1058:: the short deltopectoral crest on the humerus; the long hand, metacarpal II, and phalanx III-2 on the hand; the small ilium; the ridge on the pubic apron; and the short ischium with two projections and an obturator process near the bottom of the bone. At the same time, the skull and hindlimbs resemble derived troodontids: the deep jugal branch of the maxilla bearing a prominent groove, the sub-triangular antorbital fossa; the relatively long maxillary fenestra; the short jugal branch of the postorbital bone; the long hallux; the slender and short metatarsal II; the "heel" on phalanx II-2; and the large, curved sickle claw.
392:
118:
752:, the second cervical vertebra, has a convex top margin. Also uniquely, the front rim of the neural spine is thickened, while the rear portion is strongly expanded at the top. The length of the cervicals increases until the fifth to seventh cervicals, which have the greatest length. Further back, the remaining cervicals are significantly shorter. The front also dorsal vertebrae are relatively short, with the middle and back dorsals being longer. The dorsal
139:
943:, and a flange on the bottom of metatarsal IV is also missing. The latter is a distinguishing characteristic. Further below, like derived troodontids and dromaeosaurids, the "sickle claw" of the second digit is strongly curved and bears a prominent flexor tubercle (the portion which articulates with the phalanx). It is also much larger than the other phalanges in the digit; it is longer than the first phalanx, whereas they have the same length in
2301:
5055:
971:. On the bottom of the neck, feathers are preserved with a length of at least 30 mm (1.2 in). Those along the back and over the hip are longer, with a length of about 75 mm (3.0 in). Behind the tibia, there are also some feathers measuring 70 mm (2.8 in) in length. Additionally, some poorly preserved feathers are associated with the humerus and ulna, having an unknown length.
2445:
1031:
2392:
876:
801:
951:
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545:
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branch of the jugal bone; the triangular dentary bearing a widening groove; the robust forward-projecting branch of the surangular bone; the relatively large number of unevenly-distributed teeth; the flattened chevrons with blunt forward projections and bifurcated backward projections; and the broad and flat "pubic apron" formed by the pubic bones.
659:
1026:
to be identified as a member of the
Troodontidae. These include the long forward-projecting branch and flange of the lacrimal bone; the foramina on the nasal bone; the smooth transition between the eye socket and the backward-projecting branch of the frontal bone; the ridge on the forward-projecting
867:
are found among the phalanges. The first phalanx of the first digit is unusually long; it bears a "heel" at its top end, as well as a large groove on the interior surface that extends for more than half the bone's length. Additionally, the second phalanx of the second digit is also very long, being
705:
bore 21 teeth on each side, while the dentary bore 25 on each side. Like other troodontids, the teeth are short-crowned, strongly recurved, and unevenly distributed. The teeth at the front of the jaws are more closely packed than the rear teeth, which also have fine serrations on their rear edges.
779:
become increasingly longer towards the back of the tail; for instance, the fifteenth caudal is about twice as long as the sixth. From the twenty-third caudal backwards, the sides of the caudals become compressed such that they are sub-triangular. Towards the back of the tail, the forward and rear
2291:
and avialans. However, given the uncertainty of whether dromaeosaurids possessed asymmetrical wing feathers, the support for a single emergence of asymmetrical wing feathers in the common ancestor of the
Paraves is equivocal, the alternative scenario that it evolved twice being plausible. The
2353:. Asymmetrical feathers are correlated with flight capabilities among paravians, and their emergence marked a major step in the evolution of modern avian feathers. This trait may have been selected for due to its augmentation of locomotion on the ground or in the air.
627:, encircling the fossa from above and behind, has a long forward-projecting branch much like other troodontids. However, the descending branch of the bone is also nearly the same length, and the descending branch also bears a unique ridge on its front portion. The
532:
measures approximately 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) as preserved; since the back of the tail is missing, the animal would probably have been around 1.12 metres (3 ft 8 in) long in life. Scaling from a femoral length of 11.7 cm (4.6 in), Xu
352:
intermediate position among the troodontids. This mixture of traits shows a distinct spatial organization, with basal traits being present in the forelimbs and pelvis, and derived traits being present in the skull and hindlimbs. This may represent a case of
2710:
present throughout the
Dawangzhangzi Beds. Like the rest of the Yixian Formation, the environment represented by these assemblages was seasonally semi-arid, with a low mean air temperature of 10 ± 4 °C (50 ± 7 °F). The local
446:
of
Liaoning. The Dakangpu Bed (equivalent to the Dawangzhangzi, Daxinfangzi, Hejiaxin, Sichakou, and Senjiru Beds), which Baicai Gou is a part of, is situated in the middle of the formation. The specific portion of the Beds from which
2292:
distinct possibility thus remains that troodontids had asymmetrical tail feathers but symmetrical arm feathers, suggesting that asymmetry in the tail appeared first, but this is not supported by the ancestral state reconstruction.
2364:
could certainly have functioned in either maintaining feather stability (the barbs of the leading edge, having a low angle of 10°, augmented the vane's rigidity) or controlling airflow (through the variation of the feathers'
1120:
The strict consensus phylogenetic tree recovered by Xu and colleagues is reproduced below at left. The partially expanded strict consensus tree recovered by
Hartman and colleagues is reproduced below at right (note that
2333:
represents the first record of asymmetrical feathers among troodontids, thus making troodontids the second group among non-avialan theropods to possess asymmetrical feathers; asymmetrical arm feathers are found in the
2369:). However, these feathers differ from those of modern birds in that the barbs of the trailing edge also have a relatively low angle of approximately 15°. Thus, aerodynamically speaking, the feathers in the tail of
1006:, the feathers are curved. Feathers from the middle of the tail are 120 mm (4.7 in) long. At least some of the long pennaceous feathers lining the tail are asymmetric; one feather has a trailing (hind)
710:, instead of robust as in derived troodontids. Unusually, the first several teeth in the dentary appear to be angled forwards, or procumbent. This condition is present in several contemporary dromaeosaurids.
2499:, the diversity of troodontids within the Jehol was appreciable. Asides from troodontids, the Yixian Formation also preserves a diverse assemblage of other animals, both dinosaurian and non-dinosaurian. The
2373:
likely did not have the same function as those of modern birds. Regardless, the subtriangular outline of the tail frond, as well as the slots separating the tips of individual feathers, would have provided
2268:, for instance, the large antorbital fenestra, long tooth row of the maxilla, and finely-serrated teeth represent basal characteristics in an otherwise derived skull. Similarly, digit II of the foot in
855:
has a much stronger bow, while the bow is absent in most other troodontids altogether. Contrary to most other theropods, the top portion of the radius bears a backwards bow similar to that of the ulna.
3429:
Russell, D.; Dong, Z. (1993). "A nearly complete skeleton of a new troodontid dinosaur from the Early
Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China".
678:
is long (occupying half of the jaw's length), shallow, and triangular, and it bears a groove that widens towards the back of the bone. A distinct fossa on the top surface of the
3159:
Meng, F.X.; Gao, S.; Liu, X.M. (2008). "U-Pb zircon geochronology and geochemistry of volcanic rocks of the Yixian
Formation in the Lingyuan area, western Liaoning, China".
2250:
acts upon distinct "modules" of the body. Indeed, the pattern in which basal and derived features are present seems to follow the domains of the body that are regulated by
872:
of the corresponding digit. The claws are highly robust, with their bases being at least half as wide as their overall length; the claw of the first digit is the largest.
730:) is 17 cm (6.7 in) long, and the tail (i.e. the caudal vertebrae) is 54 cm (21 in) long. Overall, there may have been 31 caudal vertebrae in total.
3701:
Godefroit, P.; Cau, A.; Hu, D.-Y.; Escuillié, F.; Wu, W.; Dyke, G. (2013). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds".
406:
and only specimen, a nearly complete skeleton preserving feathers that is missing only the end of the tail. It is articulated and compressed on a stone plate. This
2283:
conducted along with the phylogenetic analysis (results labelled in the above phylogenetic tree) suggests that wing feather asymmetry evolved only once, at the
3305:
Irmis, R.B. (2007). "Axial skeleton ontogeny in the
Parasuchia (Archosauria: Pseudosuchia) and its implications for ontogenetic determination in archosaurs".
3116:
Liu, Yongging; Liu, Yanxue; Ji, S.; Yang, Z. (2006). "U-Pb zircon age for the
Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues".
5094:
670:
Overall, the lower jaw is subtriangular when viewed from the side, with a straight top margin and a curved bottom margin; it is not downturned, unlike
1091:
to an expanded and updated version of the phylogenetic dataset that was used for the analysis of Xu and colleagues. They found it as a member of the
958:
as preserved on the back (a) and base of the tail (b); photograph (c) and diagram (d) of an asymmetrical feather; photographs (e,f) of the tail frond
1062:
exhibits a similar condition: the skull is like those of basal troodontids, and the pelvis and hindlimb are like those of derived troodontids. In a
5124:
3904:"A large, short-armed, winged dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China and its implications for feather evolution"
2837:"Further support for a Cretaceous age for the feathered-dinosaur beds of Liaoning, China: New Ar/Ar dating of the Yixian and Tuchengzi Formations"
3394:
Xu, X.; Wang, X.-L. (2004). "A New
Troodontid (Theropoda: Troodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning, China".
5114:
4467:
3278:
Brochu, C.A. (1996). "Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs".
5129:
3820:
1054:("specialized") troodontids, organized in distinct regions of its body. The forelimbs and pelvis largely resemble basal troodontids such as
583:, along with the top margin of the bone forming a large angle of 45° with the bottom margin. The rear branch of the bone is also deep, like
920:
is located near the bottom of the bone. There is a small recess, or lamina, on the margin of the process, another distinguishing trait of
4101:
537:
found that it weighed 2.4 kilograms (5.3 lb). Despite its small size, the specimen was mature, as indicated by the fusion of the
3002:
2431:
1114:
908:
are conjoined into the unusually broad "pubic apron" that is characteristic of troodontids, with a ridge on the rear surface as in
2264:. However, this hypothesis is weakened by the presence of characteristics in both troodontids that do not follow the pattern. In
2287:
of the Paraves. Asymmetrical tail feathers would then also have evolved once, at the common ancestor of all paravians excluding
5048:
2809:
2409:
2272:
is not as specialized as those of derived troodontids, despite the hindlimb being overall derived. Conversely, the forelimb of
1101:. However, Hartman and colleagues noted that a position similar to that found by Xu and colleagues was also plausible: forcing
904:
is small. A distinguishing trait is that the top margin of the ilium is slightly concave. Below the ilium, the left and right
5119:
3340:
Xu, X.; Norell, M.A.; W., X.-L.; Makovicky, P.J.; Wu, X.-C. (2002). "A basal troodontid from the Early Cretaceous of China".
2814:
2413:
616:
have one additional opening known as the promaxillary opening. The bar of bone separating the fenestrae is narrow, like in
2311:
preserves the first evidence of feathers in an unquestionable troodontid, with the troodontid affinities of taxa such as
138:
5084:
600:
and the elongated, enlarged maxillary fenestra) that stretch from the top margin to the bottom margin of the fossa;
361:
acts upon the form of the body in a modular way. Similar transitional patterns of traits are seen in the troodontid
4460:
3178:
Kaye, T.G.; Falk, A.R.; Pittman, M.; Sereno, P.C.; Martin, L.D.; Burnham, D.A.; Gong, E.; Xu, X.; Wang, Y. (2015).
1051:
757:
481:
4277:
Norberg, U.M. (1995). "How a Long Tail and Changes in Mass and Wing Shape Affect the Cost for Flight in Animals".
391:
5104:
5099:
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463:
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originates was dated in 2006 and 2008 to approximately 124.4 million years ago, which corresponds to the early
314:
and colleagues based on an articulated skeleton preserving feathers. The feathers at the middle of the tail of
311:
3318:
3239:"Body mass estimation in non-avian bipeds using a theoretical conversion to quadruped stylopodial proportions"
815:
extends backwards with a hook-like projection, the postglenoid process, which is similar in length to that of
3513:"A new paravian dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of North America supports a late acquisition of avian flight"
2402:
513:
4179:"Barb geometry of asymmetrical feathers reveals a transitional morphology in the evolution of avian flight"
3801:
Avian Ancestors: A Review of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Theropods Unenlagiidae, Microraptoria,
117:
4067:"The origin and early evolution of feathers: insights from recent paleontological and neontological data"
2528:
From elsewhere in the Dakangpu/Dawangzhangzi Beds, specimens have been discovered belonging to the birds
863:. The overall length of the hand is 112 mm (4.4 in). Several distinguishing characteristics of
722:
is nearly complete. However, individual vertebrae are not always possible to discern. The neck (i.e. the
5109:
4453:
2360:
does not guarantee that it was capable of either gliding or powered flight. The feathers in the tail of
1063:
1047:
584:
476:
345:
419:
4125:"The wings before the bird: an evaluation of flapping-based locomotory hypotheses in bird antecedents"
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3915:
3860:
3710:
3659:
3438:
3349:
3191:
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3074:
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2943:
2834:
Swisher, C.C.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, Y.; Jin, F.; Zhang, J.; Xu, X.; Zhang, J.; Wang, Y. (2002).
2284:
2483:
as a whole, with the first three other troodontids also originating from the Yixian Formation. With
3469:
Deinonychosaurian Fossils From the Jehol Group of Western Liaoning and the Coelurosaurian Evolution
3065:
Sun, G.; Dilcher, D.L.; Wang, H.; Chen, Z. (2011). "A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China".
2288:
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supports the notion that asymmetrical feathers appeared early in the evolutionary history of the
133:
2932:"Mosaic evolution in an asymmetrically feathered troodontid dinosaur with transitional features"
2776:
2748:
596:
Behind the maxilla, the indentation known as the antorbital fossa bears two large openings (the
5031:
2770:
480:. In order to investigate the preserved plumage of the specimen, Xu and colleagues made use of
318:
are asymmetric, being the first record of asymmetrical feathers among the troodontids. Despite
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358:
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that was only one step longer, and thus marginally less likely according to the principle of
859:
The hand bears three digits, typical of the Maniraptora, which respectively bear 2, 3, and 4
5016:
4995:
4773:
4423:
4378:
4337:
4286:
4251:
4206:
4190:
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4097:
4031:
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3931:
3923:
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3808:
3765:
3718:
3667:
3618:
3610:
3571:
3534:
3524:
3471:(Ph.D. thesis). Beijing: Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–322.
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3199:
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3082:
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near the front of the torso is noticeably more robust, particularly in the central portion.
695:
652:
538:
505:
493:
467:
435:
431:
427:
380:
354:
327:
297:
3511:
Hartman, S.; Mortimer, M.; Wahl, W.R.; Lomax, D.R.; Lippincott, J.; Lovelace, D.M. (2019).
788:, where chevrons come into contact with each other, there are gaps between the chevrons of
4988:
4880:
4853:
4809:
4751:
4549:
2994:
The Jehol Fossils: The Emergence of Feathered Dinosaurs, Beaked Birds and Flowering Plants
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3714:
3663:
3442:
3353:
3195:
3129:
3078:
3035:
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is also unossified, like other troodontids. Like other theropods, the first pair of the
4959:
4846:
4788:
4781:
4758:
4700:
4211:
4178:
4151:
4124:
4019:
3936:
3903:
3623:
3599:"Evidence for modular evolution in a long-tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull"
3598:
3539:
3512:
3488:
3407:
3214:
3179:
2964:
2931:
2688:
2630:
2624:
2599:
2587:
2530:
2500:
2025:
1446:
1095:, a group that was named in 2017 by Caizhi Shen and colleagues in their description of
976:
749:
606:
567:
520:, honours Ms. Teng Fangfang who acquired the specimen and made it available for study.
471:
410:
specimen is stored under the collection number DLXH 1218 in the Dalian Xinghai Museum,
403:
322:
differences from the flight feathers of modern birds, the feathers in the tail vane of
3845:
5073:
4066:
3830:
3785:
3415:
3102:
3051:
2861:
2836:
2764:
2666:
2642:
2618:
2605:
2593:
2554:
2536:
2521:
2504:
2343:
2335:
2260:
1240:
896:
624:
349:
68:
4235:
4051:
4000:
3583:
3562:
Brandon, R.N. (1999). "The Units of Selection Revisited: The Modules of Selection".
3326:
3264:
3145:
2930:
Xu, X.; Currie, P.; Pittman, M.; Xing, L.; Meng, Q.; Lü, J.; Hu, D.; Yu, C. (2017).
931:, the second is the shortest and most slender after the first (corresponding to the
4980:
4966:
4952:
4937:
4921:
4889:
4861:
4765:
4715:
4686:
4664:
4630:
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4407:
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3888:
3738:
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3291:
2682:
2610:
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2444:
2349:
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2008:
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1122:
1106:
1097:
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905:
901:
687:
580:
319:
287:
252:
222:
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2276:
is short overall as in derived troodontids, despite the presence of basal traits.
3807:. Springer Briefs in Earth System Sciences. Springer Netherlands. pp. 1–96.
3204:
2992:
2234:
The conjunction of basal and derived features as distinct regions of the body in
379:
are part of the considerable diversity of troodontids that is present within the
4945:
4910:
4903:
4838:
4802:
4795:
4722:
4603:
2788:
2660:
2636:
2566:
2560:
2548:
2542:
2480:
2391:
2366:
2058:
1968:
1879:
1811:
1390:
1366:
940:
679:
612:
589:
363:
43:
875:
800:
488:
name combines the name of a company that sponsored the research of this taxon,
4973:
4515:
4506:
3812:
3575:
3137:
2782:
2716:
2654:
2583:
2572:
2491:
representing "transitional" and more derived forms of troodontids compared to
1787:
1429:
1284:
1267:
982:
950:
765:
733:
628:
544:
196:
88:
53:
4202:
4090:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
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4576:
4524:
4035:
3255:
3238:
2707:
2672:
2255:
2099:
1487:
1139:
939:. Unlike other troodontids, the bottom end of the second metatarsal lacks a
860:
636:
290:
209:
150:
93:
37:
4255:
4220:
4194:
4160:
4109:
4102:
10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991215)285:4<291::AID-JEZ1>3.0.CO;2-9
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3777:
3730:
3679:
3632:
3614:
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3495:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 184–195.
3369:
3223:
3094:
2991:. In Chang, M.-M.; Chen, P.-J.; Wang, Y.-Q.; Wang, Y.; Miao, D.-S. (eds.).
2973:
565:
is small and sub-triangular, with a short snout and a wide skull roof like
348:
as well as traits seen in derived troodontids. This is consistent with its
4435:
4427:
4263:
4896:
4743:
4500:
4236:"Functional morphology of the vanes of the flight feathers of the pigeon
3022:
gen. et sp. nov.) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China".
2797:
2251:
1763:
1342:
1071:
812:
745:
675:
644:
411:
407:
293:
183:
170:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
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4392:
4298:
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2416: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1197:
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1127:
1011:
1007:
917:
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832:
772:
761:
572:
335:
98:
73:
3927:
935:). The third metatarsal is shorter relative to the femur than that of
4494:
4342:
4313:
4088:
Prum, R.O (1999). "Development and Evolutionary Origin of Feathers".
2853:
2648:
452:
423:
160:
30:
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4290:
3450:
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658:
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Foth, C.; Tischlinger, H.; Rauhut, O.W.M. (2014). "New specimen of
2712:
2443:
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1010:
that is about twice as wide as the leading (front) vane, with the
949:
874:
799:
732:
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415:
390:
301:
283:
4183:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences
3844:
Xu, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Kuang, X.; Zhang, F.; Du, X. (2003).
3237:
Campione, N.E.; Evans, D.C.; Brown, C.M.; Carrano, M.T. (2014).
2704:
2700:
967:
Feathers are preserved alongside the entire vertebral column of
848:
4487:
4449:
4445:
1014:
being respectively at angles of 10° and 15° for the two vanes.
3650:
provides insights into the evolution of pennaceous feathers".
2479:
is the fifth named troodontid that has been discovered in the
2385:
932:
753:
635:. The inner surface of the frontal suggests details about the
4408:"Drag reduction by wing tip slots in a gliding Harris' hawk,
575:, the main body of which is taller than long. This contrasts
474:, Hu Dongyu, and Yu Congyu, in a research paper published in
2997:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Academic Press. pp. 19–38.
1046:
displays a unique combination of characteristics from both
462:
was named and described by a team of researchers including
3319:
10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[350:ASOITP]2.0.CO;2
2329:
having been questioned by various studies. Additionally,
2254:, which have previously been discussed in the context of
330:
reduction whilst the animal was moving. The discovery of
3491:. In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; Osmólska, H. (eds.).
726:) is 16 cm (6.3 in) long, the torso (i.e. the
4020:"An integrative approach to understanding bird origins"
2508:
is known from Baicai Gou, the same locality as that of
3756:-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae".
3597:
Lü, J.; Unwin, D.M.; Jin, X.; Liu, Y.; Ji, Q. (2010).
4123:
Dececchi, T.A.; Larsson, H.C.E.; Habib, M.B. (2016).
2622:, of which the former is highly abundant; the turtle
4920:
4879:
4828:
4684:
4629:
4602:
4575:
4548:
3963:: Asymmetric Vanes Indicate Aerodynamic Function".
2835:
2356:However, the presence of asymmetrical feathers in
571:.The frontmost-preserved bone of the snout is the
3959:Feduccia, A.; Tordoff, H.B. (1979). "Feathers of
3018:Wang, X.-L.; Xu, X. (2001). "A new iguanodontid (
2800:, being among the earliest records of the group.
839:is robust, flattened, and U-shaped like that of
3462:
3460:
3180:"Laser-Stimulated Fluorescence in Paleontology"
3506:
3504:
3502:
4461:
3752:Xu, X.; You, H.; Du, K.; Han, F. (2011). "An
3482:
3480:
3478:
1078:and several other intermediate troodontids.
8:
4234:Ennos, A.; Hickson, J.; Roberts, A. (1995).
470:, Michael Pittman, Xing Lida, Meng Qingjin,
4177:Feo, T.J.; Field, D.J.; Prum, R.O. (2015).
4018:; Erickson, G.M.; Varricchio, D.J. (2014).
912:. Behind the pubes, the forward-projecting
418:. It was excavated using mechanical tools (
4692:
4681:
4608:
4581:
4554:
4545:
4484:
4468:
4454:
4446:
4172:
4170:
4014:Xu, X.; Zhou, Z.; Dudley, R.; Mackem, S.;
2516:as well as hundreds of specimens from the
690:projects upwards behind the dentary, like
344:possesses a combination of traits seen in
116:
20:
4382:
4341:
4210:
4150:
4140:
3935:
3622:
3538:
3528:
3389:
3387:
3254:
3213:
3203:
2963:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2432:Learn how and when to remove this message
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2871:
843:. Like derived troodontids, the slender
2826:
3487:Makovicky, P.J.; Norell, M.A. (2004).
2230:Implications for troodontid evolution
1087:, Scott Hartman and colleagues added
7:
2414:adding citations to reliable sources
2378:reduction when the tail was in use.
811:The bottom of the large, four-sided
784:are roughly equal in length. Unlike
3799:Agnolín, F.L.; Novas, F.E. (2013).
2074:
2050:
2000:
1993:
1943:
1919:
1912:
1871:
1803:
1779:
1755:
1745:
1720:
1674:
1667:
1645:
1618:
1608:
1479:
1382:
1358:
1334:
1259:
1215:
1171:
1161:
282:(meaning "Jianianhua dragon") is a
5095:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
3846:"Four-winged dinosaurs from China"
3603:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
3431:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3408:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00671.x
3307:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
3280:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2715:consists of a mixed assemblage of
1022:A number of characteristics allow
14:
2987:Wang, X.-L.; Zhou, Z.-H. (2008).
1105:to be closer to the more derived
737:Neck, torso (a), and tail (b) of
706:These serrations are fine, as in
694:and various other members of the
666:, showing the subtriangular skull
395:Line drawing of the type specimen
5054:
5053:
5030:
3243:Methods in Ecology and Evolution
2390:
998:along its entire length. Unlike
851:exhibits a slight backward bow;
744:Uniquely among troodontids, the
304:. It contains a single species,
137:
4416:Journal of Experimental Biology
4244:Journal of Experimental Biology
3902:Lü, J.; Brusatte, S.L. (2015).
2810:Timeline of troodontid research
2401:needs additional citations for
847:is shorter than the femur. The
484:using a 405 nm laser. The
434:in the locality of Baicai Gou (
5125:Taxa named by Philip J. Currie
3292:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283
2815:2017 in archosaur paleontology
2281:ancestral state reconstruction
1081:For their 2019 description of
900:and basal dromaeosaurids, the
890:is overall similar to that of
579:from all other members of the
1:
5115:Fossil taxa described in 2017
3985:10.1126/science.203.4384.1021
2242:represent a possible case of
994:supports a frond-like fan of
804:Shoulder (a) and hand (b) of
482:laser-stimulated fluorescence
3205:10.1371/journal.pone.0125923
3161:Geological Bulletin of China
1505:Saurornithoides mongoliensis
1317:Asymmetrical wing & tail
1245:Asymmetrical wing & tail
1201:Asymmetrical wing & tail
686:from other troodontids. The
651:, the forward branch of the
2576:; the non-avialan theropod
1952:Hesperornithoides miessleri
1241:Archaeopteryx lithographica
1156:
879:Pelvis (c) and foot (d) of
5146:
1928:Daliansaurus liaoningensis
1066:, Xu and colleagues found
775:, the caudal vertebrae of
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
5130:Taxa named by Lü Junchang
5043:
5028:
4695:
4680:
4661:
4611:
4584:
4557:
4544:
4483:
3813:10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3
3138:10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2
2512:, as is the maniraptoran
2113:
2096:
2079:
2072:
2055:
2048:
2022:
2005:
1998:
1991:
1965:
1948:
1941:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1893:
1876:
1869:
1825:
1808:
1801:
1784:
1777:
1760:
1753:
1743:
1725:
1718:
1694:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1650:
1643:
1623:
1616:
1518:
1501:
1484:
1477:
1460:
1443:
1427:
1404:
1387:
1380:
1363:
1356:
1339:
1332:
1311:
1281:
1264:
1257:
1237:
1220:
1213:
1195:
1176:
1169:
512:), meaning "dragon". The
509:
497:
439:
371:. Ecologically speaking,
326:could have functioned in
258:
251:
134:Scientific classification
132:
124:
115:
23:
4065:Xu, X.; Guo, Y. (2009).
3118:Chinese Science Bulletin
3024:Chinese Science Bulletin
2842:Chinese Science Bulletin
2703:area, as evinced by the
2059:Gobivenator mongoliensis
1042:Within the troodontids,
819:but longer than that of
718:The vertebral column of
639:, including the widened
631:is short and broad like
4367:"On the Tails of Birds"
4365:Thomas, A.L.R. (1997).
4036:10.1126/science.1253293
3805:and Scansoriopterygidae
3576:10.1023/A:1006682200831
3256:10.1111/2041-210X.12226
2083:Geminiraptor suarezarum
1897:Liaoningvenator curriei
662:Fossilized skeleton of
587:troodontids but unlike
4314:"Feather asymmetry in
4312:Norberg, R.A. (1995).
4256:10.1242/jeb.198.5.1219
4195:10.1098/rspb.2014.2864
4071:Vertebrata PalAsiatica
3615:10.1098/rspb.2009.1603
3564:Biology and Philosophy
2670:; and fish, including
2456:
2452:was a contemporary of
2305:
1050:("unspecialized") and
1039:
1038:compared to human hand
959:
883:
808:
741:
667:
553:
396:
367:, a close relative of
5120:Taxa named by Xu Xing
4428:10.1242/jeb.198.3.775
4406:Tucker, V.A. (1995).
3396:Acta Geologica Sinica
2936:Nature Communications
2447:
2303:
2100:Urbacodon itemirensis
2026:Sinornithoides youngi
1969:Sinusonasus magnodens
1447:Sinornithoides youngi
1391:Sinusonasus magnodens
1064:phylogenetic analysis
1033:
953:
878:
803:
736:
661:
547:
528:The type specimen of
477:Nature Communications
394:
4410:Parabuteo unicinctus
2410:improve this article
2285:last common ancestor
1829:Jianianhualong tengi
1408:Jianianhualong tengi
1224:Wellnhoferia grandis
387:Discovery and naming
307:Jianianhualong tengi
261:Jianianhualong tengi
5085:Feathered dinosaurs
4334:1995Natur.374..211M
3977:1979Sci...203.1021F
3971:(4384): 1021–1022.
3920:2015NatSR...511775L
3873:10.1038/nature01342
3865:2003Natur.421..335X
3770:10.1038/nature10288
3723:10.1038/nature12168
3715:2013Natur.498..359G
3672:10.1038/nature13467
3664:2014Natur.511...79F
3443:1993CaJES..30.2163R
3354:2002Natur.415..780X
3196:2015PLoSO..1025923K
3130:2006ChSBu..51.2634L
3087:10.1038/nature09811
3079:2011Natur.471..625S
3036:2001ChSBu..46.1669W
3020:Jinzhousaurus yangi
2956:10.1038/ncomms14972
2948:2017NatCo...814972X
2796:in particular is a
2009:Byronosaurus jaffei
1812:Sinovenator changii
1630:Scansoriopterygidae
1464:Byronosaurus jaffei
1367:Sinovenator changii
1179:Scansoriopterygidae
996:pennaceous feathers
780:projections of the
598:antorbital fenestra
420:geologist's hammers
310:, named in 2017 by
4830:Jinfengopteryginae
4279:Functional Ecology
4189:(1803): 20142864.
4142:10.7717/peerj.2159
3908:Scientific Reports
3530:10.7717/peerj.7247
3044:10.1007/BF02900633
2989:"Mesozoic Pompeii"
2457:
2306:
2289:scansoriopterygids
1432:("EK troodontid")
1285:Anchiornis huxleyi
1040:
960:
884:
809:
742:
724:cervical vertebrae
668:
554:
541:in the vertebrae.
500:), and the suffix
442:), located in the
402:is known from the
397:
5067:
5066:
5039:
5038:
5026:
5025:
4818:Halszkaraptorinae
4730:Hesperornithoides
4708:Archaeornithoides
4676:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4657:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4648:
4030:(6215): 1253293.
3928:10.1038/srep11775
3859:(6921): 335–340.
3822:978-94-007-5636-6
3764:(7357): 465–470.
3709:(7454): 359–362.
3609:(1680): 383–389.
3437:(10): 2163–2173.
3348:(6873): 780–784.
3124:(21): 2634–2644.
3073:(7340): 625–628.
3030:(19): 1669–1672.
2758:; and also early
2695:Environmentally,
2448:The hadrosauroid
2442:
2441:
2434:
2248:natural selection
2225:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2126:
2125:
2037:
2036:
1980:
1979:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1788:Xiaotingia zhengi
1707:
1706:
1682:Halszkaraptorinae
1653:Archaeopterygidae
1594:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1412:Asymmetrical tail
1300:
1299:
1268:Xiaotingia zhengi
1115:maximum parsimony
1111:phylogenetic tree
1084:Hesperornithoides
914:obturator process
771:Similar to other
412:Liaoning Province
359:natural selection
275:
274:
247:
125:Type specimen of
5137:
5105:Fossils of China
5100:Cretaceous China
5057:
5056:
5034:
4996:Stenonychosaurus
4774:Polyodontosaurus
4693:
4682:
4609:
4582:
4555:
4546:
4539:
4538:
4485:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4447:
4440:
4439:
4403:
4397:
4396:
4386:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4343:10.1038/374211a0
4309:
4303:
4302:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4250:(5): 1219–1228.
4231:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4174:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4144:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3850:
3841:
3835:
3834:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3542:
3532:
3508:
3497:
3496:
3484:
3473:
3472:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3207:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2927:
2866:
2865:
2854:10.1360/02tb9031
2839:
2831:
2591:; the pterosaur
2437:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2417:
2394:
2386:
2244:mosaic evolution
2075:
2051:
2001:
1994:
1944:
1920:
1913:
1872:
1804:
1780:
1756:
1746:
1721:
1675:
1668:
1646:
1619:
1609:
1522:Troodon formosus
1488:Zanabazar junior
1480:
1413:
1383:
1359:
1335:
1318:
1290:
1289:Symmetrical wing
1260:
1246:
1216:
1202:
1183:
1182:Symmetrical tail
1172:
1162:
1157:
1002:and potentially
929:metatarsal bones
868:longer than the
758:uncinate process
728:dorsal vertebrae
696:Deinonychosauria
655:is not as long.
653:postorbital bone
643:and back of the
511:
499:
468:Philip J. Currie
441:
432:Yixian Formation
428:Early Cretaceous
381:Yixian Formation
355:mosaic evolution
350:phylogenetically
298:Early Cretaceous
241:
234:
221:
142:
141:
120:
110:
40:
29:Temporal range:
21:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5035:
5022:
4989:Saurornithoides
4916:
4881:Sinovenatorinae
4875:
4854:Liaoningvenator
4824:
4810:Anchiornithidae
4752:Liaoningvenator
4689:
4668:
4645:
4625:
4598:
4571:
4565:Avemetatarsalia
4550:Avemetatarsalia
4540:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4474:
4444:
4443:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4384:10.2307/1313075
4364:
4363:
4359:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4291:10.2307/2390089
4276:
4275:
4271:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4176:
4175:
4168:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3823:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3658:(7507): 79–82.
3645:
3644:
3640:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3510:
3509:
3500:
3486:
3485:
3476:
3467:Xu, X. (2002).
3466:
3465:
3458:
3451:10.1139/e93-187
3428:
3427:
3423:
3393:
3392:
3385:
3362:10.1038/415780a
3339:
3338:
3334:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3190:(5): e0125923.
3177:
3176:
3172:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2929:
2928:
2869:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2806:
2579:Sinosauropteryx
2438:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2407:
2395:
2384:
2347:, and possibly
2336:microraptorians
2298:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2154:
2145:
2136:
2127:
2038:
1981:
1859:
1850:
1841:
1750:Sinovenatorinae
1728:Dromaeosauridae
1708:
1595:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1415:
1411:
1316:
1314:Dromaeosauridae
1301:
1291:, tail unknown
1288:
1244:
1200:
1184:, wing unknown
1181:
1134:Saurornithoides
1093:Sinovenatorinae
1020:
965:
927:Among the four
798:
716:
701:The maxilla of
680:surangular bone
641:olfactory tract
559:
526:
389:
271:
264:
240:
232:
219:
136:
111:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5143:
5141:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5061:
5051:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4992:
4985:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4960:Latenivenatrix
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4926:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4893:
4885:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4847:Jinfengopteryx
4843:
4834:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4814:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4785:
4782:Sinornithoides
4778:
4770:
4762:
4759:Papiliovenator
4755:
4748:
4740:
4737:Jianianhualong
4733:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4704:
4701:Albertavenator
4696:
4690:
4685:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4670:
4669:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4635:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4558:
4552:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4527:
4518:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4488:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4442:
4441:
4422:(3): 775–781.
4398:
4377:(4): 215–225.
4357:
4304:
4269:
4226:
4166:
4115:
4096:(4): 291–306.
4080:
4057:
4006:
3951:
3894:
3836:
3821:
3791:
3744:
3693:
3638:
3589:
3570:(2): 167–180.
3554:
3498:
3493:The Dinosauria
3489:"Troodontidae"
3474:
3456:
3421:
3383:
3332:
3313:(2): 350–361.
3297:
3270:
3249:(9): 913–923.
3229:
3170:
3151:
3108:
3057:
3010:
3003:
2979:
2867:
2848:(2): 136–139.
2825:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2802:
2697:Jianianhualong
2689:Protopsephurus
2680:is numerous),
2631:Acristatherium
2628:; the mammals
2625:Manchurochelys
2600:Dalinghosaurus
2597:; the lizards
2588:Psittacosaurus
2531:Confuciusornis
2510:Jianianhualong
2485:Jianianhualong
2477:Jianianhualong
2473:Jinfengopteryx
2454:Jianianhualong
2440:
2439:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2371:Jianianhualong
2362:Jianianhualong
2358:Jianianhualong
2331:Jianianhualong
2323:Jinfengopteryx
2309:Jianianhualong
2297:
2294:
2274:Jianianhualong
2266:Jianianhualong
2236:Jianianhualong
2231:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1160:
1145:
1103:Jianianhualong
1089:Jianianhualong
1068:Jianianhualong
1044:Jianianhualong
1036:Jianianhualong
1024:Jianianhualong
1019:
1018:Classification
1016:
1004:Jinfengopteryx
992:Jianianhualong
990:, the tail of
977:Jinfengopteryx
969:Jianianhualong
964:
961:
922:Jianianhualong
888:Jianianhualong
886:The pelvis of
865:Jianianhualong
837:Jianianhualong
825:Sinornithoides
817:Sinornithoides
797:
794:
790:Jianianhualong
777:Jianianhualong
720:Jianianhualong
715:
714:Axial skeleton
712:
703:Jianianhualong
684:Jianianhualong
647:. Compared to
607:Sinornithoides
577:Jianianhualong
563:Jianianhualong
558:
555:
530:Jianianhualong
525:
522:
460:Jianianhualong
449:Jianianhualong
400:Jianianhualong
388:
385:
373:Jianianhualong
369:Jianianhualong
342:Jianianhualong
332:Jianianhualong
324:Jianianhualong
316:Jianianhualong
279:Jianianhualong
273:
272:
265:
256:
255:
249:
248:
237:Jianianhualong
230:
226:
225:
217:
213:
212:
207:
200:
199:
194:
187:
186:
181:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
130:
129:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
25:Jianianhualong
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5142:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5075:
5060:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5033:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5005:
5004:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4892:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4820:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4628:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4566:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4452:
4451:
4448:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4358:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4328:(6519): 211.
4327:
4323:
4319:
4317:
4316:Archaeopteryx
4308:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4238:Columba livia
4230:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4084:
4081:
4077:(4): 311–329.
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:Chuong, C.-M.
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3961:Archaeopteryx
3955:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3754:Archaeopteryx
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:Archaeopteryx
3642:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3166:
3162:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3004:9780123741738
3000:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2765:Archaefructus
2761:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:Liaobatrachus
2663:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2643:Chaoyangodens
2639:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2620:
2619:Monjurosuchus
2615:
2614:Hyphalosaurus
2612:
2611:choristoderes
2608:
2607:
2606:Yabeinosaurus
2602:
2601:
2596:
2595:
2594:Cathayopterus
2590:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:Longicrusavis
2551:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2537:Hongshanornis
2533:
2532:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2522:Hyphalosaurus
2519:
2515:
2514:Yixianosaurus
2511:
2507:
2506:
2505:Jinzhousaurus
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2450:Jinzhousaurus
2446:
2436:
2433:
2425:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2399:This section
2397:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:Changyuraptor
2340:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2261:Darwinopterus
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2203:
2202:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2149:
2148:
2140:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1922:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1758:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1556:
1555:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:wing unknown
1410:
1409:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1393:
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1037:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
1000:Archaeopteryx
997:
993:
989:
988:Archaeopteryx
985:
984:
979:
978:
972:
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962:
957:
952:
948:
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942:
938:
934:
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923:
919:
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899:
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897:Archaeopteryx
893:
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834:
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625:lacrimal bone
621:
619:
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599:
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586:
582:
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569:
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561:The skull of
556:
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531:
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514:specific name
507:
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437:
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430:rocks of the
429:
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100:
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80:
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70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
5110:Yixian fauna
5015:
5008:
5001:
4994:
4987:
4981:Philovenator
4979:
4972:
4967:Linhevenator
4965:
4958:
4953:Hypnovenator
4951:
4944:
4938:Byronosaurus
4936:
4929:
4922:Troodontinae
4909:
4902:
4895:
4890:Daliansaurus
4888:
4868:
4862:Philovenator
4860:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4816:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4772:
4766:Paronychodon
4764:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4728:
4721:
4716:Geminiraptor
4714:
4706:
4699:
4687:Troodontidae
4665:Troodontidae
4663:
4631:Troodontidae
4529:
4520:
4511:
4477:Troodontidae
4419:
4415:
4409:
4401:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4307:
4285:(1): 48–54.
4282:
4278:
4272:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4229:
4186:
4182:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4093:
4089:
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4074:
4070:
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4027:
4023:
4009:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3856:
3852:
3839:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3706:
3702:
3696:
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3651:
3647:
3641:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3520:
3516:
3492:
3468:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3402:(1): 22–26.
3399:
3395:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3286:(1): 49–62.
3283:
3279:
3273:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3013:
2993:
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2939:
2935:
2845:
2841:
2829:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2762:, including
2753:
2747:
2741:
2737:Amphiephedra
2735:
2726:
2722:Czekanowskia
2720:
2696:
2694:
2687:
2683:Peipiaosteus
2681:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2527:
2520:
2518:choristodere
2513:
2509:
2503:
2501:hadrosauroid
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2428:
2422:January 2021
2419:
2408:Please help
2403:verification
2400:
2382:Paleoecology
2370:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2350:Zhenyuanlong
2348:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:Eosinopteryx
2316:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2296:Paleobiology
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2239:
2235:
2233:
2116:Troodontinae
2114:
2098:
2097:
2081:
2080:
2057:
2056:
2024:
2023:
2007:
2006:
1967:
1966:
1950:
1949:
1926:
1925:
1895:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1810:
1809:
1786:
1785:
1762:
1761:
1740:Troodontidae
1726:
1697:Unenlagiinae
1695:
1680:
1651:
1624:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1520:
1519:
1503:
1502:
1486:
1485:
1462:
1461:
1445:
1444:
1428:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1389:
1388:
1365:
1364:
1341:
1340:
1329:Troodontidae
1312:
1283:
1282:
1266:
1265:
1239:
1238:
1222:
1221:
1196:
1177:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1138:
1132:
1126:
1123:Troodontinae
1119:
1107:Troodontinae
1102:
1098:Daliansaurus
1096:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1023:
1021:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
981:
975:
973:
968:
966:
955:
954:Feathers of
944:
936:
926:
921:
909:
895:
891:
887:
885:
880:
864:
858:
852:
840:
836:
828:
824:
820:
816:
810:
805:
789:
785:
776:
770:
746:neural spine
743:
738:
719:
717:
707:
702:
700:
691:
688:angular bone
683:
676:dentary bone
671:
669:
663:
648:
632:
622:
617:
611:
605:
601:
595:
588:
581:Troodontidae
576:
566:
562:
560:
552:as preserved
549:
534:
529:
527:
517:
501:
489:
475:
459:
457:
448:
399:
398:
376:
372:
368:
362:
341:
340:
331:
323:
315:
306:
305:
278:
277:
276:
267:
260:
259:
253:Type species
243:
236:
235:
223:Troodontidae
203:
190:
177:
126:
24:
18:
5090:Aptian life
5080:Troodontids
4946:Gobivenator
4911:Sinusonasus
4904:Sinovenator
4803:Xixiasaurus
4796:Tochisaurus
4723:Harenadraco
4619:Maniraptora
4604:Maniraptora
2789:Potamogeton
2760:angiosperms
2728:Schizolepis
2717:gymnosperms
2699:lived in a
2664:; the frog
2661:Sinodelphys
2637:Akidolestes
2584:ceratopsian
2567:Shenqiornis
2561:Shanweiniao
2549:Liaoxiornis
2543:Grabauornis
2497:Sinovenator
2489:Sinusonasus
2481:Jehol Biota
2469:Sinusonasus
2465:Sinovenator
2367:blade pitch
2339:Microraptor
2304:Restoration
2270:Sinusonasus
2246:, in which
2240:Sinosonasus
1880:Almas ukhaa
1599:Topology B:
1148:Topology A:
1109:required a
1076:Sinusonasus
1060:Sinosonasus
1056:Sinovenator
945:Sinovenator
941:hinge joint
937:Sinovenator
910:Sinovenator
892:Sinovenator
821:Sinovenator
786:Sinusonasus
708:Sinovenator
692:Sinovenator
672:Sinovenator
649:Sinovenator
618:Sinovenator
613:Sinusonasus
602:Sinovenator
590:Sinovenator
524:Description
472:Lü Junchang
377:Sinusonasus
364:Sinusonasus
320:aerodynamic
36:124.4
5074:Categories
5047:See also:
4974:Pectinodon
4640:see below↓
4516:Dinosauria
4507:Sauropsida
4371:BioScience
3803:Anchiornis
3167:: 364–373.
2821:References
2794:Leefructus
2783:Leefructus
2777:Sinocarpus
2774:(formerly
2749:Ephedrites
2733:ephedroids
2731:, and the
2719:, such as
2705:tuffaceous
2701:lacustrine
2676:(of which
2655:Sinobaatar
2573:Zhongornis
2327:Xiaotingia
2313:Anchiornis
2256:pterosaurs
1430:SPS 100/44
983:Anchiornis
963:Feathering
870:metacarpal
760:, and the
682:separates
629:nasal bone
490:Jianianhua
288:troodontid
197:Saurischia
184:Dinosauria
5017:Zanabazar
5010:Urbacodon
4931:Borogovia
4592:Theropoda
4577:Theropoda
4525:Theropoda
4493:Kingdom:
4203:0962-8452
4135:: e2159.
3914:: 11775.
3831:199493087
3786:205225790
3523:: e7247.
3416:129952609
3103:205224036
3052:128837848
2942:: 14972.
2862:127859268
2771:Hyrcantha
2708:sandstone
2678:L. davidi
2673:Lycoptera
2252:Hox genes
1140:Zanabazar
1125:includes
861:phalanges
827:but like
823:. Unlike
773:paravians
766:gastralia
637:braincase
548:Skull of
458:In 2017,
296:from the
210:Theropoda
157:Kingdom:
151:Eukaryota
5059:Category
5049:Timeline
4744:Koparion
4501:Chordata
4499:Phylum:
4495:Animalia
4221:25673687
4161:27441115
4110:10578107
4052:24228777
4044:25504729
4001:20444096
3993:17811125
3946:26181289
3881:12540892
3778:21796204
3731:23719374
3680:24990749
3633:19828548
3584:82718663
3549:31333906
3370:11845206
3327:85792693
3265:84317234
3224:26016843
3184:PLOS ONE
3146:96442710
3095:21455178
2974:28463233
2804:See also
2258:such as
1764:Mei long
1601:Hartman
1343:Mei long
1154:(2017)
1072:polytomy
1034:Size of
956:J. tengi
881:J. tengi
813:coracoid
806:J. tengi
782:chevrons
739:J. tengi
664:Mei long
645:cerebrum
550:J. tengi
408:holotype
357:, where
294:dinosaur
291:theropod
216:Family:
171:Chordata
167:Phylum:
161:Animalia
147:Domain:
127:J. tengi
5003:Troodon
4870:Tamarro
4534:Paraves
4505:Class:
4436:9318544
4393:1313075
4352:4352260
4330:Bibcode
4299:2390089
4264:9319072
4212:4345455
4152:4941780
4024:Science
3973:Bibcode
3965:Science
3937:4504142
3916:Bibcode
3889:1160118
3861:Bibcode
3739:4364892
3711:Bibcode
3688:4464659
3660:Bibcode
3624:2842655
3540:6626525
3439:Bibcode
3378:4417515
3350:Bibcode
3215:4446324
3192:Bibcode
3126:Bibcode
3075:Bibcode
3032:Bibcode
2965:5418581
2944:Bibcode
2798:eudicot
2755:Liaoxia
2743:Chengia
1628:(incl.
1626:Avialae
1613:Paraves
1605:(2019)
1198:Avialae
1166:Paraves
1128:Troodon
1052:derived
918:ischium
916:of the
894:. Like
845:humerus
833:furcula
762:sternum
748:of the
585:derived
573:maxilla
539:sutures
506:Chinese
494:Chinese
464:Xu Xing
436:Chinese
426:) from
424:chisels
336:Paraves
312:Xu Xing
229:Genus:
105:↓
4434:
4391:
4350:
4322:Nature
4297:
4262:
4219:
4209:
4201:
4159:
4149:
4108:
4050:
4042:
3999:
3991:
3944:
3934:
3887:
3879:
3853:Nature
3829:
3819:
3784:
3776:
3758:Nature
3737:
3729:
3703:Nature
3686:
3678:
3652:Nature
3631:
3621:
3582:
3547:
3537:
3414:
3376:
3368:
3342:Nature
3325:
3263:
3222:
3212:
3144:
3101:
3093:
3067:Nature
3050:
3001:
2972:
2962:
2860:
2786:, and
2752:, and
2686:, and
2658:, and
2649:Eomaia
2609:; the
2582:; the
2570:, and
2471:, and
2459:After
2325:, and
1603:et al.
1152:et al.
1137:, and
986:, and
933:hallux
831:, the
674:. The
610:, and
535:et al.
508::
496::
453:Aptian
438::
270:, 2017
268:et al.
246:, 2017
244:et al.
31:Aptian
4839:Almas
4789:Talos
4530:Clade
4521:Clade
4512:Clade
4389:JSTOR
4348:S2CID
4295:JSTOR
4129:PeerJ
4048:S2CID
3997:S2CID
3885:S2CID
3849:(PDF)
3827:S2CID
3782:S2CID
3735:S2CID
3684:S2CID
3580:S2CID
3517:PeerJ
3412:S2CID
3374:S2CID
3323:S2CID
3261:S2CID
3142:S2CID
3099:S2CID
3048:S2CID
2858:S2CID
2713:flora
1074:with
1070:in a
1048:basal
1012:barbs
974:Like
906:pubes
902:ilium
796:Limbs
756:lack
557:Skull
518:tengi
486:genus
416:China
346:basal
302:China
284:genus
204:Clade
191:Clade
178:Clade
4617:see
4590:see
4563:see
4432:PMID
4260:PMID
4217:PMID
4199:ISSN
4157:PMID
4106:PMID
4040:PMID
3989:PMID
3942:PMID
3877:PMID
3817:ISBN
3774:PMID
3727:PMID
3676:PMID
3629:PMID
3545:PMID
3366:PMID
3220:PMID
3091:PMID
2999:ISBN
2970:PMID
2616:and
2603:and
2495:and
2487:and
2376:drag
2238:and
1008:vane
849:ulna
754:ribs
750:axis
623:The
502:long
422:and
404:type
375:and
328:drag
44:PreꞒ
4897:Mei
4424:doi
4420:198
4379:doi
4338:doi
4326:374
4287:doi
4252:doi
4248:198
4207:PMC
4191:doi
4187:282
4147:PMC
4137:doi
4098:doi
4094:285
4032:doi
4028:346
3981:doi
3969:203
3932:PMC
3924:doi
3869:doi
3857:421
3809:doi
3766:doi
3762:475
3719:doi
3707:498
3668:doi
3656:511
3619:PMC
3611:doi
3607:277
3572:doi
3535:PMC
3525:doi
3447:doi
3404:doi
3358:doi
3346:415
3315:doi
3288:doi
3251:doi
3210:PMC
3200:doi
3134:doi
3083:doi
3071:471
3040:doi
2960:PMC
2952:doi
2850:doi
2780:),
2493:Mei
2461:Mei
2412:by
2279:An
1150:Xu
1143:).
853:Mei
841:Mei
835:in
829:Mei
633:Mei
568:Mei
498:嘉年華
440:白菜溝
300:of
286:of
266:Xu
242:Xu
5076::
4532::
4523::
4514::
4430:.
4418:.
4414:.
4387:.
4375:47
4373:.
4369:.
4346:.
4336:.
4324:.
4320:.
4293:.
4281:.
4258:.
4246:.
4242:.
4215:.
4205:.
4197:.
4185:.
4181:.
4169:^
4155:.
4145:.
4131:.
4127:.
4104:.
4092:.
4075:47
4073:.
4069:.
4046:.
4038:.
4026:.
4022:.
3995:.
3987:.
3979:.
3967:.
3940:.
3930:.
3922:.
3910:.
3906:.
3883:.
3875:.
3867:.
3855:.
3851:.
3825:.
3815:.
3780:.
3772:.
3760:.
3733:.
3725:.
3717:.
3705:.
3682:.
3674:.
3666:.
3654:.
3627:.
3617:.
3605:.
3601:.
3578:.
3568:14
3566:.
3543:.
3533:.
3519:.
3515:.
3501:^
3477:^
3459:^
3445:.
3435:30
3433:.
3410:.
3400:78
3398:.
3386:^
3372:.
3364:.
3356:.
3344:.
3321:.
3311:27
3309:.
3284:16
3282:.
3259:.
3245:.
3241:.
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