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published in various magazines and in college textbooks. When consciousness about women at the
University was raised by a sit-in prompted by the firing of a popular female professor, Freeman led efforts to examine women's experiences at the University and in academia. These included teaching a "free course" on the legal and economic position of women early in 1969, chairing the student subcommittee of the new Committee on University Women, and organizing a major campus conference on women the following fall.
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307:(FSM) was formed by the student groups to continue the struggle. Freeman represented the University Young Democrats on the FSM executive committee. After two months of fruitless negotiations, Freeman was one of "the 800" students who were arrested for sitting in at the main administration building on December 2–3, 1964. This was the biggest
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and then as an APSA Congressional Fellow. With an increasing interest in public policy, and unable to find a full-time appointment in academia, Freeman decided to study law after she was offered a Root-Tilden
Scholarship at New York University School of Law. She received a J.D. degree in 1982 and was
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In the fall of 1968, Freeman enrolled in graduate school in political science at the
University of Chicago. However, she took courses outside the discipline which would give her an opportunity to explore the research on women, sex roles and related topics. Most of the term papers she wrote were later
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was formed at that conference and tried to present its own demands to the plenary session. The women were told their resolution was not important enough for a floor discussion and when through threatening to tie up the convention with procedural motions they succeeded in having their statement tacked
294:
One of SLATE's fundamental principles was that students should have the same rights to take stands on issues on campus that they had as citizens off campus. The
University had restricted such activity since the 1930s. It became a major issue when the civil rights movement came to the Bay Area in the
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Freeman's 1973 dissertation analyzed the two branches of the women's movement, arguing that they were separated more by generation and experience than by ideology. What she called the "younger branch" was started by women with experience in civil rights, anti-war, and New Left student activism. The
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In the fall of 1964 the question was dramatized when student organizations set up tables on campus to solicit money and recruit students for off-campus political action in defiance of the ban. One person was arrested and several students were issued administrative citations. After a mass arrest was
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Freeman and
Firestone called a meeting of the women who had been at the "free school" course and the women's workshop at the conference — this became the first Chicago women's liberation group, known as the Westside group because it met weekly in Freeman's apartment on Chicago's west side. After a
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When the
National Conference for New Politics Director William F. Pepper refused to recognize any of the women waiting to speak and instead called on someone to speak about the American Indian, five women, including Firestone, rushed the podium to demand to know why. Pepper patted Firestone on the
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in fall of 1968. In this work, Freeman notes that women are labeled as a bitch in society based on three principles, their personality, orientation, and physicality. Freeman argues that women that are labeled "a bitch" are often seen as aggressive or as a man hater. Freeman asked women to embrace
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published an exposé of her work as a "professional agitator" on its editorial page, implying that she was a communist sympathizer. The exposé was accompanied by five photographs, including one taken during the FSM. Thirty years later a federal court order disclosed that these were provided to the
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Freeman has published 11 books and hundreds of articles. Most are on some aspect of women or feminism, but she also writes about social movements and political parties. Two of these are considered classics: "On the
Origins of Social Movements" and "The Political Culture of the Democratic and
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to get them to sign hiring agreements. Success here was followed by unsuccessful negotiations with San
Francisco's most elegant hotels and several automobile dealers. Freeman was one of 167 demonstrators arrested at the Sheraton-Palace Hotel in March 1964, and one of 226 arrested at the
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which argued there is no such thing as a structureless group; power is simply disguised and hidden when structure is unacknowledged and that all groups and organizations need clear lines of responsibility for democratic accountability, a notion that underlies the theory of
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580:'s name on the ballot. She came in ninth out of 24 candidates in Chicago's first district and attended the convention as an alternate with the Chicago Challenge Delegation that unseated Mayor Daley's hand-picked slate. She later worked on California Senator
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As a result of her publications, Freeman was invited to speak at many other colleges and universities, mostly in the
Midwest. She spent the summers of 1970 and 1971 hitchhiking through Europe distributing feminist literature. Her lecture at the
380:. When this job ended she tried to find jobs as a journalist and photographer in Chicago, where she was told that girls can't cover riots. Eventually she found work as a re-write editor for a trade magazine, later becoming a freelance writer.
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She has continued to attend the major party political conventions, but as a journalist. Many of her articles are posted to her webpage, as are some of her photographs of political events and a small selection from her button collection.
359:). When the summer was over, she joined the SCLC staff as a field worker. For the next year she did voter registration in Alabama and Mississippi, spending a few days in jail in both states. In August 1966, when she was working in
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head and said, "Move on little girl; we have more important issues to talk about here than women's liberation," or possibly, "Cool down, little girl. We have more important things to talk about than women's problems."
287:. SLATE worked to abolish nuclear testing, to eliminate the University's ban on controversial speakers, and to improve undergraduate education at Cal. It developed a guide to classes and professors entitled the
870:, April 23, 2015. Accessed February 19, 2019. "Jo Freeman, a lawyer, professor and writer, moved to lower Park Slope in 1979 after she was admitted to NYU Law School and has lived in Kensington since 1985."
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It circulated all over the country (and in a few foreign countries), and gave the new movement its name. Many of the women in the
Westside group went on to start other feminist organizations including the
516:. She invited them to organize a woman's workshop at the then-forthcoming National Conference of New Politics (NCNP), to be held over Labor Day weekend 1967 in Chicago. A woman's caucus led by Freeman and
372:. An informant had documented Freeman's participation in the FSM and recognized her in Grenada. Concerned for her safety, SCLC sent Freeman back to Atlanta, where she worked in the main office and also as
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Before receiving her PhD from the University of Chicago in 1973, Freeman taught for four years at the State University of New York. She then spent two years in Washington, D.C., as a fellow at the
549:(APSA) in 1969, she helped to found the Women's Caucus for Political Science, eventually serving as its treasurer for one year. She also served on APSA's Committee on the Status of Women.
229:, stationed in England. Soon after Jo's birth Helen moved to Los Angeles, California where she taught junior high school until shortly before her death from emphysema. Freeman attended
376:'s assistant for six weeks. In October she was sent to work with SCLC's Chicago project. As the SCLC 's Chicago project faded out, Freeman went to work for a community newspaper, the
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agency in April. She was acquitted in her first trial and convicted in her second, resulting in a fifteen-day jail sentence. Her second trial kept her from attending the 1964
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Freeman wrote four classic feminist papers under her movement name "Joreen", which analyzed her experiences in the women's liberation movement. The most widely known is
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in California history. The publicity it generated compelled the Regents of the University to change the rules so that students could pursue political issues on campus.
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When the civil rights movement came to the San Francisco Bay Area in 1963, it picketed local employers who didn't hire blacks. Demonstrations were organized at
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is considered an early example of language reclamation by a social movement, as well as a celebration of non-traditional gender roles. A third article,
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in 1968 and completed her PhD in 1973. After four years of teaching at the State University of New York she went to Washington, D.C., as a
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their inner bitch, noting that it is difficult to make societal change without angering people (and therefore receiving the bitch label).
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She received her BA with honors in political science from UC Berkeley in 1965. She began her graduate work in political science at the
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in 1970 is credited for sparking its first new feminist group. The literature she distributed was also a boon to feminists in the
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The Politics of Women's Liberation: A Case Study of an Emerging Social Movement and Its Relation to the Policy Process
681:, New York for many years, serving as counsel to women running for political offices and to pro-choice demonstrators.
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The politics of women's liberation: a case study of an emerging social movement and its relation to the policy process
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illuminated an aspect of the women's movement that many participants experienced but few wanted to discuss openly.
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643:, was published in 1975 and won the APSA's prize for the best scholarly work on women in politics. Freeman wrote
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Freeman, Jo, "On the Origins of the Women's Liberation Movement from a Strictly Personal Perspective," in
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In June 1967, Freeman attended a "free school" course on women at the University of Chicago led by
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went into five editions and for many years was the leading introductory women's studies textbook.
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and political parties. She has also written extensively about women, particularly on law and
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and related state Commissions. The latter branch gave rise to such organizations as the
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admitted to the New York State Bar the next year. She maintained a private practice in
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fall of 1963 because students wanted to support the movement on campus as well as off.
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Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From the Women's Liberation Movement
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Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement
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348:'s petition to be seated in place of the all-white regular Mississippi delegation.
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864:"Former volunteers, now in Brooklyn, recall Summer Voting-Rights Project of 1965"
584:'s 1984 Presidential campaign and became active in Democratic Party politics in
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201:. She authored several classic feminist articles as well as important papers on
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631:"older branch" was founded by women who had been members of or worked with the
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We Will Be Heard: Women's Struggles for Political Power in the United States
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American Patriotism, American Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties
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639:(NOW) and the Women's Equity Action League (WEAL). The resulting book,
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politics since leaving California in 1965 (except for a brief stint on
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narrowly avoided by last minute negotiations with University president
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1369:
Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook
97:
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degree in 1982. She was admitted to the New York State Bar in 1983.
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At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961–1965
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At Berkeley in the Sixties: The Education of an Activist, 1961–1965
284:
225:, and had served during World War II as a first lieutenant in the
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Stolthet og Kvinnekamp: Norsk Kinnesakforenings Historie Fra 1913
1114:, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1972); published under Jo Freeman's name in the
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Stolthet og Kvinnekamp: Norsk Kinnesakforenings Historie Fra 1913
748:, editor with Victoria Johnson (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999).
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for which Freeman wrote reviews of professors and their courses.
894:"SLATE Supplement to the General Catalogue, Volume II, Number I"
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from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
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128:
1201:"Associates | The Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press"
1156:(N.Y.: Random House, 1st ed. 1970), p. 37 ff. (crediting, in
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project in Mississippi. After it ended she hitchhiked to the
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in the 1960s, she became active in organizations working for
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572:'s 1968 Presidential campaign), she ran for delegate to the
693:(2000) also won a prize for scholarship given at the APSA.
37:
Jo Freeman at September 2006 peace protest at U.S. Congress
16:
American feminist, political scientist, writer and attorney
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Following graduation from UC Berkeley, Freeman joined the
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The Civil Rights Vigil at the 1964 Democratic Convention
1350:. New York: Three Rivers Press, 1998, pp. 171–196.
357:
Southern Community Organization and Political Education
143:
1010:. Jofreeman.com (1966-08-16). Retrieved on 2015-04-18.
994:"Professional Agitator Hits All Major Trouble Spots,"
972:. Jofreeman.com (1964-04-26). Retrieved on 2015-04-18.
746:
Waves of Protest: Social Movements Since the Sixties
722:, editor (Mayfield, 1975, 1979, 1984, 1989, 1995).
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1061:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 61–.
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759:A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics
691:A Room at a Time: How Women Entered Party Politics
658:Freeman is featured in the feminist history film,
615:The 51 Percent Minority Group: A Statistical Essay
521:to the end of the agenda, it was never discussed.
279:At Berkeley, Freeman was active in the University
256:in 1979 as a Root-Tilden Scholar and received her
1282:. Archived from the original on December 28, 2007
1300:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
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1008:Jackson Daily News : Jo Freeman Story-1966
209:toward women and women in mainstream politics.
1174:Women's Equity Action League: Information from
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267:in 1979 to attend law school and has lived in
1364:. Oslo, Norway: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 1996.
1240:"The Film — She's Beautiful When She's Angry"
733:Social Movements of the Sixties and Seventies
633:President's Commission on the Status of Women
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1162:The Voice of The Women's Liberation Movement
651:In 1977, Freeman became an associate of the
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1026:Significant Contemporary American Feminists
851:Significant Contemporary American Feminists
169:, writer and attorney. As a student at the
1371:. Greenwood Press, 1999, pp. 104–110.
653:Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press
529:few months Freeman started the newsletter
425:about living persons that is unsourced or
31:
20:
1437:University of California, Berkeley alumni
1098:Elisabeth Lønnå, "Møtet med Jo Freeman,"
1089:. Jofreeman.com. Retrieved on 2015-04-18.
960:, sfpalace.com. Accessed October 9, 2022.
531:Voice of the women's liberation movement.
496:Learn how and when to remove this message
1492:Granada Hills Charter High School alumni
1447:New York University School of Law alumni
1387:Jo Freeman's writings at Seniorwomen.com
564:Although Freeman had not been active in
370:Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission
353:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
289:SLATE Supplement to the General Catalog,
1176:. Answers.com. Retrieved on 2015-04-18.
1160:, p. , the essay's first appearance to
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161:(born August 26, 1945), is an American
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1280:"Root-Tilden-Kern Scholarship Program"
845:
843:
611:Trashing: The Dark Side of Sisterhood,
547:American Political Science Association
384:Women's liberation activist and author
250:American Political Science Association
233:, but graduated in the first class of
221:, in 1945. Her mother Helen was from
7:
1127:Shulamith Firestone and Anne Koedt,
1040:, Jwa.org. Retrieved April 18, 2015.
346:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
1472:21st-century American women writers
1467:20th-century American women writers
1417:American women political scientists
668:Career in law and political science
574:1972 Democratic National Convention
338:1964 Democratic National Convention
1357:. Columbia University Press, 1970.
1262:"Congressional Fellowship Program"
1087:On the Origins of Social Movements
787:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).
774:(Indiana University Press, 2004).
761:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2000).
709:(Longman, 1975; iUniverse, 2000).
641:The Politics of Women's Liberation
252:Congressional Fellow. She entered
197:and was an early organizer of the
171:University of California, Berkeley
14:
1427:American women's rights activists
1367:Scanlon, Jennifer. "Jo Freeman."
1335:. Indiana University Press, 2004.
1118:, Vol. 17 (1972–73), pp. 151–165.
355:'s (SCLC) summer project, SCOPE (
254:New York University School of Law
1482:People from Kensington, Brooklyn
1242:. Shesbeautifulwhenshesangry.com
849:Jennifer Scanlon, "Jo Freeman,"
661:She's Beautiful When She's Angry
594:The Tyranny of Structurelessness
536:Chicago Women's Liberation Union
392:
283:and the campus political party,
1487:American civil rights activists
637:National Organization for Women
617:appeared in the 1970 anthology
248:and stayed another year as an
1:
1462:21st-century American writers
1457:20th-century American writers
1422:American political scientists
1355:The Beginning: Berkeley, 1964
1116:Berkeley Journal of Sociology
946:The Beginning: Berkeley, 1964
720:Women: A Feminist Perspective
687:Women: A Feminist Perspective
545:At the annual meeting of the
1442:University of Chicago alumni
403:biography of a living person
275:Student activist at Berkeley
1340:The Feminist Memoir Project
1055:Simon Hall (June 6, 2011).
812:Women's liberation movement
430:must be removed immediately
199:women's liberation movement
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1326:Notes from the Second Year
1129:Notes from the Second Year
998:, August 18, 1966, pg. 12.
983:At Berkeley in the Sixties
933:At Berkeley in the Sixties
920:At Berkeley in the Sixties
881:At Berkeley in the Sixties
835:At Berkeley in the Sixties
735:, editor (Longman, 1983).
1432:Feminist studies scholars
1412:American feminist writers
342:Atlantic City, New Jersey
235:Granada Hills High School
134:
75:
30:
213:Early life and education
1024:Scanlon, "Jo Freeman,"
883:, pp. 14–22, 29–33, 53.
1477:People from Park Slope
1452:American women lawyers
601:democratic structuring
417:Please help by adding
231:Birmingham High School
187:community organization
1344:Rachel Blau DuPlessis
1038:Heather Booth profile
685:Republican Parties."
674:Brookings Institution
315:Civil rights activist
242:University of Chicago
179:civil rights movement
91:University of Chicago
1382:Jo Freeman's website
1318:Firestone, Shulamith
1187:"The BITCH Manfesto"
1152:Morgan, Robin, ed.,
868:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
814:, a type of feminism
423:Contentious material
361:Grenada, Mississippi
305:Free Speech Movement
269:Kensington, Brooklyn
265:Park Slope, Brooklyn
181:. She went on to do
1268:on October 1, 2005.
935:, pp. 171, 193–198.
518:Shulamith Firestone
167:political scientist
80:Academic background
1360:Lønnå, Elisabeth.
996:Jackson Daily News
645:The Bitch Manfesto
555:University of Oslo
401:This section of a
374:Coretta Scott King
365:Jackson Daily News
227:Women's Army Corps
183:voter registration
1068:978-0-8122-0365-3
862:Geberer, Raanan.
793:978-0-7425-5608-9
715:978-0-595-08899-7
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368:newspaper by the
344:, to support the
263:Freeman moved to
223:Hamilton, Alabama
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246:Brookings Fellow
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486:October 2022
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445:"Jo Freeman"
440:
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412:verification
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271:since 1985.
262:
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107: (1973)
103:
18:
1402:1945 births
1226:"The Women"
603:. The 1969
559:Netherlands
309:mass arrest
195:Mississippi
1396:Categories
1348:Ann Snitow
1322:Anne Koedt
904:August 11,
837:, pp. 1–5.
822:References
456:newspapers
301:Clark Kerr
155:Jo Freeman
86:Alma mater
49:1945-08-26
25:Jo Freeman
1342:, ed. by
1286:August 3,
1246:April 28,
981:Freeman,
944:Heirich,
931:Freeman,
918:Freeman,
879:Freeman,
833:Freeman,
408:citations
237:in 1961.
144:jofreeman
1296:cite web
1210:June 21,
1205:wifp.org
679:Brooklyn
655:(WIFP).
586:Brooklyn
434:libelous
330:Cadillac
177:and the
163:feminist
121:Feminist
1328:. 1970.
1324:, eds.
958:History
470:scholar
191:Alabama
139:Website
1320:, and
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363:, the
303:, the
159:Joreen
98:Thesis
71:Joreen
62:, U.S.
799:Notes
701:Books
477:JSTOR
463:books
321:Lucky
285:SLATE
1346:and
1302:link
1288:2008
1248:2017
1212:2017
1063:ISBN
906:2008
789:ISBN
776:ISBN
763:ISBN
750:ISBN
737:ISBN
724:ISBN
711:ISBN
512:and
449:news
410:for
193:and
185:and
157:aka
146:.com
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1158:id.
1141:Ms.
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