450:(S&S) of Houston, Texas. In May 1996, Barker's law firm filed a federal lawsuit against S&S for Breach of Contract. By October, the law firm had accrued $ 54,000.00 in unpaid hourly fees to CNI and $ 59,000 in fees to the Cherokee Nation. On October 24, 1996, the CNI leadership signed a contingency agreement with Barker's law firm which granted the law firm 37.5% of any proceeds of the S&S litigation. Later that same evening, the CNI and S&S reached a settlement, with S&S agreeing to pay CNI 1.86 million dollars. Later court filing suggest that Terry Barker, and possibly Joe Byrd, knew about the probable settlement with S&S before CNI signed the contingency agreement. Despite the agreement limiting Barker's law firm to 37.5% of the settlement, the firm received $ 894,000, or more than 48% of the total settlement.
467:
seizure, Byrd fired
Director Pat Ragsdale and Sharon Wright of the Cherokee Nation Marshals Service. One hour after they were fired, Cherokee Nation Justice Dwight Birdwell ordered their immediate reinstatement. Justice Birdwell also issued a standing order which stated any subsequent firings by Byrd would be considered contempt of court and obstruction of justice. Byrd then fired Ragsdale, Wright, and the entire Cherokee Nation Marshal Service. He later fired Prosecutor Blalock, who had, by then, filed obstruction of justice and misappropriation of funds charges against Byrd. As a replacement for the now "fired" marshals, Byrd requested that the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) assume all law-enforcement duties for the Cherokee Nation. He also established a new security force made up of individuals who had signified their loyalty to him.
506:
BIA officers to confiscate the weapons of Byrd's security force. The federal judge declined to rule on the grounds that the
Cherokee Nation would be required to relinquish total sovereignty before federal troops could be sent into the Nation to confiscate weapons. Byrd subsequently ordered the shutdown of the Cherokee Nation Courts. His security forces, along with those of the BIA, forcibly evicted the Justices from the Courthouse, then had the Courthouse boarded up and padlocked.
502:
members were assembled. Despite the fact that the council was without a quorum, Byrd ordered the councilors to approve the impeachment of the
Cherokee Nation Courts Justices. He also ordered the councilors to vote for ratification and relinquishment of sovereign authority to the BIA for law enforcement within the Cherokee Nation. On April 24, 1997, the BIA ordered BIA Law enforcement personnel to assume control of Law Enforcement responsibilities within the Cherokee Nation.
493:
reviewing the tapes and interviewing numerous
Cherokee Nation members who worked at the tribal complex, the FBI investigators concluded that Byrd's allegations were without merit; they then closed the investigation he had filed. The matter of Byrd's diversion of funds was turned over to the Cherokee Nation Justice Courts for resolution. However, the United States Attorney's office, in concert with the BIA, continued their investigation into Byrd's activities.
459:
Nation
Marshal service, was directed to investigate allegations of corruption against Joel Thompson, Byrd's friend, confident, and manager of Byrd's election campaign. Several other members of Byrd's administration also came under investigation. The allegations included illegal wiretap activities on Cherokee Nation premises, diversion of tribal funds, and illegal campaign funding.
25:
539:
against him, in early 1998 Byrd moved the district court out of the Tribal
Courthouse. In reaction, six members of the Tribal Council began boycotting scheduled Council meetings, thus leaving the Council without a quorum and therefore unable to act. After a year of stand-off, Byrd capitulated and moved the district court back to the Courthouse.
463:
access to the requested materials from Byrd. The JAT ruled that all of Byrd's documents detailing any
Cherokee Nation dealings were subject to review by the Tribal Council and to any Cherokee Nation citizen in accordance with the Cherokee Nation Constitution. Despite this ruling, Byrd refused to produce the requested documents.
480:
Tribal
Council was "plundering and pilfering" the evidence seized in the search warrants. Byrd also directed his criminal defense attorneys to file motions demanding suppression of Byrd's financial dealings, which had been seized as evidence. Byrd stated to the Justice Court that he and his associates had been conducting
542:
Byrd's 1996–1997 actions also had a major impact on the
Cherokee Nation's 1999 Constitutional Convention. During public hearings, there were, among other items, a strong push for procedures allowing for the recall of elected officials, a call for open financial records of the Nation's government, and
458:
The unusual activities and business dealings of Byrd disturbed many tribal council members. Throughout the summer of 1996, Byrd repeatedly ignored requests and directives from the Tribal
Council for financial statements and documents. Also in the summer of 1996, Pat Ragsdale, Director of the Cherokee
466:
Faced with Byrd's refusal to cooperate, Tribal Prosecutor Diane Blalock requested and received a search warrant for Byrd's headquarters. On Feb 25, 1997, the Tribal Marshals conducted a raid of Byrd's headquarters in which they seized and made copies of a number of documents. In retaliation for the
530:. After several days of negotiations, Byrd signed an agreement that required that he relinquish control of the Cherokee Nation law enforcement system to the Bureau of Indian Affairs. By late September, the Cherokee Nation Courts were reopened and the Cherokee Nation Marshal service was reinstated.
505:
On May 21, 1997, Byrd shut off power and utilities to the Cherokee Nation Justice Complex, fired the Justices, and ordered his security forces to board up the Courthouse. In response, the Cherokee Nation Justices issued warrants for his arrest. The Cherokee Nation petitioned the Federal Courts for
492:
On Thursday, March 7, 1997, US Attorney John Raley, in conjunction with the FBI, announced an investigation into Byrd's activities and of the events which had occurred at the Cherokee Nation Tribal Complex. The FBI seized the tapes that were produced as the result of Byrd's illegal wiretaps. After
479:
of Cherokee Nation Tribal Council Members, Marshals, and Justices on the grounds that they were plotting to "overthrow his administration". He also hired criminal defense attorneys who filed appeal briefs with the Cherokee Nation Courts. The briefs sought a stay of the warrants and stated that the
488:
The Cherokee Nation Justice Court found Byrd in contempt and cautioned him against attempting to fire the Cherokee Nation Marshals during an ongoing investigation. Byrd responded by attempting to shut off power, water, and electricity to the Cherokee Nation Marshals Complex, but was stopped by an
538:
The remaining years of Byrd's term were marked with intense scrutiny by the BIA. By late 1998, there were 11 active cases against Byrd, including two criminal charges regarding diversion of Federal funds. In what some see as an attempt to influence the outcome of the obstruction of justice cases
501:
On April 15, 1997, after Byrd was indicted by the Cherokee Nation Justice Courts for obstruction of justice and misuse of funds, he drafted articles of impeachment of the Cherokee Nation Court Justices. Byrd then proceeded to the Tribal Council chambers, where eight of the total fifteen council
462:
Tensions between Byrd and the Tribal Council increased over Byrd's continuing refusal to comply with directives to disclose critical contracts and documents related to the Cherokee Nation funds. In August 1996, The Tribal Council petitioned the Cherokee Nation Justice Appeals Tribunal (JAT) for
509:
During the Cherokee National Holiday (Labor Day weekend) in 1997, Oklahoma SWAT teams with high-powered rifles and BIA helicopters patrolled tribal lands. These actions were later characterized by Joe Byrd's administration in Court filings to be necessary to quell an "uprising" of the Cherokee
435:. Byrd's four-year term of office was marked by controversy and conflict. By late 1997, the conflict had escalated into a constitutional crisis for the Cherokee Nation. Settling the conflict required US government intervention via the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
570:. He was elected to a full term in the new district 2 in 2013. He was sworn in August 14, 2013. In August 2015, he was elected speaker of the tribal council. He won re-election in 2017 and was re-elected as speaker of the council. He was term limited in 2021.
443:
In January 1996, Byrd supported the hiring of a law firm in which his brother-in-law, Terry Barker, was one of the partners. The law firm was hired on an hourly basis to represent CNI in a dispute with a defense contractor,
484:
of Cherokee Nation employees, government officials, and the Cherokee Nation Justice Courts. He claimed to have discovered, and turned over to the FBI, concrete evidence of the Cherokee Nation Justices' plots.
709:
554:
elections. After the election, more than four years of transition were required to restore the Cherokee Nation government and remove BIA intervention from the affairs of the Cherokee Nation.
1304:
886:
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1079:
2155:
2150:
1135:
2170:
621:
1051:
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995:
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33:
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83:
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649:
384:
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882:
740:
97:
79:
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597:
130:
828:
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1964:
476:
921:
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1911:
547:
400:
587:
1976:
61:
53:
1622:
1616:
1604:
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In 1995, after his main rival was disqualified, Joe Byrd was elected Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation, succeeding
1734:
1610:
1468:
104:
2060:
38:
2039:
675:"Pezold Richey Caruso Barker v. Cherokee Nation Industries Inc., Court of Civil Appeals of Oklahoma, Division No. 3"
566:
tribal council representing district 1 on January 23, 2012 after winning the district 1 special election to replace
2012:
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1553:
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42:
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1988:
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527:
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1282:
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1441:
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1519:
1478:
1474:
1424:
1412:
523:
1958:
1952:
1791:
1529:
1525:
1418:
497:
Standoff with the Cherokee Nation Justices, BIA law enforcement intervention
388:
1586:
1317:
1383:
1343:
1353:
543:
a desire to strengthen the power and independence of the Judiciary.
650:"Cherokee Nation Facing a Crisis Involving Its Tribal Constitution"
1286:
403:. He ran again in 2003, but again lost to the incumbent Smith.
733:"A Pattern Of Scandals Emerge Around Byrd's Circle Of Cohorts"
67:
from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially
18:
1242:, Wilma Pearl Mankiller and Michael Wallis (Macmillan, 2000).
1164:"Crowded field in Tribal Council races as filing period ends"
1662:, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1864–1866)
1650:, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1862–1863)
1415:(also known as Ogan'sto', "Groundhog Sausage") (1778–1785)
1080:"Councilors select new committee chairs and co-chairs"
1656:, acting principal chief of the Union Cherokee (1863)
922:"After Years of Division, Cherokees Get a New Leader"
859:"Chronology of Events in the Cherokee Nation Crisis"
1943:
1880:
1842:
1831:
1749:
1632:
1571:
1498:
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1427:(or "Corntassel," "Tassel," Kaiyatahee) (1783–1788)
1324:
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1136:"Tribal Council speaker, deputy speaker sworn in"
80:"Joe Byrd" Cherokee Nation Principal Chief
399:. He ran for re-election in 1999, but lost to
48:Uncited sections in biography of living person
2176:Members of the Council of the Cherokee Nation
1298:
622:"Byrd builds on 18-year legacy of serving CN"
8:
1052:"9 Tribal Councilors inaugurated on Aug. 14"
258:January 23, 2012 – August 14, 2013
1839:
1305:
1291:
1283:
1246:
1023:"6 incumbents to remain on Tribal Council"
951:
949:
947:
215:August 14, 2013 – August 14, 2021
142:
60:about living persons that is unsourced or
454:Tribal Council probe of Byrd's activities
391:, with an ability to communicate in both
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
2156:21st-century Native American politicians
2151:20th-century Native American politicians
768:"Prosecutor Files Charges Against Chief"
475:Byrd announced that he had requested an
447:Stewart & Stevenson Industries, Inc.
439:Cherokee Nation Industries (CNI) lawsuit
2171:Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation
1362:, "emperor" of the Cherokees until 1730
885:. AP Wire Service. February 26, 2019 .
743:from the original on December 17, 2020.
578:
1861:William W. Hastings (January 22, 1936)
1265:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
889:from the original on December 17, 2020
809:from the original on December 17, 2020
778:from the original on December 17, 2020
712:from the original on December 14, 2020
700:Martindale, Rob (February 26, 2019) .
427:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
385:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
288:Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
172:August 2015 – August 14, 2021
852:
850:
848:
846:
518:In August 1997, Byrd was summoned to
7:
996:"Byrd sworn in as Dist. 1 councilor"
799:"Byrd Forms New Tribal Police Force"
702:"Siege mentality existed, jury told"
1855:Charles J. Hunt (December 27, 1928)
1733:(1905–1906); also president of the
1727:(1903–1905); deposed by the council
648:Verhovek, Sam Howe (July 6, 1997).
522:where he met with Attorney General
620:Henson, Kenlea (August 22, 2017).
423:tribal council from 1987 to 1995.
14:
1444:(or Scolaguta) (served 1788–1794)
1240:Mankiller: A Chief and Her People
1162:Hunter, Chad (February 5, 2021).
1134:Bark, Lindsey (August 17, 2017).
994:Chavez, Will (January 25, 2012).
956:Sturgis, Amy H. (March 1, 1999).
471:Wiretapping and FBI investigation
1961:, or Flying Squirrel (1870–1875)
1944:Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians
1528:(1824–1828); principal chief of
1078:Chavez, Will (August 18, 2015).
1050:Chavez, Will (August 20, 2013).
920:Yardley, Jim (August 14, 1999).
23:
2054:Olsey Bird Saunooke (1959–1963)
1997:, or Young Squirrel (1903–1907)
1858:Oliver P. Brewer (May 26, 1931)
1752:Cherokee Indians (1939–present)
1207:"Federal Agencies Probe Tribe"
1196:Cherokee Nation Crisis Timeline
1106:Boston, Stacie (June 4, 2017).
817:– via thepeoplespaths.us.
797:Hales, Donna (March 21, 1997).
786:– via thepeoplespaths.us.
766:Hales, Donna (March 28, 1997).
247:Tribal Councilor for district 1
204:Tribal Councilor for district 2
16:American politician (born 1954)
2018:Joseph A. Saunooke (1919–1923)
1108:"Byrd wins Dist. 2 seat again"
731:A ge ya (September 25, 1997).
546:In 1999, Byrd was defeated by
526:and Secretary of the Interior
1:
2166:People from Muldrow, Oklahoma
2126:Michell Hicks (2023–present)
1635:Indian Territory (1839–1907)
1544:head of government from 1813
883:"FBI Eyes Cherokee Wiretaps"
34:biography of a living person
1735:Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
1685:William P. Ross (1872–1875)
1325:Early decentralized leaders
835:. June 1997. Archived from
489:order of Justice Birdwell.
387:from 1995 to 1999. Byrd is
360:1954 (age 69–70)
65:must be removed immediately
2192:
1454:Chickamauga/Lower Cherokee
857:People, The (2022-10-04).
829:"Controversy in Talhequah"
586:Conley, Robert J. (2007).
453:
2057:Jarret Blythe (1963–1967)
2051:Jarret Blythe (1955–1959)
1682:Lewis Downing (1867–1872)
1368:(also known as Ama-edohi)
1271:
1262:
1254:
1249:
374:
347:
336:
293:
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208:
165:
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1834:Oklahoma/Cherokee Nation
1750:United Keetoowah Band of
897:– via Tulsa World.
562:Byrd was sworn onto the
1912:Chad "Corntassel" Smith
589:A Cherokee Encyclopedia
558:Cherokee Tribal Council
548:Chad "Corntassel" Smith
401:Chad "Corntassel" Smith
46:. The reason given is:
1776:Jim Pickup (1960–1967)
1740:William Charles Rogers
1190:The Cherokee News Path
52:Please help by adding
1481:served from 1802–1807
1219:"Cherokee in Crisis"
407:Early life and career
1971:Nimrod Jarrett Smith
1713:Samuel Houston Mayes
1572:Cherokee Nation West
1499:Cherokee Nation East
1421:of Chota (1781–1783)
514:Restoration of order
383:(born 1954) was the
58:Contentious material
2079:Robert S. Youngdeer
2046:Osley Bird Saunooke
1409:(ca. 1703–ca. 1780)
419:. He served on the
2085:Jonathan L. Taylor
2007:Joseph A. Saunooke
1983:Andy Standing Deer
1977:Stillwell Saunooke
1832:Cherokee Nation of
1633:Cherokee Nation in
1250:Political offices
926:The New York Times
833:Cherokee Messenger
737:The People's Paths
681:. January 26, 2001
654:The New York Times
417:Belfonte, Oklahoma
2133:
2132:
2028:John A. Tahquette
1939:
1938:
1918:S. Joe Crittenden
1850:William C. Rogers
1731:Frank J. Boudinot
1719:Thomas Buffington
1366:Moytoy of Tellico
1281:
1280:
1272:Succeeded by
1231:Civil Rights Suit
863:The Peoples Paths
839:on March 4, 2016.
477:FBI investigation
378:
377:
183:Tina Glory-Jordan
141:
140:
133:
115:
37:needs additional
2183:
2001:John Goins Welch
1995:Bird Saloloneeta
1930:Chuck Hoskin Jr.
1840:
1816:George Wickliffe
1695:Dennis Bushyhead
1689:Charles Thompson
1673:John Ross (1866)
1538:Charles R. Hicks
1407:Otacity Ostenaco
1390:Moytoy of Citico
1374:(1708/1711–1780)
1314:Principal Chiefs
1307:
1300:
1293:
1284:
1255:Preceded by
1247:
1238:
1229:
1221:Muskogee Phoenix
1217:
1209:Muskogee Phoenix
1205:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1169:Cherokee Phoenix
1159:
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1141:Cherokee Phoenix
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1120:
1113:Cherokee Phoenix
1103:
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1085:Cherokee Phoenix
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1057:Cherokee Phoenix
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1038:
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1028:Cherokee Phoenix
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1001:Cherokee Phoenix
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803:Muskogee Phoenix
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772:Muskogee Phoenix
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627:Cherokee Phoenix
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611:
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369:Joseph Tali Byrd
352:Personal details
341:
332:Tribal Councilor
319:
307:
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277:
265:
256:
234:
222:
213:
191:
179:
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143:
136:
129:
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73:
54:reliable sources
27:
26:
19:
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2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:
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2180:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2115:Patrick Lambert
1945:
1935:
1924:Bill John Baker
1900:Wilma Mankiller
1876:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1786:James L. Gordon
1751:
1745:
1677:William P. Ross
1634:
1628:
1573:
1567:
1500:
1494:
1455:
1449:
1402:Standing Turkey
1326:
1320:
1311:
1277:
1268:
1260:
1258:Wilma Mankiller
1245:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1184:
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1161:
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1156:
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1031:. June 23, 2013
1021:
1020:
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1006:
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988:
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958:"Tale of Tears"
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568:Bill John Baker
564:Cherokee Nation
560:
552:Cherokee Nation
536:
520:Washington D.C.
516:
499:
473:
456:
441:
433:Wilma Mankiller
429:
421:Cherokee Nation
413:Nicut, Oklahoma
409:
342:
337:
330:Cherokee Nation
317:
311:Wilma Mankiller
305:
299:
294:
275:
269:Bill John Baker
263:
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245:Cherokee Nation
232:
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202:Cherokee Nation
189:
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159:Cherokee Nation
157:Speaker of the
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72:
51:
28:
24:
17:
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11:
5:
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2061:Walter Jackson
2058:
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2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1965:Lloyd R. Welch
1962:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1946:(1824–present)
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1932:(2019–present)
1927:
1921:
1920:(acting, 2011)
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1837:
1836:(1907–present)
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1824:(2016–present)
1819:
1813:
1810:Dallas Proctor
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1762:
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1747:
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1725:William Rogers
1722:
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1654:Smith Christie
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62:poorly sourced
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2073:John A. Crowe
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2040:Henry Bradley
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1701:Joel B. Mayes
1699:
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1593:Tahlonteeskee
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1560:William Hicks
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1508:Little Turkey
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1436:Little Turkey
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592:. UNM Press.
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528:Bruce Babbitt
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411:Byrd is from
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281:Redistricting
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226:Redistricting
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82: –
81:
77:
76:Find sources:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
49:
45:
44:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2013:David Blythe
1894:Ross Swimmer
1888:W. W. Keeler
1871:W. W. Keeler
1759:John Hitcher
1707:C. J. Harris
1644:(1839–1862)
1556:(1828–1839)
1541:
1522:(1811–1827)
1378:Amouskositte
1360:Wrosetasetow
1350:Long Warrior
1263:
1239:
1236:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1189:
1173:. Retrieved
1167:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1139:
1129:
1117:. Retrieved
1111:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1083:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1055:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1026:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
999:
989:
982:
977:
965:. Retrieved
961:
939:
934:
925:
915:
908:
903:
893:December 17,
891:. Retrieved
877:
866:. Retrieved
862:
837:the original
832:
823:
813:December 17,
811:. Retrieved
802:
792:
782:December 17,
780:. Retrieved
771:
761:
754:
749:
736:
726:
716:December 14,
714:. Retrieved
705:
695:
685:December 14,
683:. Retrieved
678:
669:
659:December 14,
657:. Retrieved
653:
643:
631:. Retrieved
625:
615:
605:27 September
603:. Retrieved
588:
581:
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541:
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500:
491:
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461:
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380:
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338:
318:Succeeded by
295:
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276:Succeeded by
253:
233:Succeeded by
225:
210:
190:Succeeded by
167:
127:
118:
108:
101:
94:
87:
75:
64:
47:
43:verification
36:
2146:1954 births
2123:(2017–2023)
2117:(2015–2017)
2111:(2003–2015)
2105:(1999–2003)
2099:(1995–1999)
2097:Joyce Dugan
2087:(1987–1995)
2081:(1983–1987)
2075:(1973–1983)
2069:(1971–1973)
2067:Noah Powell
2063:(1967–1971)
2048:(1951–1955)
2042:(1947–1951)
2036:(1931–1947)
2030:(1927–1931)
2024:(1923–1927)
2022:Sampson Owl
2015:(1915–1919)
2009:(1911–1915)
2003:(1907–1911)
1991:(1899–1903)
1985:(1895–1899)
1979:(1891–1895)
1973:(1880–1891)
1967:(1875–1880)
1955:(1824–1839)
1926:(2011–2019)
1914:(1999–2011)
1908:(1995–1999)
1902:(1985–1995)
1896:(1975–1985)
1890:(1971–1975)
1873:(1949–1971)
1867:(1941–1949)
1852:(1907-1917)
1818:(2005–2016)
1812:(2000–2004)
1806:(1996–2000)
1800:(1991–1995)
1794:(1983–1991)
1788:(1979–1983)
1782:(1967–1979)
1773:(1954–1960)
1771:Jeff Tindle
1767:(1946–1954)
1761:(1939–1946)
1721:(1899–1903)
1715:(1895–1899)
1709:(1891–1895)
1703:(1887–1891)
1697:(1879–1887)
1691:(1875–1879)
1679:(1866–1867)
1668:Stand Watie
1648:Thomas Pegg
1625:(1839–1840)
1623:John Rogers
1617:John Looney
1607:(1838–1839)
1605:John Looney
1601:(1819–1838)
1595:(1817–1819)
1589:(1813–1817)
1583:(1810–1813)
1574:(1810–1839)
1562:(1833–1835)
1550:(1827–1828)
1516:(1801–1811)
1510:(1794–1801)
1501:(1794–1839)
1491:(1807–1809)
1471:(1792–1802)
1465:(1777–1792)
1456:(1777–1809)
1442:Hanging Maw
1440:opposed by
1392:(1759–1761)
1386:(1753–1756)
1380:(1741–1753)
1356:(1729–1730)
1346:(1716–1721)
967:14 December
706:Tulsa World
306:Preceded by
264:Preceded by
221:Preceded by
178:Preceded by
2140:Categories
2103:Leon Jones
1989:Jesse Reed
1865:J.B. Milam
1804:Jim Henson
1765:Jim Pickup
1611:John Brown
1599:John Jolly
1532:'s faction
1520:Pathkiller
1489:Ta'gwadihi
1479:Old Tassel
1475:Doublehead
1469:John Watts
1425:Old Tassel
1413:Oconostota
1327:(pre-1794)
1275:Chad Smith
1269:1995–1999
868:2023-10-18
574:References
524:Janet Reno
323:Chad Smith
91:newspapers
1959:Salonitah
1953:Yonaguska
1843:Appointed
1822:Joe Bunch
1798:John Ross
1792:John Hair
1642:John Ross
1554:John Ross
1530:Whitepath
1526:Big Tiger
1514:Black Fox
1485:The Glass
1419:Savanukah
1398:(d. 1761)
1336:(d. 1729)
534:Aftermath
389:bilingual
343:1987–1995
339:In office
300:1995–1999
296:In office
254:In office
211:In office
168:In office
39:citations
1906:Joe Byrd
1587:Degadoga
1581:The Bowl
1542:de facto
1540:(1827),
1396:Uka Ulah
1334:Outacite
1318:Cherokee
887:Archived
807:Archived
776:Archived
741:Archived
710:Archived
510:People.
482:wiretaps
393:Cherokee
381:Joe Byrd
365:Children
147:Joe Byrd
121:May 2023
69:libelous
1881:Elected
1384:Old Hop
1344:Tugaloo
1316:of the
679:FindLaw
550:in the
397:English
105:scholar
2093:(1995)
1742:(1906)
1619:(1839)
1613:(1839)
1354:Tanasi
1175:25 May
1147:25 May
1119:25 May
1091:25 May
1063:25 May
1035:25 May
1007:25 May
962:Reason
633:25 May
596:
107:
100:
93:
86:
78:
1487:, or
112:JSTOR
98:books
32:This
1177:2023
1149:2023
1121:2023
1093:2023
1065:2023
1037:2023
1009:2023
969:2020
895:2020
815:2020
784:2020
718:2020
687:2020
661:2020
635:2023
607:2014
594:ISBN
415:and
395:and
357:Born
84:news
41:for
1352:of
1342:of
2142::
1166:.
1138:.
1110:.
1082:.
1054:.
1025:.
998:.
960:.
946:^
924:.
861:.
845:^
831:.
805:.
801:.
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770:.
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735:.
708:.
704:.
677:.
652:.
624:.
56:.
1306:e
1299:t
1292:v
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1123:.
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871:.
720:.
689:.
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609:.
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
109:·
102:·
95:·
88:·
71:.
50:.
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