish ethnic homeland in Palestine, which is different from a Jewish state. He says that there is a strong case to be made for an ethnic homeland, but he has always been opposed to a Jewish state, for the same reasons he would be opposed to "a Christian state, or a
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must coexist and not contradict each other. So, what does that mean, a Jewish state? It is not only a matter of the number of Jews who live in Israel. It is not just a matter of numbers but a matter of values. The Jewish state is a matter of values, but it is not just a matter of religion, it is also
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The great political and ideological importance of religion in the state of Israel manifests itself in the manifold legal provisions concerned with religions phenomenon. ... It is not a system of separation between state and religion as practiced in the U.S.A and several other countries of the world.
1502:
and
Zionists argue about whether a Jewish state should exist at all. Because Israel was created within the sphere of international law as the instrument for Jewish self-determination, these polarities are captured by the questions: should Israel maintain and strengthen its status as a state for the
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clarified that "Phrases have been used such as that
Palestine is to become 'as Jewish as England is English.' His Majesty's Government regard any such expectation as impracticable and have no such aim in view. They would draw attention to the fact that the terms of the Declaration referred to do not
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The compromise, therefore, was to choose constructive ambiguity: as surprising as it may seem, there is no law that declares
Judaism the official religion of Israel. However, there is no other law that declares Israel's neutrality toward all confessions. Judaism is not recognized as the official
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It is true that Jewish
Israelis, and secular Israelis in particular, conceive of religion as shaped by a state-sponsored religious establishment. There is no formal state religion in Israel, but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities,
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Partisans of the first view are predominantly, though by no means exclusively, secular or less traditional. Partisans of the second view are almost exclusively traditional or
Orthodox, although they also include supporters who follow other streams of Judaism or are less traditional but
1781:". Chomsky believes the concept of a Jewish State (or Muslim, Christian or White State) directly contradicts the concept of a democratic state as it is understood in the Western tradition, because liberal democracy is founded upon a principle in which there is no privileged citizen.
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The notion that Israel should be constituted in the name of and maintain a special relationship with a particular group of people, the Jewish people, has drawn much controversy vis-Ă -vis minority groups living in Israelâthe large number of
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Although there is no official religion in Israel, there is also no clear separation between religion and state. In
Israeli public life, tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism: Ultra-Orthodox, National-Religious,
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Jewish, Islamic and
Christian, whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law, such as marriage, divorce, and alimony, that are binding on all members of the communities.
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creates a strong connection as well as a conflict between state law and religious law. Political interaction of different parties keeps the balance between state and religion largely as it existed during the
British Mandate. The
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Jewish people, or transition to being a state purely for "all of its citizens", or identify as both? And, if both, how to resolve any tensions that arise from their coexistence. To date, Israel has steered a course between
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Theorists who ask these questions focus on the future of the State of Israel and realize that although the sovereign political state has been established, there is still much work to be done in relation to the state's
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To many Arab and Muslim leaders, following the popular usage in their communities, even referring to Israel by its proper name has political and cultural implications, resulting in use of
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with equal minority rights. Among the 507 people who participated in the poll, some 75 percent said they would agree with such a definition while 23 percent said they would oppose it.
1234:. Palestinians regard the demand for Jewish-state recognition as a trapâa new demand that did not come up during years of negotiations in the 1990s or in peace treaties reached
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The debate is therefore characterized by significant polarities. Secular and religious Zionists argue passionately about what a Jewish state should represent.
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1739:, its satellite states and agencies, as well as many African, Asian and Arab states, presented the concept of Zionism and the Jewish state as an embodiment of
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residing in Israel and, to the extent that those territories are claimed to be governed as part of Israel and not as areas under military occupation, in the
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attacks and live in peace. But such a reason is not a requirement of the self-determination right and so is subsidiary to it in secular Zionist thinking.
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and values of the majority (about 75% in 2016) of its citizens. The secular-versus-religious debate in Israel in particular has focused debate on the
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1960:
1878:"Defining 'Jewish state': The term was coined by Theodor Herzl, founder of the modern Zionist movement. For some, the term has different meanings"
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contemplate that Palestine as a whole should be converted into a Jewish National Home, but that such a Home should be founded 'in Palestine.'"
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1948:
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The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine, which brought the British Mandate to an end in 1948, referred to a "Jewish state" and an "
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2002:
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makes a distinction between the concept of "a Jewish ethnic homeland in Palestine" and that of "a Jewish state" in his interview on
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Advocates of Israel becoming a more narrowly Jewish commonwealth face at least the following practical and theoretical questions:
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and would not object to a more prominent state role in promoting Jewish beliefsâalthough not to the point of creating a purely
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has been in common usage in the media since the establishment of Israel, and the term has also been used interchangeably with
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is a proposal to reform the status quo in order to reinforce the state's Jewish character while reducing religious coercion.
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1708:. This anthem therefore excludes non-Jews from its narrative of national identity. Similar criticism has been made of the
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on 14 May 1948 as the objective of the establishment of modern Israel. The principle was given legal effect in the
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1479:. Another reason sometimes submitted for such establishment was to have a state where Jews would not be afraid of
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nature of the state; another aspect of the debate is the status of minorities in Israel, most notably that of the
42:
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In Israel a number of religious bodies exercise official functions; the religious law is applied in limited areas
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There has been ongoing debate in Israel on the character of the state, regarding whether it should enshrine more
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1093:. It was also defined in its declaration of independence as a "Jewish state", a term that also appeared in the
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2018:
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1755:, which equated Zionism with racism, was passed by a vote of 72 to 35. It was partially revoked by
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990:
861:
429:
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2083:"Judaism in Israel: Public Religion, Neo-Traditionalism, Messianism, and Ethno-Religious Conflict"
2054:
Secularism on the Edge: Rethinking Church-State Relations in the United States, France, and Israel
1299:, referred to "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people". The 1922
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1911:
Maimonides' Messiah is a mortal, worldly kind whose task it is to build a sovereign Jewish state
1331:." This was modified in 1970 to include non-Jews with a Jewish grandparent, and their spouses.
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is enshrined in Israeli national policy and reflected in many of Israel's public and national
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2120:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 53â54.
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General Assembly in Jerusalem. In her speech, she announced: "These two goals of Israel as
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Secular Zionism, the historically dominant stream, is rooted in a concept of the Jews as a
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used the term in his speeches and in an exchange of letters with Israeli prime minister
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that he founded. The phrase "national home" was used intentionally instead of "state".
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system be based on secular common law, secular civil law, a combination of Jewish and
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What role do schools play in supporting Jewish heritage, religion, culture, and state?
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1717:
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1320:
1176:, noted that the demand for a Jewish state went beyond the obligations of either the
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968:
636:
606:
527:
323:
254:
2381:
2050:"Israel's Self-Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present"
1897:
Reading Maimonides' philosophy in 19th Century Germany the guide to religious reform
2986:
2976:
2966:
2925:
2721:
2651:
2588:
1959:
Remarks by the President to the United Nations General Assembly, 23 September 2010
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on 5 July 1950, and stated: "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an
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a pre-condition in the peace negotiations, as did the government of his successor,
1215:
1211:
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886:
879:
807:
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259:
237:
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On 19 July 2018, with a vote of 62 to 55 (2 abstained), the Knesset adopted a new
2014:"Final text of Jewish nation-state law, approved by the Knesset early on July 19"
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2089:. London and Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. pp. 671â672.
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2930:
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2618:
2188:
1971:
1802:
1728:, have suggested that it should adopt more inclusive and neutral symbolism.
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1628:
1606:
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1556:
1218:
has also used the phrase, for instance in a speech in September 2010 to the
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777:
401:
391:
266:
1108:
Since its establishment, Israel has passed many laws which reflect on the
2376:
1976:"Israel agrees to free 400 Palestinian prisoners before Annapolis summit"
1732:
1697:
1599:
1278:
Israel has no official religion. However, the definition of the state as
673:
182:
2776:
2731:
2427:
1980:
1721:
1705:
1701:
1613:
1570:
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How can Jews in Israel who favor a relatively secular state be assured?
1457:
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1449:
1445:
1324:
1142:
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693:
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797:
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708:
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1938:
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Chapter V: the Jewish Attitude
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in 1993. Palestinians regard acceptance of the demand as giving up
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2751:
2746:
1468:
minorities as well as a majority which lies somewhere in between.
1368:
1192:
1141:("The Jewish State") in 1896 which birthed the Jewish movement of
824:
767:
678:
611:
2215:
The Arab-Israeli Conflict: An Introduction and Documentary Reader
2052:. In Berlinerblau, Jacques; Fainberg, Sarah; Nou, Aurora (eds.).
2441:
1113:
641:
2400:
1700:, refers to Jews by name as well as alluding to the concept of
2366:
2003:
Defining 'Jewish state': For many, term has different meanings
1805:, a competing ideology to Zionism that arose in the late 1930s
1344:
25:
2149:
Englard, Izhak (Winter 1987). "Law and Religion in Israel".
1456:
observance. This debate reflects a historical divide within
1153:, there was no explicit reference to a Jewish state by the
2396:
2117:
Women in Zones of Conflict: Power and Resistance in Israel
16:
Political term used to describe the nation-state of Israel
1460:
and among the Jewish citizens of Israel, which has large
1184:, and had been expressly disowned by the chairman of the
1949:
Exchange of letters between PM Sharon and President Bush
1226:
made the recognition of Israel as a Jewish state by the
2031:"Israel passes controversial âJewish nation-stateâ law"
1660:
would support a constitution that maintained Israel as
1372:
1262:
defines Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people
1168:
be established as a Jewish Commonwealth". In 1946, the
1724:. Critics of Israel as a Jewish state, particularly a
1164:
of the Zionist Organization explicitly proposed "that
2241:
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 19 November 2008
2954:
2903:
2835:
2637:
2544:
2434:
2157:(1). American Society of Comparative Law: 185â208.
1095:
United Nations Partition Plan for British Palestine
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2344:. C-SPAN. Event occurs at 01h27m26s and 02h17m12s
2056:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167â169.
1704:, and it contains no mention of Palestinian Arab
2787:Hadassah Women's Zionist Organization of America
1511:, usually depending on who controls the Israeli
2817:International Fellowship of Christians and Jews
2807:Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland
2085:. In Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay (eds.).
2087:The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Religion
1518:On 19 November 2008, Israeli Foreign Minister
1246:recognized the State of Israel as part of the
1222:. The Israeli government under prime minister
2412:
2393:, says former High Court Justice Dalia Dorner
1042:
8:
1927:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 470.
1377:introducing citations to additional sources
1101:" dates from a 1992 legislation by Israel's
338:
1123:In pre-modern times, the religious laws of
2843:
2782:Women's International Zionist Organization
2419:
2405:
2397:
2249:
2247:
1720:, universally acknowledged as a symbol of
1049:
1035:
617:National Religious PartyâReligious Zionism
129:
1448:in schools, and enshrine certain laws of
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2338:Noam Chomsky, Brian Lamb (1 June 2003).
1577:the Government of Israel and vice versa?
1367:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1195:state" in its plans for land allotment.
2322:
2320:
2312:The State of Israel in Halachic Thought
2151:The American Journal of Comparative Law
1868:
1716:(a Jewish prayer shawl) and features a
1127:defined a number of prerogatives for a
141:
2271:
2269:
2891:Timeline of the ArabâIsraeli conflict
1547:How should Jews deal with non-Jewish
7:
2876:UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86
1899:. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 146.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
2871:UN General Assembly Resolution 3379
2386:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
1798:List of Jewish states and dynasties
1757:UN General Assembly Resolution 4686
1753:UN General Assembly Resolution 3379
1317:Israeli Declaration of Independence
1170:Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry
1569:What relationship should official
1087:came into existence on 14 May 1948
14:
2886:IsraeliâPalestinian peace process
2239:Address by FM Livni to the UJC GA
2001:Washington Post, 2 October 2010:
1876:Kessler, Glenn (2 October 2010).
1842:History of the Palestinian people
1315:. The concept was adopted in the
1244:Palestine Liberation Organization
1145:, he envisioned a state based on
2812:Institute for Zionist Strategies
2535:
1759:in 1991 by a vote of 111 to 25.
1360:relies largely or entirely on a
1349:
1016:
1004:
783:Institute for Zionist Strategies
151:
30:
2677:Zionist Organization of America
1528:a Jewish and a democratic state
1220:United Nations General Assembly
1097:in 1947. The related term of "
41:needs additional citations for
3027:Zionism as settler colonialism
2682:Zionist Organization of Canada
2512:Revival of the Hebrew language
2278:by Naomi Goldstein Cohen (WZO)
1809:Homeland for the Jewish people
1788:such as "the Zionist entity".
1633:constitution of a Jewish state
1620:, a combination of Jewish and
1309:homeland for the Jewish people
1291:Homeland for the Jewish people
1091:homeland for the Jewish people
1075:homeland for the Jewish people
1:
2762:Jewish Party (Czechoslovakia)
2687:Religious Zionists of America
2672:Zionist Federation of Germany
2391:'Israel a Jewish state first'
1819:A Jewish and Democratic State
1662:a Jewish and democratic state
788:Jewish Internet Defense Force
21:Jewish state (disambiguation)
3022:Progressive except Palestine
2314:by Gerald J. Blidstein (WZO)
2114:Jacoby, Tami Amanda (2005).
1814:Proposals for a Jewish state
1089:as a polity to serve as the
952:IsraeliâPalestinian conflict
942:Far-right politics in Israel
3078:Political history of Israel
3017:Muslim supporters of Israel
1692:. For example, the Israeli
1652:A poll commissioned by the
1341:Jewish and democratic state
1099:Jewish and democratic state
737:Union of Right-Wing Parties
3124:
3037:Zionist political violence
3002:Jewish political movements
2772:Jewish Resistance Movement
2662:World Zionist Organization
2527:Zionism, race and genetics
2341:In Depth with Noam Chomsky
1895:Kohler, George Y. (2012).
1765:and political commentator
1656:in 2007 found that 75% of
1654:Israel Democracy Institute
1338:
1323:, which was passed by the
1307:The concept of a national
1271:
964:Jewish political movements
18:
2846:
2797:American Zionist Movement
2533:
2302:by Joseph Grunblatt (WZO)
2195:(in Hebrew). 24 June 2015
1627:On what mandate or legal
1535:of the State of Israel."
1524:United Jewish Communities
1065:is a characterization of
577:The Virtue of Nationalism
2702:Jewish Agency for Israel
2517:Hebraization of surnames
2507:Negation of the Diaspora
2382:Israel as a Jewish state
2290:by Lawrence Kaplan (WZO)
2276:Israel as a Jewish State
2081:Sharot, Stephen (2007).
1824:Jewish Autonomous Oblast
1593:constitutional theocracy
1174:GradyâMorrison Committee
957:Israeli settler violence
920:Antimilitarism in Israel
699:National Religious Party
133:This article is part of
3103:Religion and government
2707:Jewish National Council
2667:Zionist General Council
2259:12 January 2008 at the
2048:Charbit, Denis (2014).
1925:The Balfour Declaration
1923:Stein, Leonard (1961).
1549:Arab minority in Israel
1118:Arab-Israeli population
1011:Conservatism portal
704:Religious Zionist Party
3052:Conservatism in Israel
2767:Jewish Party (Romania)
2288:Education and Ideology
1648:Israeli Arabs' opinion
1647:
1285:Gavison-Medan Covenant
1252:their right of return.
339:
250:Anti-Iranian sentiment
188:Religious conservatism
144:Conservatism in Israel
2802:Am Yisrael Foundation
2327:Poll of Arab-Israelis
2300:Halacha and Democracy
2254:Halacha and Democracy
2228:Text of Law of Return
1731:In the course of the
1624:, or pure Jewish law?
1513:High Court of Justice
1475:that have a right to
1335:Debate over character
1301:Churchill White Paper
1188:as recently as 1932.
664:Eretz Yisrael Shelanu
178:Jewish fundamentalism
3057:Liberalism in Israel
3032:Zionist antisemitism
2856:Chronology of Aliyah
2742:World Agudath Israel
2692:Jewish National Fund
2373:Israeli Jewish scene
2369:Zionism, News, Links
1974:(12 November 2007).
1712:which resembles the
1373:improve this article
1172:, also known as the
1155:Zionist Organization
984:Liberalism in Israel
793:Kohelet Policy Forum
742:United Torah Judaism
168:Conservative Judaism
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2997:Jewish emancipation
2881:Timeline of Zionism
2866:Balfour Declaration
2497:Gathering of Israel
2019:The Times of Israel
1882:The Washington Post
1847:Binational solution
1553:non-Jewish majority
1297:Balfour Declaration
1274:Status quo (Israel)
1178:Balfour Declaration
1061:In world politics,
991:Torat Eretz Yisrael
243:Anti-Palestinianism
173:Jewish conservatism
3093:Jewish nationalism
2861:History of Zionism
1857:Pale of Settlement
1477:self-determination
1232:Benjamin Netanyahu
1228:State of Palestine
979:Politics of Israel
974:One-state solution
901:The Jerusalem Post
312:Jewish supremacism
3065:
3064:
2992:Jewish Autonomism
2899:
2898:
2851:History of Israel
2827:Birthright Israel
2127:978-0-7735-2993-9
2096:978-1-4129-1195-5
2063:978-1-137-38115-6
1906:978-94-007-4035-8
1838:History of Israel
1438:
1437:
1423:
1059:
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1371:. Please help
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1272:Main article:
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1208:George W. Bush
1151:Ottoman Sultan
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1085:Modern Israel
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1384:Find sources:
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1362:single source
1358:This section
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1321:Law of Return
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1133:Theodor Herzl
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