124:
394:
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without a paid job for more than a year. When a job seeker is placed with a private company, the Public
Employment Service pays 100% of the wage for the first three months, and 66% during the subsequent nine months. Though, most of the long-term jobless were placed in non-profit training companies tasked with repairing second-hand furniture, renovating housing, public gardening, and similar jobs. The pilot eliminated long-term unemployment – an important result, given the programme’s entirely voluntary nature. Participants’ gained greater financial security, improved their psycho-social stability and social inclusion. The study drew international attention and informed policy reports by the EU, OECD, UN, and ILO.
323:(BER). The BER conditions the overall rate of wage demands. When the BER is high, real wage demands will be correspondingly lower. If inflation exceeds the government's announced target, tighter fiscal and monetary policy would be triggered to increase the BER, which entails workers transferring from the inflating sector to the fixed price job guarantee sector. Ultimately this attenuates the inflation spiral. So instead of a buffer stock of unemployed being used to discipline the distributional struggle, a job guarantee policy achieves this via compositional shifts in employment.
589:(NREGA) to bridge the vast rural–urban income disparities that have emerged as India's information technology sector has boomed. The program successfully empowered women and raised rural wages, but also attracted the ire of landowners who have to pay farm labourers more due to a higher prevailing wage. NREGA projects tend to be highly labour-intensive and low skill, like dam and road construction, and soil conservation, with modest but positive long-term benefits and mediocre management.
342:). It is a full employment steady state job guarantee level, which is dependent on a range of factors including the path of the economy. There is an issue about the validity of an unchanging nominal anchor in an inflationary environment. A job guarantee wage would be adjusted in line with productivity growth to avoid changing real relativities. Its viability as a nominal anchor relies on the fiscal authorities reining in any private wage-price pressures.
381:
unemployment. This changes the bargaining environment rather significantly because firms now have reduced hiring costs. Previously, the same firms would have lowered their hiring standards and provided on-the-job training and vestibule training in tight labour markets. A job guarantee policy thus reduces the "hysteretic inertia" embodied in the long-term unemployed and allows for a smoother private sector expansion;
27:
655:
traineeship." The committed countries agreed to start implementing this in 2014. Since 2014, each year more than 3.5 million young people registered in the program accepted an offer of employment, continued education, a traineeship or an apprenticeship. Correspondingly, youth unemployment in the EU has decreased from a peak of 24% in 2013 to 14% in 2019.
654:
member states to "guarantee that all young people under the age of 25 receive, within four months of becoming unemployed or leaving formal education, a good quality work offer to match their skills and experience; or the chance to continue their studies or undertake an apprenticeship or professional
350:
Mitchell and
Muysken believe that a job guarantee introduces no relative wage effects and the rising demand does not necessarily invoke inflationary pressures because it is, by definition, satisfying the net savings desire of the private sector. Additionally, in today's demand constrained economies,
629:
studied the consequences of mass unemployment on a community in the wake of the Great
Depression. The current job guarantee pilot returned to the site to study the opposite: what happens when unemployed people are guaranteed a job? The program offers jobs to every unemployed job seeker who has been
226:
Under a job guarantee, people of working age who are not in full-time education and have less than 35 hours per week of paid employment would be entitled to the balance of 35 hours paid employment, undertaking work of public benefit at the minimum wage, though specifics may change depending on the
603:(EPWP) in 2012 to overcome the extremely high unemployment and accompanying poverty in that country. EPWP projects employ workers with government, contractors, or other non-governmental organisations under the Ministerial Conditions of Employment for the EPWP or learnership employment conditions.
376:
In professional occupational markets, any unemployment will generate downwards pressure on wages. However, eventually the stock of unemployed professionals will be exhausted, whereupon upward wage-price pressures can be expected to develop. With a strong and responsive tertiary education sector,
534:
of 1978 authorized the government to create a "reservoir of public employment" in case private enterprise does not provide sufficient jobs. These jobs are required to be in the lower ranges of skill and pay so as to not draw the workforce away from the private sector. However, the act did not
363:
it would be lower under a job guarantee. There are no new problems faced by employers who wish to hire labour to meet the higher sales levels. Any initial rise in demand will stimulate private sector employment growth while reducing job guarantee employment and spending. However, these demand
201:
offers a fixed wage job to anyone willing and able to work thereby establishing and maintaining a buffer stock of employed workers. This buffer stock expands when private sector activity declines, and declines when private sector activity expands, much like today's unemployed buffer stocks.
380:
Private firms would still be required to train new workers in job-specific skills in the same way they would in a non-Job
Guarantee economy. However, job guarantee workers are far more likely to have retained higher levels of skill than those who are forced to succumb to lengthy spells of
213:
and the economy. Conversely, in a boom, the decline of public sector employment and spending caused by workers leaving their job guarantee jobs for higher paid private sector employment will lessen stimulation, so the job guarantee functions as an
658:
Sweden first implemented a similar guarantee in 1984, with fellow Nordic countries Norway (1993), Denmark (1996) and
Finland (1996) following. Later, some additional European countries also offered this as well, prior to the EU wide
665:
and many Nordic countries have long had civil and military conscription programs for young people, which requires or gives them the option to do low-paid work for a government body for up to 12 months. This was also the case in the
218:
controlling inflation. The nation always remains fully employed, with a changing mix between private and public sector employment. Since the job guarantee wage is open to everyone, it will functionally become the national
250:
arrangements, including a generic work-tested benefit payment, could also be available to unemployed people, depending on their circumstances, as an initial subsistence income while arrangements are made to employ them.
510:' Article 23 includes "Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment." It is ratified by most non-socialist countries.
166:, with the aim of creating a buffer stock of unemployed people, reducing wage demands, and ultimately inflation. When inflationary expectations subside, expansionary policy aims to produce the opposite effect.
1627:
209:
declines, public sector employment will automatically react and increase its payrolls. So in a recession, the increase in public employment will increase net government spending, and stimulate
158:
The economic policy stance currently dominant around the world uses unemployment as a policy tool to control inflation. When inflation rises, the government pursues contractionary
123:
781:
1275:
873:
1654:"The employment guarantee as a tool in the fight against poverty :: report of the Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights, Olivier De Schutter"
393:
1289:
1543:
848:
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concept in the late 1970s, with the government now aiming to keep a sufficient proportion of people unemployed to stop low-unemployment-related inflation.
572:
636:– In 2021, a report released by California governor Gavin Newsom's Future of Work Commission called for a job guarantee program in California by 2030.
1922:
275:
205:
A job guarantee thus fulfills an absorption function to minimize the real costs associated with the flux of the private sector. When private sector
1478:
384:
With high long-term unemployment, the excess supply of labour poses a very weak threat to wage bargaining, compared to a job guarantee environment.
771:
586:
486:
with ensuring full employment, amongst other duties. The
Australian government's definition of "full employment" changes with the adoption of the
436:) through to its end in 1991. A job guarantee was included in its 1936 constitution, and was given further prominence in the 1977 revision. Later
1290:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Human rights at your fingertips - Human rights at your fingertips | Australian Human Rights Commission"
1896:
1689:
716:
2001:
1820:
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507:
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it), and no such program has been implemented, even though the unemployment rate has generally been above the rate (3%) targeted by the act.
729:
698:
531:
259:
1363:
Breitkreuz, Rhonda; Stanton, Carley-Jane; Brady, Nurmaiya; Pattison-Williams, John; King, E. D.; Mishra, Chudhury; Swallow, Brent (2017).
364:
pressures are unlikely to lead to accelerating inflation while the job guarantee pool contains workers employable by the private sector.
231:
with paid employment (up to the hours desired by workers), so that those who are at any point in time surplus to the requirements of the
1451:
263:
1206:
2043:
1214:
110:
1078:
1183:
398:
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1970:
48:
44:
1433:
617:(Marienthal). The project's site became famous a century earlier through a landmark study in empirical social research when
91:
2063:
517:
451:
63:
1569:
1043:
372:
While a job guarantee policy frees wage bargaining from the general threat of unemployment, several factors offset this:
776:
127:
Eleanor
Roosevelt onsite one of the Works Progress Administration Projects, a job guarantee program in the United States
1652:
Schutter, Olivier de; Rights, UN Human Rights
Council Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human (18 April 2023).
1094:
1345:
173:
people (employed in the job guarantee program) is typically intended to provide the same protection against inflation
1842:
70:
963:
705:
jobs with guaranteed training included for long-term unemployed youth) if elected; however, they lost the election.
2048:
1061:
1028:
671:
397:
A billboard informing the public of the presence of
Expanded Public Works Programme (EPWP) workers employed at the
1715:
1602:
37:
751:
740:
483:
316:
286:
255:
500:
intended for it to mandate full employment, however
Congress ultimately gave it a broader pro-employment nature.
2053:
2038:
756:
712:
267:
77:
1365:"The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: A Policy Solution to Rural Poverty in India?"
1406:"Attaining Sustainable Rural Infrastructure through the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme in India"
715:
included a jobs-guarantee program as one of her campaign pledges when she ran for, and won, her seat in the
662:
144:
2058:
766:
497:
59:
613:
in cooperation with University of Oxford economists started a job guarantee pilot in the municipality of
1792:
1661:
791:
360:
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aimed to ensure all families in the country had one paid job, though there was never a job guarantee.
352:
215:
194:
1250:
1993:
944:
842:
840:
433:
419:
2023:
1740:
819:
472:
government was committed to full employment through the position established by the White Paper
1231:
1116:
1997:
1985:
1964:
1577:
1386:
1269:
1210:
1165:
936:
867:
690:
355:
to meet the higher sales volumes. Given that the demand impulse is less than required in the
1523:
1515:
1452:"World's first universal jobs guarantee experiment starts in Austria | University of Oxford"
1413:
1376:
1327:
1157:
926:
918:
240:
210:
1959:, in M.S. Gordon (ed.), Poverty in America, San Francisco, CA: Chandler Publishing Company.
1026:
W.F. Mitchell (1998) "The Buffer Stock Employment Model - Full Employment without a NAIRU"
84:
1821:"The European Youth Guarantee: A systematic review of its implementation across countries"
1805:
1760:"The European Youth Guarantee: A systematic review of its implementation across countries"
1674:
1098:
1082:
815:
622:
455:
294:
228:
182:
178:
163:
140:
136:
1716:"Guaranteed work: California commission calls for government jobs program after pandemic"
1075:
708:
651:
614:
546:
521:
401:. The EPWP is an attempt by government to alleviate South Africa's unemployment crisis.
247:
232:
235:(and mainstream public sector) can earn a wage rather than be underemployed or suffer
2032:
1481:[PIlot project in Marienthal: How a job guarantee of the AMS changes lives].
1331:
1251:"The Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) | Explainer | Education"
948:
702:
571:(Heads of Households) program in 2001 to combat the social malaise that followed the
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447:
290:
198:
159:
1145:
887:
1952:
1483:
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761:
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skill bottlenecks can be avoided more readily than with an unemployed buffer stock;
298:
282:
271:
220:
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the social costs of unemployment, hence potentially fulfilling the dual mandate of
152:
1867:
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and price stability by having the state promise to hire unemployed workers as an
1508:"Employing the Unemployed of Marienthal: Evaluation of a Guaranteed Job Program"
746:
694:
670:
until 1997. It was also the case in France, and that country is reintroducing a
626:
26:
1653:
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scheme, though more focused on young people. It was in place from 1998 to 2010.
1479:"Pilotprojekt im Marienthal: Wie eine Jobgarantie des AMS das Leben verändert"
1146:"The Buffer Stock Employment Model and the NAIRU: The Path to Full Employment"
1088:
786:
734:
206:
1581:
1390:
1315:
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940:
315:
A fixed job guarantee wage provides an in-built inflation control mechanism.
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564:
469:
437:
319:(1998) called the ratio of job guarantee employment to total employment the
148:
1418:
1405:
1132:
847:
corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra.
1781:
1058:
Understanding Modern Money: The Key to Full Employment and Price Stability
1872:
1519:
969:
922:
278:
including the affiliated Center for Full Employment and Price Stability.
1688:
Unit (JCPI), Job Creation through Public Investment (2 September 2021).
1544:"World's first universal job guarantee boosts wellbeing and eliminates…"
1528:
931:
910:
285:
in 1965. Notable job guarantee theories were conceived independently by
610:
236:
1381:
1364:
1249:
Australia, scheme=AGLSTERMS AglsAgent; corporateName=Reserve Bank of.
677:
432:
guaranteed a job for nearly everyone from about 1928 (as part of the
414:– The first modern direct job creation scheme was implemented by the
339:
310:
701:
with a promise to implement a limited job guarantee (specifically,
1203:
Long-Range Public Investment: The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal
582:
487:
415:
392:
356:
331:
462:, which led to the ending of the organisation the following year.
1923:"Jobs-guarantee idea gets new focus after Ocasio-Cortez victory"
968:, Center for Full Employment and Price Stability, archived from
297:(1998). A comprehensive treatment of it appears in Mitchell and
1828:
International Labour Office Research Department Working Papers
1767:
International Labour Office Research Department Working Papers
20:
1184:"Guaranteed Jobs: 46% Favor This New Dem Big Government Idea"
1076:
Full Employment Abandoned: Shifting Sands and Policy failures
1843:"Guaranteed Employment Program going strong but can improve"
1117:
http://www.fullemployment.net/publications/wp/2000/00-01.pdf
1041:
W.B. Mosler (1997-98) "Full Employment and Price Stability"
711:
supports a federal jobs guarantee for the United States and
169:
By contrast, in a job guarantee program, a buffer stock of
2017:
478:, however this never included a formal job guarantee. The
334:), the BER that results in stable inflation is called the
2024:
Job Guarantee: Introduction to and history of the concept
1868:"Labour extends jobs guarantee for long-term unemployed"
989:
1690:"Public Employment Initiatives and the COVID-19 crisis"
1735:
1733:
254:
Job guarantee theory is often associated with certain
911:"The Job Guarantee: Design, Jobs, and Implementation"
147:(ELR). It aims to provide a sustainable solution to
293:(1997–98). This work was then developed further by
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1346:"Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social"
782:Non-accelerating inflation buffer employment ratio
524:" practice guaranteed employment for its citizens.
336:non-accelerating inflation buffer employment ratio
1350:Ministerio de Trabajo, Empleo y Seguridad Social
326:Replacing the currently widely-used measure the
680:runs a Guaranteed Employment Program for youth.
585:in 2005 introduced a five-year plan called the
328:non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment
1506:Kasy, Maximilian; Lehner, Lukas (April 2023).
990:Center for Full Employment and Price Stability
227:model. The aim is to replace unemployment and
8:
1274:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
872:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
422:which took place from February to June 1848.
16:Economic policy proposal for full employment
1782:"Youth guarantees in the Nordic countries"
1527:
1417:
1380:
1316:"A Critique of the Humphrey Hawkins Bill"
930:
609:– The Public Employment Service (AMS) in
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1570:"What Happens When Jobs Are Guaranteed?"
1410:Commonwealth Journal of Local Governance
1133:http://pombo.free.fr/mitchellmuysken.pdf
122:
804:
772:National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
587:National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
1962:
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1477:Szigetvari, András (3 December 2022).
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1073:W.F. Mitchell and J. Muysken (2008).
508:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
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730:Centre of Full Employment and Equity
535:establish such a reservoir (it only
532:Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act
276:University of Missouri – Kansas City
260:Centre of Full Employment and Equity
49:adding citations to reliable sources
1897:"What Is A Federal Jobs Guarantee?"
1044:Journal of Post Keynesian Economics
1841:Pem, Damchoe (12 September 2015).
1819:ESCUDERO, VERĂ“NICA (August 2017).
1780:Hummeluhr, Niels (November 1997).
1758:ESCUDERO, VERĂ“NICA (August 2017).
1207:University of South Carolina Press
1144:Mitchell, William F. (June 1998).
496:– The original drafters of the US
14:
1921:Goldstein, Steve (27 June 2018).
1512:Stone Center Working Paper Series
1434:"Expanded Public Works Programme"
418:government in France through the
1568:Romeo, Nick (10 December 2022).
962:Wray, L. Randall (August 2001),
399:Groot Winterhoek Wilderness Area
25:
1895:Paddison, Laura (6 July 2018).
1201:Leighninger, Robert D. (2007).
581:– Similarly, the government of
36:needs additional citations for
1162:10.1080/00213624.1998.11506063
909:Tcherneva, Pavlina R. (2018).
389:List of job guarantee programs
281:One theory was put forward by
193:A job guarantee is based on a
1:
2018:Expanded Public Works Program
1957:The Role of Employment Policy
1314:Saulnier, Raymond J. (1977).
965:The Endogenous Money Approach
717:U.S. House of Representatives
601:Expanded Public Works Program
573:financial crisis in that year
452:Works Progress Administration
351:firms are likely to increase
139:proposal that aims to create
1990:The Case for a Job Guarantee
1714:Park, Jeong (3 March 2021).
1332:10.1016/0007-6813(77)90084-2
1230:Ellis, Luci (12 June 2019).
777:Natural rate of unemployment
475:Full Employment in Australia
458:was achieved by 1942 due to
553:was similar to Australia's
359:economy, if there were any
2080:
1969:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1150:Journal of Economic Issues
1029:Journal of Economic Issues
599:government introduced the
567:government introduced the
518:People's Republic of China
440:states followed this lead.
308:
1369:Development Policy Review
1255:Reserve Bank of Australia
1236:Reserve Bank of Australia
1232:"Watching the Invisibles"
1188:Investor's Business Daily
824:New Economic Perspectives
752:Guaranteed minimum income
741:Full Employment Abandoned
484:Reserve Bank of Australia
256:post-Keynesian economists
2044:Post-Keynesian economics
1438:South African Government
1091:. Revised: January 2009
1081:22 February 2015 at the
757:Involuntary unemployment
713:Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
699:2015 UK general election
648:European Youth Guarantee
520:from 1949 to 1997, the "
346:No relative wage effects
268:Levy Economics Institute
1056:L. Randall Wray (1998)
915:SSRN Electronic Journal
450:from 1935 to 1943, the
321:buffer employment ratio
264:University of Newcastle
145:employer of last resort
1800:Cite journal requires
1669:Cite journal requires
1632:read.oecd-ilibrary.org
1419:10.5130/cjlg.v0i4.1353
767:Modern Monetary Theory
498:Employment Act of 1946
402:
258:, particularly at the
197:principle whereby the
128:
1741:"The Youth Guarantee"
1404:Datta, Polly (2009).
792:Universal inheritance
480:Reserve Bank Act 1959
396:
361:demand-pull inflation
309:Further information:
266:, Australia), at the
126:
2064:Work relief programs
1520:10.2139/ssrn.4431385
1097:24 July 2011 at the
923:10.2139/ssrn.3155289
353:capacity utilisation
216:automatic stabilizer
45:improve this article
1745:European Commission
1603:"Opinion Factsheet"
650:is a commitment by
406:Programs for adults
1986:Tcherneva, Pavlina
1294:humanrights.gov.au
1205:. Columbia, S.C.:
818:(23 August 2009).
641:Programs for youth
420:National Workshops
403:
129:
2049:Public employment
2003:978-1-509-54210-9
1458:. 2 November 2020
1382:10.1111/dpr.12220
1320:Business Horizons
888:"Job Guarantee -"
555:Work for the Dole
468:– From 1945, the
305:Inflation control
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972:on 15 March 2017
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890:. 9 October 2014
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849:"Jobs Guarantee"
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816:Wray, L. Randall
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241:social exclusion
211:aggregate demand
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2054:Full employment
2039:Economic policy
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2020:of South Africa
2014:
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1984:
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1979:Further reading
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1876:. 10 March 2014
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229:underemployment
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1953:Minsky, H.P.
1930:. Retrieved
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1484:Der Standard
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1456:www.ox.ac.uk
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43:Please help
38:verification
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1927:MarketWatch
1694:www.ilo.org
1548:INET Oxford
1491:28 December
1487:(in German)
1412:: 143–152.
1002:Minsky 1965
747:Flexicurity
695:Ed Miliband
668:Netherlands
627:Hans Zeisel
506:– The UN's
434:Great Break
246:A range of
2033:Categories
1945:References
1852:3 February
1722:3 February
1299:1 December
1089:Cheltenham
787:Kurzarbeit
735:Chartalism
674:from 2021.
537:authorized
470:Australian
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207:employment
71:newspapers
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719:in 2018.
703:part-time
659:adoption.
565:Argentine
543:1998–2010
530:– The US
516:– In the
514:1949–1997
446:– In the
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438:communist
426:1928–1991
149:inflation
1988:(2020),
1965:citation
1955:(1965),
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1873:BBC News
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1769:(21): 1.
1270:cite web
1095:Archived
1079:Archived
868:cite web
723:See also
685:Advocacy
551:New Deal
416:Parisian
317:Mitchell
301:(2008).
189:Overview
171:employed
1932:4 March
1906:3 March
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1637:21 June
1612:21 June
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1260:29 June
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611:Austria
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