140:, and intermittent campaigns to crack down on gambling. The game has long history of problems with the law, but was banned definitively in 1941, when the law outlawing games of chance in Brazil was enacted. Despite its popularity and being tolerated by many authorities, gambling is a misdemeanour in Brazil, according to article 58 of the Criminal Misdemeanours Act (Decree-Law 3,688 of 3 October 1941). The people who exploit it are liable to imprisonment and a fine, and the gamblers are liable to a fine. In addition, Law 9215 of 1946 prohibited most kinds of gambling throughout Brazil. The 1941 decree and 1946 law marked the beginning of the jogo do bicho’s true criminalization.
338:, were again arrested on April 12, 2007, together with 24 people, for alleged involvement with illegal numbers games, bingo parlors and the distribution of slot machines. Raids by the Federal Police have uncovered big payoffs to judges, police officers, prosecutors and lawyers from the bosses who run the game. Mounds of documents have been seized and US$ 6 million in cash has been confiscated.
275:, aka Turcão, and his brother José Petrus Kalil, aka Zinho; Waldemiro Garcia, aka Miro, and his son Waldemir Paes Garcia, aka Maninho; Carlos Teixeira Martins, aka Carlinhos Maracanã; Raul Capitão; José Caruzzo Escafura, aka Piruinha; Haroldo Rodrigues Nunes, aka Haroldo Saens Pena; and Emil Pinheiro – were subsequently arrested for criminal association and forming armed gangs.
286:. Formally, 53 deaths were attributed to the group.". "The animal game is a deeply embedded cultural phenomenon with a certain romantic aura, and thus hard to eradicate," according to Frossard. "But it is also a quintessentially Brazilian way of laundering money and contributes greatly to the problem of impunity in this country."
252:(central commission), whom he accuses of forming a gang that acted with the aim of guaranteeing and expanding its business not only in the illegal lottery, but also in drug trafficking. The investigation was launched in January 1986 and listed more than 60 murders related to their criminal enterprise.
1130:
Over the decades, superstitious theory has evolved around selecting the proper animal, much of it involving dreams. Horse, for example, can be indicated by a dream of a horse, or by dreams of wheat or milk or naked women. The elephant has come to be associated with death, and whenever there is a
1131:
fatal traffic accident involving a car with one of the elephant's numbers (45-48) on its license plates, the betting is unusually heavy. When the Rio papers published the picture of a derailed locomotive in the 1960s, so many bet on the last four figures of its registration number that the
372:), where the draw is done. All it takes is a scribbled note or a phone call to any of the thousands of bicheiros who haunt the street corners, shops and offices of every city, easily identified by their sunglasses, cigars and/or typical floral or printed shirts. Neither the
150:
in 1966 nearly paralysed the city. More than 60,000 men were idled. By that time it had grown into a US$ 500 million-a-year business that employed roughly 1% of Brazil's total working force. The crisis was quietly resolved in return for unspecified concessions.
113:
measure, Drummond encouraged visitors to guess the identity of an animal concealed behind a curtain, and paid prizes off to winners. In a few years the guessing game became a tremendously popular numbers game, with different numbers assigned to 25 animals.
1227:, with rare exceptions. Football players, for example, usually reject this number for their jerseys, and may express dissatisfaction when obligated to wear a 24 jersey due to fixed number rules in international competitions. In 2022, only 4 teams in the
387:
headquarters, and the winning numbers are immediately dispatched by taxi and bicycle and scribbled in chalk on designated walls and lampposts. Phone lines become so clogged after each drawing that telephone company executives call it "the bicho hour."
1290:, for example, although there are 81 Senators, no one currently has a cabinet numbered 24, nor a car plate numbered SF-0024 (the Senators' plate options go from SF-0001 to SF-0095, and any available number can be freely chosen).
117:
Bets were soon being made by people outside the zoo. Within months, government authorities made its first attempt to shut down the game, but it simply shifted to the city, an environment in which it has thrived ever since.
236:, has 15 authorized points. Each point pays a region-dependent monthly tax to LOTEP, depending on its business volume. The draw is made three times a day in the LOTEP building and released by the official state radio.
1805:
312:(STF), which reduced the penalty by half. Through appeals, lawyers managed to exclude the offence of formation of an armed gang. In December 1996 they were all back on the streets, granted parole or clemency.
43:
since 1946, but nevertheless very popular throughout the country. It is a lottery-type drawing, operated on a regional basis using the daily state lottery draw, by criminals known as
1928:
335:
1656:
1818:
1790:
1943:
1321:, the manager of Portuguesa, a much weaker team, was asked if he could defeat Vasco. Gentil Cardoso, the manager, commented that beating Vasco would be like drawing a
1176:
If the last two numerals in the daily state lottery draw form one of the four numbers associated with an animal, a bicheiro will pay out 15 Reais for a bet of 1 Real.
1325:
in Jogo do Bicho. As there is no zebra in the game, his sentence expressed an impossibility. However, Portuguesa did win that game (by 2-1), and since then the term
129:
struggled to survive a very deep economic crisis. "If you see two shacks lost somewhere in the backlands," a
Brazilian diplomat once observed, "you can bet that a
1898:
1618:
304:
built an association with the principal goal to corrupt authorities and police and the elimination of 130 people. The superintendent of this association was
1562:
1314:
1864:
67:
is the only state where the game is legal and regulated by the state, even though federal law prohibits gambling. Unlike most state-operated lotteries, in
1147:
on an animal, but one can also choose a combination of numbers and numerals designated by an animal. The traditional four types of prizes are as follows:
224:
where the game has been legalized at the state level, despite the federal law that prohibits it. The game is regulated by the State
Lottery of Paraíba (
315:
In March, 1994, police raided the stronghold of Castor de
Andrade in Bangu. They seized 200 account books and 167 computer diskettes. Former president
2038:(Thesis) (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Sociais, Departemento de História.
1435:
2079:
1771:
1357:, whose supporters expected 2013 to be the "year of the rooster", also because the rooster is the 13th animal. Atlético Mineiro won their first
1680:
1497:
2182:
1991:
1184:
Despite its illegality, the game has left significant cultural influences in
Brazilian society, even among people that have never played it.
331:, seven entrepreneurs, three judges, 12 congressmen and seven assemblymen, 25 police commissioners and 100 police officers were implicated.
1512:
1143:
Each of the 25 animals is assigned a sequence of four consecutive numbers between 1 and 100. The most common way to play is to bet one
2223:
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368:(points-of-sale) where dealers collect money and keep record of the bets. The bets (and the money) are sent to the central operator (
361:). This same hierarchy was later reproduced in the organisation of drug-trafficking and other types of organised crime in Brazil.
1256:
122:, visiting Rio in the 1920s, wrote of seeing bookies wandering the streets carrying placards with colourful pictures of animals.
102:
1474:
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2002:
162:
and football clubs. From the early 1970s until now, nearly all of the Rio de
Janeiro samba schools are under the control of
1913:
308:. They were sentenced to six years each, the maximum sentence for racketeering. The sentence, however, was modified by the
1960:
1318:
1240:
175:
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need a fixed operational centre. Most pontos are simple stools or wooden boxes on which the dealers sit through the day.
2218:
1733:
2032:
Ganhou Leva...Do vale o impresso ao vale o escrito. Uma História Social do Jogo do Bicho no Rio de
Janeiro (1890–1960)
1819:"Una regla de la FIFA rompe de forma involuntaria el histórico tabú homófobo del dorsal 24 en la selección de Brasil"
87:
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233:
232:
as lottery agents, to avoid the game's association with organized crime, as in Rio de
Janeiro. The state capital,
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83:
60:
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causes. For the same reason, the number is seldom used by heterosexual politicians, whether or not they have an
264:
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For the following decades official policy fluctuated between tolerance of the game, sometimes motivated by
2208:
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operate with slim resources and their owners do not want to invest their personal assets to pay the bets.
391:
The draw is not fair: if too many people bet on a given number, it is removed from the lot to prevent the
56:
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98:
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The game is said to have become popular because it accepted bets of any amount, in a time when most
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341:
The possibility of legalisation has been often been argued, but no practical decision ever made.
248:, filed a complaint and a request for imprisonment against the 14 members of Rio's Jogo do Bicho
1210:
in
Portuguese), an animal that has long been pejoratively associated with gay men (insulted as
2112:
2107:
1987:
1650:
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334:
Antonio Petrus Kalil, Anísio Abraão David and Capitão Guimarães, at the time president of the
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268:
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91:
2003:"Territorial and Corrosive: The "jogo do bicho" (Animal Game) and Organized Crime in Brazil"
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1154:("head"): A bet on four numbers between 00 and 99, represented by an animal; returns 25:1.
279:
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1981:
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201:
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910:
179:
143:
Nevertheless, the game continued to thrive in illegality. A crackdown on the game by
2159:
1929:
Pelas redes sociais, atleticanos mostram confiança em que 2013 será o "ano do Galo"
1375:
1224:
320:
194:
186:
159:
158:
have invested part of their enormous earnings in activities, like the financing of
94:
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144:
2052:
1983:
Laws of Chance: Brazil's
Clandestine Lottery and the Making of Urban Public Life
1577:
1454:
1411:
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324:
190:
106:
40:
289:
According to prosecutor
Biscaia, the illicit organisation was a true Brazilian
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1338:
1278:
candidates include 24 in their campaign numbers, to be easily associated with
328:
296:
137:
64:
1944:
Nos pênaltis, Atlético-MG vence Olimpia e conquista sua primeira Libertadores
1135:
were forced to warn that they could not pay off at the usual odds if it won.
1283:
1259:
was the only one not displaying the number. The taboo was broken during the
1244:
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110:
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No futebol brasileiro ninguém quer usar a camisa 24. Qual o problema dela?
1361:
in 2013, confirming the expectation for an important title in that year.
740:
413:
349:
Since its early inception the game has preserved a hierarchy: operators (
36:
416:
association of the drawn numbers with a random selection of 25 animals:
1662:
1619:
Em 1993, 14 chefões do bicho foram condenados por formação de quadrilha
900:
750:
450:
166:. Two soccer clubs famous for their association with such bosses were
1700:
1370:
1050:
880:
630:
470:
208:, from where the scheme was operated by about a dozen bosses, called
147:
1172:("thousand"): A bet on a number from 0000 to 9999; returns 10000:1.
204:
in 2007 that it was played everywhere in Brazil, and especially in
185:
Since the early 1990s, bicheiros have expanded their activities to
2167:
1899:
Brasil Afora: Portuguesa espera ventos favoráveis para se reerguer
1322:
1020:
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290:
80:
2057:
1275:
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1201:
1040:
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1010:
870:
590:
2061:
1166:("hundred"): A bet on a number from 000 to 999; returns 1000:1.
890:
760:
490:
1267:
wore number 24 in Brazil's match against Cameroon. The new
1578:
Folha destaca apoio do Governo ao jogo do bicho na Paraíba
1353:. Another football team with the rooster as its mascot is
1348:
1347:
means thirteen, and the rooster is the 13th animal of the
1326:
1300:
1294:
1228:
1211:
59:, it is illegal in 25 of the 26 states of Brazil plus the
1638:(in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2009-03-17
1513:
Artigo 58 do Decreto Lei nº 3.688 de 3 de Outubro de 1941
1160:("ten"): A bet on a number from 00 to 99; returns 100:1.
133:
lives in one of them and a steady bettor in the other."
1271:
rules allowed up to 26 players numbered sequentially.
1200:
in Brazil. In the game, 24 is the number given to the
259:– Castor de Andrade, and his son Paulinho de Andrade;
197:, known in Brazil as "nickel hunters" (caça-níqueis).
336:
Independent League of Samba Schools of Rio de Janeiro
109:
neighborhood in the late 19th century. In 1892, as a
2157:
2136:
2095:
1862:
Na mística dos números no Senado não cabe 24 nem 69
1565:, by Larry Rohter, The New York Times, June 7, 2007
1481:, by Shawn Blore, Globe and Mail, February 28, 2004
244:On 22 November 1991, the state's Attorney General
1563:Brazilian Numbers Game Ties Officials to Mobsters
1192:is responsible for the strong association of the
1883:in WordReference.com Dicionário Português-Inglês
1655:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1342:
1205:
1187:
20:
1636:"Contraventores já foram condenados há 14 anos"
1759:in the International Encyclopedia of Sexuality
1472:Brazil's President May Lose Big On The Lottery
2073:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
395:(bankruptcy). This is necessary because most
8:
1891:
1889:
1588:
1586:
1558:
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1554:
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1527:Decreto-lei nº 9.215, de 30 de abril de 1946
1986:. Durham NC/London: Duke University Press.
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
383:Drawings are usually held at 2 PM in local
2080:
2066:
2058:
1467:
1465:
1463:
282:convicted them to six years of prison for
240:Criminal charges and political connections
1341:, has a rooster as their mascot, because
1595:Procurador pede prisão de 14 bicheiros,
1428:
1426:
1223:24 is heavily avoided by male Brazilian
418:
90:), a Brazilian-born Englishman, to whom
55:. Despite its popularity, especially in
1537:
1386:
16:Popular illegal gambling game in Brazil
1716:Investigação liga autoridades a bingos
1648:
63:and those involved may be prosecuted.
2183:Mocidade Independente de Padre Miguel
1769:The Alternative Portuguese Dictionary
1274:24 is also used in politics, as many
412:The name of the game arises from the
30:
7:
2010:International Journal on Criminology
1734:Brazil police crack down on gambling
79:The originator of jogo do bicho was
1847:Candidatos usam "24" para causa gay
1946:, Folha de S. Paulo, July 25, 2013
1901:, Globo esporte, December 12, 2010
1817:Ortiz, Alberto (3 December 2022).
14:
2029:Magalhães, Felipe Santos (2005).
2001:Coelho, Daniel N. (Spring 2018).
1959:Andrade, Maria do Carmo (2009).
1703:, News from Brazil, May 31, 1994
103:Rio de Janeiro Zoological Garden
1500:, Time Magazine, March 25, 1966
1249:Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
35:, "animal game") is an illegal
1331:is used in Brazil for upsets.
154:To foster public support, the
39:game in Brazil, prohibited by
1:
1916:, Treze Futebol Clube website
1687:, by Antônio Carlos Biscaia,
1580:, Paraiba.com.br, May 5, 2007
1241:Internacional de Porto Alegre
1871:, HuffPost, January 24, 2016
1967:. Joaquim Nabuco Foundation
84:João Batista Viana Drummond
71:any amount can be wagered.
2240:
2224:Organized crime in Brazil
1442:, (54): 66-70, April 2008
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263:, aka Capitão Guimarães;
28:Portuguese pronunciation:
2178:Imperatriz Leopoldinense
1965:Pesquisa Escolar On-Line
1849:, Terra, August 25, 2012
1807:, El País, 10 July, 2021
1778:, accessed April 9, 2011
317:Fernando Collor de Mello
293:(he used the expression
97:awarded a title and the
1701:Mafia: Never ending mud
1337:, a football club from
200:It was reported by the
2144:Antônio Carlos Biscaia
1931:, UOL, January 1, 2013
1355:Clube Atlético Mineiro
1343:
1206:
261:Ailton Guimarães Jorge
246:Antônio Carlos Biscaia
32:[ˈʒoguduˈbiʃu]
21:
2188:Unidos de Vila Isabel
1980:Chazkel, Amy (2011).
1825:(in European Spanish)
1678:A volta dos bicheiros
310:Supreme Federal Court
2123:Antônio Petrus Kalil
1309:. In 1964, before a
1255:, hosted by Brazil,
284:criminal association
273:Antônio Petrus Kalil
220:Paraíba is the only
2219:Lotteries in Brazil
2103:Anísio Abraão David
1914:Mascotes paraibanos
1793:, UOL, July 2, 2015
1335:Treze Futebol Clube
1261:2022 FIFA World Cup
1235:use the jersey 24:
420:
278:In May 1993, judge
265:Anísio Abraão David
1867:2017-09-23 at the
1774:2011-04-06 at the
1755:2011-04-01 at the
1683:2008-08-28 at the
1599:, 23 November 1991
1477:2021-10-21 at the
1457:, 12 February 1893
1293:Another legacy of
1059:Series of numbers
919:Series of numbers
779:Series of numbers
639:Series of numbers
499:Series of numbers
419:
364:Bets are taken at
323:, São Paulo mayor
228:), which licenses
2214:Culture of Brazil
2196:
2195:
2118:Capitão Guimarães
2113:Luizinho Drummond
2108:Castor de Andrade
1993:978-0-8223-4973-0
1724:, August 30, 2003
1436:É bicho na cabeça
1257:its national team
1253:Copa América 2019
1123:
1122:
306:Castor de Andrade
269:Luizinho Drummond
172:Castor de Andrade
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2149:Denise Frossard
2137:Law enforcement
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2050:(in Portuguese)
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2035:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1979:
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1968:
1961:"Jogo do Bicho"
1958:
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1941:(in Portuguese)
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1911:(in Portuguese)
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1869:Wayback Machine
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1498:The Animal Game
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1412:O bicho moderno
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1315:Portuguesa (RJ)
1286:agenda. In the
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1180:Cultural impact
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1139:Bets and prizes
1128:
410:
405:
393:quebra da banca
357:) and dealers (
347:
319:, Rio governor
280:Denise Frossard
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120:Rudyard Kipling
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202:New York Times
76:
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57:Rio de Janeiro
53:contraventores
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2209:Jogo do Bicho
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2128:Emil Pinheiro
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195:slot machines
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180:Emil Pinheiro
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160:samba schools
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1822:
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1630:
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1538:Chazkel 2011
1533:
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1376:Numbers game
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321:Nilo Batista
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95:Dom Pedro II
78:
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44:
19:
18:
1971:25 December
1823:elDiario.es
1540:, pp.
1231:Brasileirão
403:Description
325:Paulo Maluf
234:João Pessoa
191:video poker
107:Vila Isabel
41:federal law
2203:Categories
2173:Beija-Flor
1829:5 December
1642:2009-03-17
1382:References
1237:América-MG
477:Borboleta
359:vendedores
351:banqueiros
329:Cesar Maia
297:tupiniquim
230:banqueiros
216:In Paraíba
138:corruption
127:Brazilians
99:concession
49:banqueiros
2096:Bicheiros
2020:6 January
2016:(1): 7–38
1284:anti-LGBT
1251:. In the
1245:Santos FC
1194:number 24
1133:bicheiros
771:Alligator
737:Elefante
597:Carneiro
487:Cachorro
481:Butterfly
447:Avestruz
345:Structure
302:bicheiros
257:bicheiros
210:bicheiros
189:parlors,
164:bicheiros
156:bicheiros
145:São Paulo
111:publicity
45:bicheiros
2158:Related
1865:Archived
1772:Archived
1753:Archived
1681:Archived
1651:cite web
1475:Archived
1365:See also
1311:football
1305:meaning
1225:athletes
741:Elephant
414:mnemonic
376:nor the
355:gerentes
176:Botafogo
131:bicheiro
37:gambling
1953:Sources
1689:O Globo
1663:O Globo
1623:O Globo
1597:O Globo
1339:Paraíba
1263:, when
1164:Centena
1004:Animal
901:Peacock
877:Macaco
864:Animal
767:Jacaré
751:Rooster
727:Cavalo
724:Animal
627:Coelho
607:Camelo
584:Animal
451:Ostrich
444:Animal
408:Animals
300:). The
105:in the
101:to the
92:Emperor
75:History
65:Paraíba
1990:
1750:Brazil
1542:255-57
1371:Bolita
1213:viados
1170:Milhar
1158:Dezena
1152:Cabeça
1037:Veado
1017:Tigre
1007:Touro
984:Group
911:Turkey
897:Pavão
887:Porco
881:Monkey
844:Group
704:Group
631:Rabbit
617:Cobra
587:Cabra
564:Group
471:Donkey
467:Burro
457:Águia
424:Group
397:bancas
378:bancas
374:pontos
366:pontos
295:máfia
250:cúpula
178:(with
174:) and
170:(with
148:police
2168:LIESA
2036:(PDF)
2006:(PDF)
1881:Zebra
1344:treze
1328:zebra
1323:zebra
1307:upset
1302:zebra
1207:veado
1196:with
1047:Vaca
1027:Urso
1021:Tiger
907:Peru
867:Leão
757:Gato
747:Galo
731:Horse
621:Snake
611:Camel
461:Eagle
385:bicho
370:banca
291:Mafia
226:LOTEP
222:state
187:bingo
168:Bangu
81:baron
2022:2024
1988:ISBN
1973:2023
1831:2022
1657:link
1317:and
1276:LGBT
1269:FIFA
1247:and
1219:The
1202:deer
1145:real
1119:100
1041:Deer
1031:Bear
1011:Bull
871:Lion
591:Goat
255:The
193:and
182:).
1216:).
1116:99
1113:98
1110:97
1107:96
1104:95
1101:94
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1089:90
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1080:87
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1065:82
1062:81
1051:Cow
999:25
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934:65
931:64
928:63
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891:Pig
859:20
856:19
853:18
850:17
847:16
839:60
836:59
833:58
830:57
827:56
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812:51
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806:49
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761:Cat
719:15
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672:31
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601:Ram
579:10
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2205::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.