745:, relations were steadily worsening because of Jochi's preoccupation with his territories. On his return home, Genghis ordered Jochi to join him, but the latter claimed he was too ill to do so. When a traveller claimed that he was not ill and merely hunting, Genghis resolved to bring him to heel. Before he could do so, in either 1225 or 1227, news came that Jochi had died of his illness. One account states that Jochi had been so offended by the destruction at Gurganj that he had made a secret alliance with the Khwarazmians, and that having found out, Genghis ordered that Jochi be poisoned; this account is likely a fabrication.
629:
474:
375:
349:) are highly contradictory. In 1180 or 1181, a large force of Merkits raided TemĂŒjin's camp; while most of his family managed to escape, Börte was captured. She was forcibly married to Chilger-Bökö, the younger brother of Hö'elĂŒn's original husband. Meanwhile, TemĂŒjin had convinced his allies to assemble substantial forces to help him rescue Börte. Under Jamukha's command, the combined army campaigned against the Merkits and defeated them, recovering Börte and taking large amounts of plunder.
749:
40:
613:, one of Genghis's secondary wives, requested him to decide the succession before setting out. Though Genghis appears not to have cared about Jochi's possible illegitimacy, Chagatai vehemently objected to his brother becoming the next khan, shouting "How can we let ourselves be ruled by this Merkit bastard?" After the brawling brothers were pulled apart, the
449:
where he was acclaimed as "Genghis Khan". He also began to reorder his new nation, dividing it between members of his ruling dynasty. As the eldest son, Jochi received the largest shareânine thousand subject warriors, all with their own families and herds; Chagatai received eight thousand, and their
713:
The usual narrative of the siege recounts that Jochi and
Chagatai quarrelled on how best to conduct its progress, as Jochi presumed that the rich city would become part of his domain and wished to damage it as little as possible. Chagatai on the other hand held no such qualms. When Genghis heard
722:
Whichever narrative is preferred, Jochi lost the favour of his father following the siege. Genghis likely considered the lengthy, destructive siege a military failure, and was also slighted by Jochi's failure to give him his rightful share of the loot. After its conclusion, Chagatai and Ăgedei
352:
However, there was a problemâBörte was heavily pregnant and soon, in
Jamukha's camp, gave birth to Jochi. As Chilger-Bökö had undoubtedly raped her, and as she had been among the Merkits for nearly nine months, Jochi's paternity was uncertain; this was reflected in his name, meaning "guest" in
580:
records two conversations between Jochi and his father about his campaigns: once when
Genghis declined Jochi's request to spare the life of a renowned Merkit archer, and once when Jochi's triumphant return from the subjugation of the Oirats garnered high praise from his father.
714:
about this infighting, he ordered that Ăgedei be promoted to command his brothers. Atwood however argues that this narrative was a later invention designed to buttress Ăgedei's rule as khan of the empire and that Jochi in reality retained primacy throughout the siege.
536:
has argued that this narrative minimised Jochi's role, that in reality he, not
Subutai, was the primary commander in all campaigns against the Merkit and Qangli, and that his right to rule the former Qangli lands was justified by the success of the campaigns.
617:
continues, the suggestion of Ăgedei as a compromise candidate was endorsed by both brothers and their father. Because of other sources which present a less febrile gathering which took place after the war's conclusion, some historians speculate that the
225:, during which she was forcibly married and raped by one of their number. Although there was thus considerable doubt over Jochi's parentage, TemĂŒjin considered him his son and treated him accordingly. Many Mongols, most prominently Börte's next son
413:. The names of eleven other sons are known, but none had significant careers, reflecting the junior status of their mothers. Descendants of younger sons nevertheless used their Jochid lineage to legitimise their right to rule: these included
701:
and Jochi's part in it. What is certain is that the siege was lengthy, lasting between four and seven months, and that it was exceptionally fierce: the defiant
Khwarazmian defenders forced the Mongol army to engage in bitter house-by-house
306:), after he had survived a turbulent adolescence, they married. They had their first child, a daughter named Qojin, in 1179 or 1180. By forming alliances with notable steppe leaders, such as his friend
654:
The Mongol armies, estimated to number 150,000 or 200,000 men in total, descended upon Otrar in late 1219. Leaving
Chagatai and Ăgedei to besiege the town, Genghis took their younger brother
763:
assumed a junior position, while their younger brothers each took a strip of land to rule. Jochi's descendants would grow more independent, eventually ruling over the state known as the
2432:
333:
Because of their consequences, the subsequent events were considered highly controversial: most contemporary authors omitted any mention of the events, while the two that did (the
2360:
796:
At this point in time, the word "Mongols" only referred to the members of one tribe in northeast
Mongolia; because this tribe played a central role in the formation of the
520:
and other Hoi-yin Irgen. These tribes soon submitted, and Jochi took control of the region's trade in grain and furs, as well as its gold mines. He subsequently reinforced
394:: Börte's niece Ăki; her relative Sorghan; and several less powerful women, namely Qutlugh Khatun, Sultan Khatun, Nubqus, ShÄ«r, Qarajin, and Kul. In addition, Jochi took
2427:
194:. His life was marked by controversy over the circumstances of his birth and culminated in his estrangement from his family. He was nevertheless a prominent
731:. Some sources allege that he preferred to spend his time hunting, an activity he was very greatly fond of. It is unclear if he ever met his father again.
386:
By 1203, Jochi was old enough for marriage. TemĂŒjin intended to betroth him to a daughter of his ally
Toghrul, but this proposal was taken as insulting by
2075:
Panyushkina, Irina P.; Usmanova, Emma R.; Uskenbay, Kanat Z.; Kozha, Mukhtar B.; Dzhumabekov, Dzhambul A.; Akhatov, Gaziz A.; Jull, A. J. Timothy (2022).
2910:
314:, and with the help of his charisma, TemĂŒjin had begun to attract followers and gain power. Word of his rise spread and soon drew the attention of the
240:; Jochi commanded and participated in numerous campaigns to secure and extend Mongol power in the region. He was also a prominent commander during the
2678:
2670:
590:
241:
2157:
248:, tensions arose between him, his brothers, and Genghis, which never healed. Jochi was still estranged from his family when he died of ill health
2918:
2974:
2125:
2065:
2038:
2011:
1986:
1959:
1927:
1881:
1858:
1835:
1798:
1773:
1741:
1707:
525:
390:
and eventually led to war between the two leaders. After
Toghrul's defeat, Jochi was given one of his nieces, BegtĂŒtmish, as a wife. He also
409:; they were the children of Sorghan and Ăki respectively. Neither these women nor BegtĂŒtmish was the mother of Jochi's other notable son,
495:
3001:
2950:
2926:
2725:
2375:
3376:
2709:
2662:
625:
account was "a later interpolation" and that Jochi only lost his place as heir after making mistakes during the
Khwarazmian campaign.
541:
3386:
2958:
2870:
2886:
489:
This allocation was made with the expectation that Jochi would expand, and so in 1207â08 he campaigned against and subjugated the
2942:
2902:
727:, while Jochi moved north, ostensibly to bring the Qangli to heel in his new territories, which included the steppes west of the
458:
received five thousand each. As expected for a firstborn, Jochi received the territories furthest away from the homeland for his
357:. While TemĂŒjin always regarded Jochi as his son by blood and treated him accordingly, many Mongols, such as his younger brother
532:
allies for the next decade, finally destroying the last remnants of the people in 1217 or 1218 alongside Subutai. The historian
236:
in 1206 and took the name Genghis Khan, he entrusted Jochi with nine thousand warriors and a large territory in the west of the
2966:
2894:
2800:
2636:
3017:
2862:
2774:
2766:
2699:
2691:
2370:
3073:
2417:
3347:
3044:
2934:
2390:
2385:
1813:
335:
195:
752:
The "Jochi Mausoleum" in Kazakhstan has traditionally been identified as Jochi's burial place, but this is likely untrue.
2854:
2652:
2395:
2380:
545:
3025:
2993:
2844:
2792:
2644:
2150:
229:, disagreed; these tensions eventually led to Jochi being excluded from the line of succession to the Mongol throne.
2003:
1978:
1919:
1850:
1819:
710:
or flooding from collapsed dams. After the city's eventual fall, its inhabitants were either killed or enslaved.
3381:
2878:
2836:
2819:
2753:
2733:
2717:
2479:
2048:
May, Timothy (2022b). "The Conquest of Qara Khitai and Western Siberia". In May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.).
2743:
1951:
1947:
1755:
374:
686:
and Yanikant were occupied without much trouble. In late 1220, he travelled southwest along the shores of the
2784:
1897:
573:
2422:
2143:
724:
340:
3371:
3366:
3165:
3109:
2442:
2081:
1790:
628:
569:
3065:
3057:
2537:
2117:
1765:
438:
3303:
682:
and Asanas offered particularly stiff resistance and their inhabitants were thus slaughtered, while
3313:
2267:
501:
490:
461:
1969:
Favereau, Marie; Pochekaev, Roman Yu. (2023). "The Golden Horde, c. 1260â1502". In Biran, Michal;
2189:
2053:
2026:
1717:
1693:
772:
683:
633:
594:
533:
163:
3135:
2467:
2407:
2502:
2121:
2061:
2034:
2007:
1982:
1955:
1923:
1910:
Dunnell, Ruth W. (2023). "The Rise of Chinggis Khan and the United Empire". In Biran, Michal;
1877:
1854:
1831:
1808:
1794:
1769:
1737:
1703:
691:
561:
528:
in late 1208 or early 1209. Jochi would campaign intermittently against the Merkits and their
244:(1219â1221), during which he subdued cities and tribes to the north. However, during the 1221
112:
3049:
3009:
2462:
2090:
1823:
1733:
698:
482:
345:
319:
245:
237:
3143:
723:
departed southwards to join their father in his pursuit of the renegade Khwarazmian prince
323:
2021:
May, Timothy (2022a). "The Rise of Chinggis Khan". In May, Timothy; Hope, Michael (eds.).
659:
276:
771:
in Kazakhstan has traditionally been identified as the resting place of Jochi's remains,
414:
3156:
3130:
2412:
2113:
1937:
1873:
1759:
1751:
1721:
748:
568:, where they pillaged and plundered in autumn 1213. He may have also taken part in the
549:
517:
473:
451:
284:
398:. It is unknown who Jochi's senior wife was, but it was likely either Ăki or Sorghan.
3360:
3217:
3212:
3148:
2455:
2273:
2166:
797:
768:
703:
358:
354:
233:
226:
191:
51:
1997:
642:. Jochi campaigned along the northern border from east to west; when he reached the
481:; Jochi's initial territories were located around its headwaters in the west of the
3117:
2557:
2474:
2450:
2365:
2299:
2222:
2202:
764:
280:
203:
2562:
2077:"Chronology of the Golden Horde in Kazakhstan: 14C Dating of Jochi Khan Mausoleum"
2106:
775:
indicates that it was built much later and that it is not the site of the grave.
3283:
3232:
3192:
3161:
2262:
1970:
1911:
759:
was confirmed as ruler of his father's territories by Genghisâhis elder brother
728:
548:. The Mongols marched southwards from Genghis's campaign headquarters in modern
513:
3328:
3237:
2587:
2572:
2309:
1827:
540:
Alongside his brothers Chagatai and Ăgedei, Jochi commanded the right wing in
426:
422:
327:
292:
218:
125:
678:, which Genghis intended to become part of Jochi's territories. The towns of
3197:
3187:
2552:
2532:
2527:
2486:
2057:
2030:
1941:
760:
756:
667:
406:
402:
395:
379:
272:
256:
121:
117:
75:
71:
17:
3323:
2542:
2402:
2284:
687:
643:
598:
444:
391:
387:
268:
210:
151:
141:
2095:
2076:
221:. For many months before Jochi's birth, Börte had been a captive of the
3293:
3288:
3278:
3263:
2567:
2522:
2517:
2304:
2294:
2232:
1892:
707:
679:
671:
663:
647:
521:
339:, a mid-13th-century epic poem, and the 14th-century Persian historian
311:
307:
296:
288:
214:
199:
136:
39:
3273:
3247:
3242:
2577:
2547:
2507:
2257:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2197:
1729:
735:
565:
557:
553:
552:
in November 1211: first they attacked the cities in the area between
529:
509:
505:
478:
467:
418:
315:
222:
1784:
1697:
3318:
3298:
3227:
3207:
3202:
3122:
2289:
2279:
2227:
747:
655:
627:
610:
602:
472:
455:
410:
373:
3268:
3222:
2582:
2512:
2135:
1675:
3097:
2608:
2330:
2177:
2139:
3308:
508:
and Irtysh rivers. Jochi secured a marriage alliance with the
605:
and subsequent diplomatic overtures failed. According to the
2703:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
690:
to Gurganj, while his brothers Chagatai and Ăgedei, having
466:(domain): they were located in western Mongolia along the
1849:. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge:
572:, an inconclusive engagement fought against the army of
524:'s army before it defeated the renegade Merkits at the
459:
442:
2433:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1720:(2017). "Jochi and the Early Western Campaigns". In
706:, with much of the city destroyed either by burning
666:. Meanwhile, Jochi was dispatched to march down the
330:; they resolved to take revenge on Yesugei's heir.
259:
was appointed to rule his territories in his stead.
198:
and the progenitor of the family who ruled over the
3256:
3175:
3108:
3037:
2986:
2835:
2812:
2765:
2690:
2635:
2628:
2495:
2441:
2353:
2241:
2188:
1870:
The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
147:
135:
111:
98:
85:
81:
67:
57:
49:
32:
2105:
670:river in the direction of the Khwarazmian capital
2428:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
1651:
1595:
1531:
1259:
1203:
1187:
361:, viewed him as a bastard sired by Chilger-Bökö.
2848:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
800:, their name was later used for all the tribes.
1893:"On Some Problems Concerning Jochi's Lifetime"
1699:Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire
2151:
738:and 20,000 white horses to Genghis as a gift
589:In 1218, Genghis was provoked into launching
27:Mongol prince and general (c. 1182 â c. 1225)
8:
1943:The Horde: How the Mongols Changed the World
1615:
500:, a collection of tribes on the edge of the
382:, Jochi's second son and eventual successor.
287:. At the age of ten, she was betrothed to a
1726:How Mongolia Matters: War, Law, and Society
1627:
1607:
1579:
1491:
1463:
1371:
1359:
1351:
1323:
1127:
1115:
1091:
1083:
1011:
991:
967:
955:
939:
935:
923:
919:
907:
887:
871:
867:
597:after a Mongol trade caravan was killed by
3105:
3094:
2632:
2625:
2605:
2350:
2327:
2185:
2174:
2158:
2144:
2136:
1975:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
1916:The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire
38:
29:
2094:
1847:Women and the Making of the Mongol Empire
441:, TemĂŒjin held a large assembly called a
1635:
1611:
1559:
1527:
1487:
1451:
1435:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1379:
1283:
1255:
1239:
1183:
1063:
1007:
899:
697:There are contradictory accounts of the
425:who descended from Jochi's youngest son
44:A statue of Jochi in modern-day Mongolia
1816:Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods
1591:
1543:
1483:
1431:
1395:
1375:
1307:
1287:
1167:
1047:
824:
789:
2778:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
2737:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
1789:. Makers of the Muslim World. London:
1663:
1647:
1575:
1563:
1547:
1515:
1503:
1479:
1467:
1447:
1347:
1295:
1291:
1271:
1251:
1215:
1155:
1131:
1071:
1051:
1035:
995:
855:
843:
831:
1761:Turkestan Down To The Mongol Invasion
1631:
1399:
1391:
1335:
1179:
1067:
1027:
7:
2361:Administrative divisions and vassals
1223:
1199:
1103:
1087:
1031:
987:
971:
734:Although Jochi sent huge numbers of
646:, he took his army south to besiege
439:having united the tribes of Mongolia
1355:
1311:
1235:
1219:
1143:
1015:
983:
943:
903:
875:
242:invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire
25:
2108:Genghis Khan: His Life and Legacy
401:Jochi's most important sons were
1891:Dafeng, Qu; Jianyi, Liu (1998).
767:. Although a large mausoleum in
585:Khwarazmian war and succession
295:, son of the Mongol chieftain
277:Greater Khingan mountain range
168:
1:
3348:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3045:Division of the Mongol Empire
1845:Broadbridge, Anne F. (2018).
1814:The Cambridge History of Iran
1764:(Third ed.). New Delhi:
1652:Favereau & Pochekaev 2023
1596:Favereau & Pochekaev 2023
1532:Favereau & Pochekaev 2023
1260:Favereau & Pochekaev 2023
1204:Favereau & Pochekaev 2023
1188:Favereau & Pochekaev 2023
739:
694:, converged on his position.
636:
560:, and then they followed the
336:Secret History of the Mongols
310:and his father's former ally
300:
249:
190:), was a prince of the early
184:
177:
102:
89:
2295:Manghit / Mangudai
1702:. New York: Facts on File.
460:
443:
275:tribe, who lived along the
3403:
3074:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2104:Ratchnevsky, Paul (1991).
2004:Edinburgh University Press
1979:Cambridge University Press
1920:Cambridge University Press
1851:Cambridge University Press
1820:Cambridge University Press
674:and subdue all the cities
593:against the Central Asian
526:battle of the Irtysh River
516:guided the Mongols to the
232:After TemĂŒjin founded the
3377:13th-century Mongol khans
3345:
3104:
3093:
2889:(1223 / 1236â40)
2795:(1257 / 1284â88)
2624:
2604:
2418:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
2349:
2326:
2184:
2173:
1828:10.1017/CHOL9780521069366
477:Map of the course of the
167:
37:
3387:Children of Genghis Khan
1952:Harvard University Press
1868:Chambers, James (1979).
1616:Dafeng & Jianyi 1998
213:, the first wife of the
2371:Invasions and conquests
2290:Paiza / Gerege
1898:Central Asiatic Journal
1676:Panyushkina et al. 2022
574:Muhammad II of Khwarazm
3028:(1260 / 1301)
2756:(1274 / 1281)
2423:Franco-Mongol alliance
1783:Biran, Michal (2012).
1718:Atwood, Christopher P.
1694:Atwood, Christopher P.
874:, pp. 20â21, 31;
870:, pp. 49â50, 57;
753:
662:to attack the city of
651:
601:of the border town of
486:
383:
1996:May, Timothy (2018).
1791:Oneworld Publications
1756:Bosworth, Clifford E.
1350:, pp. 278, 416;
1274:, pp. 44â45, 50.
751:
631:
570:Irghiz River skirmish
476:
377:
299:. Seven years later (
209:Jochi was the son of
2919:Serbia and Bulgaria
2118:Blackwell Publishing
2060:. pp. 137â149.
1981:. pp. 243â318.
1766:Munshiram Manoharlal
1610:, pp. 136â137;
1130:, pp. 229â232;
650:(marked as Urgench).
370:Marriages and family
318:, from whom Yesugei
271:, was born into the
3166:Khagans of the Yuan
2895:Poland and Bohemia
2671:Khwarazmian Empire
2396:Society and economy
2096:10.1017/RDC.2022.24
1922:. pp. 19â106.
1666:, pp. 201â202.
1598:, pp. 248â249.
1494:, pp. 136â137.
1454:, pp. 434â437.
1414:, p. 414â416;
1362:, pp. 125â126.
1326:, pp. 116â118.
1146:, pp. 302â304.
1118:, pp. 230â231.
858:, pp. 389â391.
392:married other women
263:Birth and paternity
2911:Holy Roman Empire
2366:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2033:. pp. 51â67.
1809:Boyle, John Andrew
1736:. pp. 35â56.
1546:, p. 44, 47;
1530:, pp. 61â63;
1482:, pp. 52â53;
1258:, pp. 46â47;
1222:, pp. 44â45;
1186:, pp. 65â66;
1090:, pp. 59â61;
1086:, pp. 67â69;
1014:, pp. 35â36;
990:, pp. 55â56;
942:, pp. 34â37;
938:, pp. 58â64;
906:, pp. 28â30;
811:Sources for 1227:
809:Sources for 1225:
773:radiocarbon dating
754:
658:and traversed the
652:
634:Khwarazmian Empire
595:Khwarazmian Empire
534:Christopher Atwood
487:
384:
196:military commander
3354:
3353:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3066:KaiduâKublai war
3058:BerkeâHulagu war
3050:Toluid Civil War
2831:
2830:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2403:House of Borjigin
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2127:978-0-6311-6785-3
2067:978-1-3151-6517-2
2040:978-1-3151-6517-2
2013:978-0-7486-4237-3
1999:The Mongol Empire
1988:978-1-3163-3742-4
1961:978-0-6742-7865-3
1929:978-1-3163-3742-4
1883:978-0-6891-0942-3
1860:978-1-1086-3662-9
1837:978-1-1390-5497-3
1800:978-1-7807-4204-5
1775:978-8-1215-0544-4
1743:978-9-0043-4340-5
1709:978-0-8160-4671-3
1506:, pp. 53â54.
1338:, pp. 54â55.
1314:, pp. 58â59.
1242:, pp. 43â44.
1170:, pp. 30â31.
1158:, pp. 98â99.
1094:, pp. 78â79.
946:, pp. 30â31.
926:, pp. 46â47.
910:, pp. 31â34.
878:, pp. 23â28.
562:Taihang Mountains
542:the 1211 invasion
450:younger brothers
322:TemĂŒjin's mother
172:), also known as
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
3394:
3382:Sons of emperors
3152:
3139:
3136:Töregene Khatun
3126:
3106:
3095:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2849:
2823:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2757:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2656:
2648:
2633:
2626:
2606:
2568:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2558:Sarai Batu/Berke
2463:Chagatai Khanate
2351:
2328:
2186:
2175:
2160:
2153:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2112:. Translated by
2111:
2100:
2098:
2071:
2050:The Mongol World
2044:
2023:The Mongol World
2017:
1992:
1965:
1933:
1906:
1887:
1864:
1841:
1804:
1779:
1752:Barthold, Vasily
1747:
1713:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1628:Ratchnevsky 1991
1625:
1619:
1608:Ratchnevsky 1991
1605:
1599:
1589:
1583:
1580:Broadbridge 2018
1573:
1567:
1557:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1492:Ratchnevsky 1991
1477:
1471:
1464:Ratchnevsky 1991
1461:
1455:
1445:
1439:
1429:
1423:
1409:
1403:
1389:
1383:
1372:Broadbridge 2018
1369:
1363:
1360:Ratchnevsky 1991
1352:Broadbridge 2018
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1324:Ratchnevsky 1991
1321:
1315:
1305:
1299:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1249:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1213:
1207:
1197:
1191:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1128:Broadbridge 2018
1125:
1119:
1116:Broadbridge 2018
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1092:Broadbridge 2018
1084:Ratchnevsky 1991
1081:
1075:
1061:
1055:
1045:
1039:
1025:
1019:
1012:Ratchnevsky 1991
1005:
999:
992:Broadbridge 2018
981:
975:
968:Ratchnevsky 1991
965:
959:
956:Broadbridge 2018
953:
947:
940:Ratchnevsky 1991
936:Broadbridge 2018
933:
927:
924:Broadbridge 2018
920:Ratchnevsky 1991
917:
911:
908:Ratchnevsky 1991
897:
891:
888:Broadbridge 2018
885:
879:
872:Ratchnevsky 1991
868:Broadbridge 2018
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
812:
807:
801:
794:
744:
741:
718:Death and legacy
699:siege of Gurganj
660:Kyzyl Kum desert
641:
638:
624:
499:
483:Mongol heartland
465:
448:
388:Toghrul's people
346:Jami al-tawarikh
305:
302:
283:, in modern-day
267:Jochi's mother,
254:
251:
246:Siege of Gurganj
238:Mongol heartland
189:
186:
182:
179:
171:
170:
107:
104:
94:
91:
42:
30:
21:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3333:
3252:
3171:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3033:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2982:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2871:Volga Bulgaria
2864:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2827:
2821:
2808:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2761:
2755:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2727:
2726:Southern China
2719:
2711:
2710:Northern China
2702:
2700:
2686:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2654:
2646:
2620:
2619:
2592:
2491:
2468:House of Ăgedei
2437:
2408:House of Ăgedei
2376:Destructiveness
2345:
2344:
2314:
2251:
2237:
2180:
2169:
2164:
2134:
2128:
2103:
2074:
2068:
2047:
2041:
2020:
2014:
1995:
1989:
1968:
1962:
1938:Favereau, Marie
1936:
1930:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1844:
1838:
1807:
1801:
1782:
1776:
1750:
1744:
1722:Rossabi, Morris
1716:
1710:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:, p. 202;
1646:
1642:
1630:, p. 137;
1626:
1622:
1606:
1602:
1590:
1586:
1578:, p. 278;
1574:
1570:
1562:, p. 455;
1558:
1554:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:, p. 435;
1478:
1474:
1466:, p. 131;
1462:
1458:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1426:
1410:
1406:
1394:, p. 307;
1390:
1386:
1374:, p. 131;
1370:
1366:
1354:, p. 130;
1346:
1342:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1302:
1294:, p. 278;
1282:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1254:, p. 278;
1250:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1218:, p. 502;
1214:
1210:
1202:, p. 138;
1198:
1194:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1082:
1078:
1062:
1058:
1046:
1042:
1026:
1022:
1006:
1002:
982:
978:
966:
962:
954:
950:
934:
930:
918:
914:
898:
894:
886:
882:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
830:
826:
821:
816:
815:
810:
808:
804:
795:
791:
786:
781:
742:
720:
639:
622:
587:
544:of the Chinese
512:, whose leader
493:
435:
378:A depiction of
372:
367:
303:
265:
252:
187:
180:
128:
124:
120:
105:
92:
74:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3400:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3159:
3154:
3149:Oghul Qaimish
3146:
3141:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3063:
3055:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2956:
2948:
2940:
2932:
2924:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2798:
2790:
2782:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2741:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Mongol Armenia
2410:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2140:
2133:
2132:
2126:
2114:Thomas Haining
2101:
2089:(2): 323â331.
2072:
2066:
2045:
2039:
2018:
2012:
1993:
1987:
1966:
1960:
1934:
1928:
1907:
1888:
1882:
1865:
1859:
1842:
1836:
1805:
1799:
1780:
1774:
1748:
1742:
1714:
1708:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1654:, p. 249.
1640:
1638:, p. 458.
1634:, p. 69;
1620:
1618:, p. 290.
1614:, p. 76;
1600:
1594:, p. 47;
1584:
1582:, p. 169.
1568:
1566:, p. 278.
1552:
1550:, p. 278.
1536:
1534:, p. 248.
1520:
1508:
1496:
1486:, p. 44;
1472:
1456:
1450:, p. 51;
1440:
1438:, p. 433.
1434:, p. 44;
1424:
1418:, p. 10;
1404:
1398:, p. 42;
1384:
1378:, p. 41;
1364:
1358:, p. 69;
1340:
1328:
1316:
1310:, p. 38;
1300:
1290:, p. 35;
1286:, p. 48;
1276:
1264:
1262:, p. 248.
1244:
1238:, p. 45;
1228:
1226:, p. 139.
1208:
1206:, p. 248.
1192:
1190:, p. 248.
1182:, p. 69;
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1134:, p. 202.
1120:
1108:
1096:
1076:
1074:, p. 278.
1070:, p. 35;
1066:, p. 65;
1056:
1054:, p. 278.
1050:, p. 25;
1040:
1038:, p. 278.
1034:, p. 56;
1030:, p. 35;
1020:
1010:, p. 34;
1000:
998:, p. 278.
994:, p. 59;
986:, p. 30;
976:
970:, p. 34;
960:
948:
928:
922:, p. 34;
912:
902:, p. 34;
892:
880:
860:
848:
846:, p. 456.
836:
834:, p. 278.
823:
822:
820:
817:
814:
813:
802:
788:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
719:
716:
692:captured Otrar
620:Secret History
615:Secret History
607:Secret History
586:
583:
578:Secret History
550:Inner Mongolia
518:Yenisei Kyrgyz
502:Siberian taiga
434:
433:Early commands
431:
371:
368:
366:
363:
285:Inner Mongolia
264:
261:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
115:
109:
108:
100:
96:
95:
87:
83:
82:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3399:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3349:
3344:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3218:Chagatai Khan
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3092:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:Latin Empire
2925:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2456:Northern Yuan
2454:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Imperial Seal
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:Pax Mongolica
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2167:Mongol Empire
2161:
2156:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2138:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2002:. Edinburgh:
2001:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1977:. Cambridge:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1918:. Cambridge:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1905:(2): 283â290.
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1818:. Cambridge:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:Chinggis Khan
1781:
1777:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1636:Barthold 1992
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Favereau 2021
1609:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Barthold 1992
1556:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:Favereau 2021
1524:
1521:
1518:, p. 54.
1517:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1488:Barthold 1992
1485:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1470:, p. 51.
1469:
1465:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1452:Barthold 1992
1449:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1436:Barthold 1992
1433:
1428:
1425:
1422:, p. 61.
1421:
1420:Favereau 2021
1417:
1416:Chambers 1979
1413:
1412:Barthold 1992
1408:
1405:
1402:, p. 56.
1401:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:, p. 63.
1381:
1380:Favereau 2021
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:, p. 36.
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:Favereau 2021
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Favereau 2021
1253:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1240:Favereau 2021
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:Favereau 2021
1181:
1176:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1106:, p. 61.
1105:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:Favereau 2021
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1018:, p. 30.
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:Favereau 2021
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
977:
974:, p. 55.
973:
969:
964:
961:
958:, p. 63.
957:
952:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Favereau 2021
896:
893:
890:, p. 58.
889:
884:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
845:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
818:
806:
803:
799:
798:Mongol Empire
793:
790:
783:
778:
776:
774:
770:
769:Ulytau Region
766:
762:
758:
750:
746:
737:
732:
730:
726:
717:
715:
711:
709:
705:
704:urban warfare
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
649:
645:
635:
630:
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
584:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
497:
492:
491:Hoi-yin Irgen
484:
480:
475:
471:
469:
464:
463:
457:
453:
447:
446:
440:
432:
430:
428:
424:
421:'s line, and
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
381:
376:
369:
364:
362:
360:
356:
350:
348:
347:
342:
341:Rashid al-Din
338:
337:
331:
329:
326:, sparking a
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
279:south of the
278:
274:
270:
262:
260:
258:
247:
243:
239:
235:
234:Mongol Empire
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:Mongol Empire
175:
165:
161:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
138:
134:
131:
127:
123:
119:
116:
114:
110:
101:
97:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
53:
52:Ulus of Jochi
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3372:1220s deaths
3367:1180s births
3182:
3118:Genghis Khan
2887:Kievan Rus'
2865:(1237â1300s)
2857:(1237â1300s)
2701:Western Xia
2663:Qara Khitai
2496:Major cities
2475:Golden Horde
2451:Yuan dynasty
2338:Organization
2272:
2223:Khong Tayiji
2107:
2086:
2080:
2049:
2022:
1998:
1974:
1942:
1915:
1902:
1896:
1872:. New York:
1869:
1846:
1812:
1785:
1760:
1725:
1698:
1686:Bibliography
1671:
1659:
1643:
1623:
1603:
1592:Dunnell 2023
1587:
1571:
1555:
1544:Dunnell 2023
1539:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1484:Dunnell 2023
1475:
1459:
1443:
1432:Dunnell 2023
1427:
1407:
1396:Dunnell 2023
1387:
1376:Dunnell 2023
1367:
1343:
1331:
1319:
1308:Dunnell 2023
1303:
1288:Dunnell 2023
1279:
1267:
1247:
1231:
1211:
1195:
1175:
1168:Dunnell 2023
1163:
1151:
1139:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1079:
1059:
1048:Dunnell 2023
1043:
1023:
1003:
979:
963:
951:
931:
915:
895:
883:
863:
851:
839:
827:
805:
792:
765:Golden Horde
755:
733:
725:Jalal al-Din
721:
712:
696:
675:
653:
619:
614:
606:
599:the governor
588:
577:
539:
504:between the
488:
479:River Irtysh
468:River Irtysh
436:
400:
385:
351:
344:
334:
332:
320:had abducted
316:Merkit tribe
281:ErgĂŒne river
266:
231:
223:Merkit tribe
208:
204:Golden Horde
173:
159:
158:
129:
61:
50:Khan of the
3193:Sartaq Khan
3162:Kublai Khan
3157:Möngke Khan
3131:Ăgedei Khan
3110:Great Khans
3076:(1314â1318)
3068:(1268â1301)
3020:(1260â1323)
3004:(1253â1256)
2987:Middle East
2881:(1238â1239)
2822:(1221â1327)
2681:(1219â1256)
2673:(1219â1221)
2655:(1264â1308)
2647:(1207-1308)
2513:Azov (Azaq)
2179:Terminology
2082:Radiocarbon
1971:Kim, Hodong
1912:Kim, Hodong
1664:Atwood 2004
1648:Atwood 2004
1576:Atwood 2004
1564:Atwood 2004
1548:Atwood 2004
1516:Atwood 2017
1504:Atwood 2017
1480:Atwood 2017
1468:Atwood 2017
1448:Atwood 2017
1348:Atwood 2004
1296:Atwood 2017
1292:Atwood 2004
1272:Atwood 2017
1252:Atwood 2004
1216:Atwood 2004
1156:Atwood 2004
1132:Atwood 2004
1072:Atwood 2004
1052:Atwood 2004
1036:Atwood 2004
996:Atwood 2004
856:Atwood 2004
844:Atwood 2004
832:Atwood 2004
743: 1224
640: 1220
546:Jin dynasty
514:Qutuqa Beki
494: [
304: 1178
253: 1225
188: 1225
181: 1182
106: 1225
93: 1182
58:Predecessor
3361:Categories
3329:Nogai Khan
3213:Ăzbeg Khan
3144:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3038:Civil wars
3026:Palestine
2935:Lithuania
2855:Circassia
2588:Xacitarxan
2573:Soltaniyeh
2310:Darughachi
2116:. Oxford:
1632:Biran 2012
1400:Biran 2012
1392:Boyle 2007
1336:Biran 2012
1180:Biran 2012
1068:Biran 2012
1028:Biran 2012
779:References
736:wild asses
591:a campaign
427:Tuqa-Timur
423:Tokhtamysh
415:Khiážr Khan
396:concubines
328:blood feud
291:boy named
255:. His son
126:Berke Khan
18:Jochi Khan
3198:Orda Khan
3188:Batu Khan
3052:(1260â64)
2996:(1241â43)
2994:Anatolia
2969:(1287â88)
2961:(1285â86)
2953:(1264â65)
2945:(1259â60)
2937:(1258â59)
2913:(1241â42)
2905:(1241â42)
2897:(1240â41)
2873:(1229â36)
2863:Chechnya
2803:(1300â02)
2767:Southeast
2746:(1253â56)
2728:(1235â79)
2720:(1231â60)
2712:(1211â34)
2665:(1216â18)
2653:Sakhalin
2613:Campaigns
2563:Saray-JĂŒk
2553:Samarkand
2528:Karakorum
2487:Ilkhanate
2245:Political
2058:Routledge
2031:Routledge
1948:Cambridge
1811:(2007) .
1754:(1992) .
1224:May 2022b
1200:May 2022b
1104:May 2022a
1088:May 2022a
1032:May 2022a
988:May 2022a
972:May 2022a
819:Citations
729:river Chu
668:Syr Darya
437:In 1206,
407:Batu Khan
403:Orda Khan
380:Batu Khan
365:Adulthood
355:Mongolian
164:Mongolian
122:Batu Khan
118:Orda Khan
68:Successor
3324:Boroldai
3304:Khubilai
3284:Bo'orchu
3257:Military
3151:(regent)
3138:(regent)
3125:(regent)
3010:Baghdad
2959:Hungary
2903:Hungary
2846:Georgia
2793:Vietnam
2645:Siberia
2543:Maragheh
2443:Khanates
2391:Religion
2386:Military
2335:Politics
2285:Kurultai
2248:Military
2054:Abingdon
2027:Abingdon
1973:(eds.).
1940:(2021).
1914:(eds.).
1874:Atheneum
1696:(2004).
1356:May 2018
1312:May 2018
1236:May 2018
1220:May 2018
1144:May 2018
1016:May 2018
984:May 2018
944:May 2018
904:May 2018
876:May 2018
688:Aral Sea
676:en route
644:Aral Sea
445:kurultai
359:Chagatai
273:Onggirat
227:Chagatai
142:Borjigin
3294:Boroqul
3289:Guo Kan
3279:Negudar
3264:Subutai
3164: (
3002:Alamut
2975:Serbia
2967:Poland
2951:Thrace
2943:Poland
2879:Alania
2744:Yunnan
2679:Persia
2637:Central
2616:Battles
2523:Bolghar
2518:Bukhara
2503:Almalik
2305:Kheshig
2233:Tarkhan
1758:(ed.).
1724:(ed.).
708:naphtha
680:Sighnaq
672:Gurganj
664:Bukhara
648:Gurganj
522:Subutai
324:Hö'elĂŒn
312:Toghrul
308:Jamukha
297:Yesugei
293:TemĂŒjin
219:TemĂŒjin
217:leader
202:of the
200:khanate
137:Dynasty
3274:Muqali
3248:Ghazan
3243:Arghun
3233:Hulegu
3123:Tolui
3099:People
3060:(1262)
3018:Syria
3012:(1258)
2977:(1291)
2929:(1242)
2921:(1242)
2837:Europe
2820:India
2801:Burma
2787:(1293)
2776:Burma
2754:Japan
2735:Tibet
2718:Korea
2578:Tabriz
2548:Qarshi
2508:Avarga
2354:Topics
2258:Jarlig
2218:Jinong
2213:Khanum
2208:Khatun
2198:Khagan
2190:Titles
2124:
2064:
2037:
2010:
1985:
1958:
1926:
1880:
1857:
1834:
1797:
1772:
1740:
1730:Leiden
1706:
623:'s
576:. The
566:Shanxi
558:Datong
554:Hohhot
530:Qangli
510:Oirats
506:Angara
452:Ăgedei
419:Shiban
289:Mongol
215:Mongol
148:Mother
130:others
3319:Kadan
3314:Bayan
3299:Jelme
3238:Abaqa
3228:Kebek
3208:Toqta
3203:Berke
3183:Jochi
3176:Khans
2813:South
2785:Java
2538:Majar
2480:Wings
2300:TĂŒmen
2280:Yassa
2263:Ărtöö
2228:Noyan
1734:Brill
784:Notes
656:Tolui
611:Yesui
603:Otrar
564:into
498:]
456:Tolui
411:Berke
269:Börte
211:Börte
174:JĂŒchi
160:Jochi
152:Börte
113:Issue
33:Jochi
3269:Jebe
3223:Duwa
2692:East
2629:Asia
2583:Ukek
2533:Dadu
2341:Life
2268:Orda
2203:Khan
2122:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2035:ISBN
2008:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1832:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1770:ISBN
1738:ISBN
1704:ISBN
761:Orda
757:Batu
684:Jand
632:The
556:and
462:ulus
454:and
405:and
257:Batu
169:á ”á Šá Žá ą
99:Died
86:Born
76:Batu
72:Orda
62:none
3309:Aju
2091:doi
1824:doi
470:.
417:of
343:'s
3363::
2120:.
2087:64
2085:.
2079:.
2056::
2052:.
2029::
2025:.
2006:.
1954:.
1950::
1946:.
1903:42
1901:.
1895:.
1876:.
1853:.
1830:.
1822:.
1793:.
1768:.
1732::
1728:.
740:c.
637:c.
609:,
496:ja
429:.
301:c.
250:c.
206:.
185:c.
183:â
178:c.
166::
103:c.
90:c.
3168:)
2159:e
2152:t
2145:v
2130:.
2099:.
2093::
2070:.
2043:.
2016:.
1991:.
1964:.
1932:.
1886:.
1863:.
1840:.
1826::
1803:.
1778:.
1746:.
1712:.
1678:.
485:.
176:(
162:(
20:)
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