580:
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403:
537:. He did not learn of Oswald's request until the following day. He told reporters that he had received no request either from Oswald or from anyone on his behalf to represent him, and so was in no position to give a definite answer. He said later that "if I were requested to represent him, I felt that it would probably be difficult, if not impossible, for me to do so because of my commitments to other clients."
684:
730:
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Like many another smart young man who followed the
Communist line, sharp-eyed, sharply dressed Attorney Lee Pressman did very well for a long time. Har-vardman Pressman launched his leftward-turning career in Henry Wallace's AAA back in 1933, ended up as chief counsel of the CIO. He held the post for
749:
In my desire to see the destruction of
Hitlerism and an improvement in economic conditions here at home, I joined a Communist group in Washington, D. C., about 1934. My participation in such group extended for about a year, to the best of my recollection. I recall that about the latter part of 1935—
491:
for belonging to a group that advocates the overthrow of the US government. This trial marked the first time the government attempted to convict an individual solely as a member of a group conspiring against the nation, rather than for individual actions. Although Abt's short and simple defense did
783:
began, he, like
Wallace, began slipping away from his Commie cronies. California's Congressman Richard Nixon, scenting opportunity, decided to call him before the House Un-American Activities Committee and ask him a few questions. (Once before, when Whittaker Chambers named Pressman as a member of
800:
Abt was requested for legal assistance by
Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald upon Oswald's arrests. An FBI document dated Nov 23, 1963, states that police captain Will Fritz confirmed that Oswald was sent a telegram from a Chicago attorney, but Fritz did not deliver it to Oswald as Oswald had
750:
the precise date I cannot recall, but it is a matter of public record — I left the
Government service and left Washington to reenter the private practice of law in New York City. And at that time I discontinued any further participation in the group from that date until the present.
495:
In 1960, Abt again defended the CPUSA before the U.S. Supreme Court on the constitutionality of the McCarran Act. In 1961, however, the Court sustained the section of the act requiring
Communist-action organizations to register with the Government by a vote of five to four.
846:
expressed doubt in many of Abt's major claims (e.g., "To hear John Abt tell about it, the chief counsel to the
American Communist party knew virtually nothing about the inner workings of the party") and in fact "shed a dark light on Communist morality and class position."
540:
In 1965, the
Supreme Court ruled that individuals may invoke their constitutional privilege against self-incrimination and refuse to register with the Government as members of the US Communist Party. Abt considered this decision as his greatest legal victory.
608:, a covert organization of Communist Party operatives within the United States government in the 1930s, which actively aided Soviet intelligence by passing on government information, as well as furnishing assistance to members of the CPUSA. Abt's sister,
353:
to first raise the idea of a political action committee to organize labor support for
Roosevelt in the approaching 1944 election. Pressman approached Murray with the idea, as I did with Hillman. Both men seized upon the proposal with great enthusiasm.
763:. Although he made no mention of having himself conducted intelligence-gathering activities, his 1950 testimony provided the first corroboration of Chambers' allegation that a Washington, DC communist group around Ware existed, with federal officials
417:
candidates: Benjamin
Fielding for Lieutenant Governor, Harry J. Chapman for State Controller, Joseph Lucchi for Attorney General, John T. Loughran for Chief Judge of the Court of Appeals, and John Abt for Associate Judge of the Court of Appeals.
319:
666:
opened an investigation of Abt. Its surveillance showed frequent meetings in the early months of 1944 between Abt and a man then known as Alexander Stevens, one of the several pseudonyms used by the shadowy
659:. They discussed paying party dues to Bentley, the various types of information each would be able to deliver, and the type of information other members not in attendance would also be willing to deliver.
448:
dubbed Abt, Pressman, and Calvin Benham "Beanie" Baldwin (C. B. Baldwin) as "influential insiders" and "stage managers" in the Wallace campaign. He also supported the candidacy in New York of
759:
and specifically denied that Hiss was a participant in this Washington group. He indicated that in at least one meeting of his group, perhaps two, he had met Soviet intelligence agent
520:
I want that attorney in New York, Mr. Abt. I don't know him personally but I know about a case that he handled some years ago, where he represented the people who had violated the
671:, a party 'enforcer' who at one time headed the CPUSA's secret apparatus, and was involved in clandestine Soviet intelligence activities in the U.S., until his deportation to
1468:
Series: Records Relating to Key Persons, 11/30/1963 - 9/24/1964 Record Group 272: Records of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, 1954 - 1965
741:
628:
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twelve years. But though he was a skilled labor lawyer, his fellow-traveling finally became too much for Phil Murray; 2½ years ago, Murray tearfully threw him out.
153:
2536:
740:
Called again before Congress to give testimony on Communist Party activities, on August 28, 1950, Lee Pressman reversed his previous decision to exercise his
2526:
2521:
639:. This ring had been engaged for some time in espionage for Browder, and held regular clandestine meetings at Abt's apartment. In early 1944, Golos sent
1148:
382:(CIO) and traveled to Russia with a CIO delegation, which included Pressman. (The CIO had long-term support from communists; in 1947, CIO leaders like
1511:
1348:
1103:
579:
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His star did not entirely wane. He became a power among the back-room Reds who steered Henry Wallace through the presidential campaign. But when the
2511:
422:
161:
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This week ... he reluctantly consented to name three men who had been fellow Communists in the '30s—John Abt, Nathan Witt and Charles Kramer...
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In his memoir posthumously published in 1993, Abt revealed that the Ware Group was a Communist Party unit and that he had been a member.
438:
126:
259:
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the same elite apparatus as Alger Hiss, Pressman had taken refuge in the Fifth Amendment, refused to answer Congressmen's questions.)
304:
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named as members of this party cell. TIME magazine mocked Pressman in its reportage in the issue following his hearing:
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Abt's memoir appeared in print in 1993, some two years after his death in 1991. In its review, the peer-reviewed
2410:
262:
524:, ... I don't know him personally, but that is the attorney I want. ... If I can't get him, then I may get the
1999:
1969:
1543:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 78 (Amalgamated), 99 (CIO-PAC), 273 (Angela Davis).
954:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. pp. 78 (Amalgamated), 99 (CIO-PAC), 273 (Angela Davis).
421:
In October 1946, he (as ACWA general counsel) joined other "liberal and progressive groups" in forming the new
1303:
1074:
1149:"Democratic Deal Irks Labor Party: Move to Name Liberal for Bench May Cause Difficulties in Compact with ALP"
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not succeed at this trial, Lightfoot's conviction was ultimately overturned by the US Supreme Court in 1964.
284:
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1964:
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235:
143:
99:
367:, Abt could not risk involvement with her or the group. Instead, the group reformed without him under
2506:
2501:
2164:
1989:
1886:
1253:
Alsop, Joseph; Alsop, Stewart (28 July 1948). "Progressives Open Doors To Other Like-Minded Groups".
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He stated that he had no information about the political views of his former law school classmate
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2009:
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left the CIO to go work for the Progressive Party to support its presidential candidate, former
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1994:
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1438:. 28 August 1950. p. 2845 (Communist group) 2850 (met Ware), 2860 (started law practice)
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However, Abt and his wife had left New York City that day for a weekend at their cabin in
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1984:
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875:
383:
308:
1369:
Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. With John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr
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In 1984, on his 80th birthday, Abt admitted to being a long-time member of the CPUSA.
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Abt and Pressman became the CIO-PAC's co-counsels. (Thus, in 1943, as American spy
346:
329:
1287:
Spargo, Mary (28 July 1948). "Progressives Open Doors To Other Like-Minded Groups".
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1637:
New York FBI report, 9 April 1944, John Jacob Abt FBI file 100-236194, serial 6.
1270:
Childs, Marquis (24 July 1948). "Calling Washington: Wallace's Stage Managers".
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885:
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729:
624:
613:
534:
508:
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pushed out communist elements and again in 1949 after the CIO's merger with the
372:
122:
1479:"Federal Bureau of Investigation Documents – Files: Hiss/Chambers, 48 sections"
1236:
Alsop, Joseph; Alsop, Stewart (25 July 1948). "Wallace Must Wonder Sometimes".
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210:(CPUSA) and was a member of the Communist Party and the Soviet spy network "
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rights and gave testimony against his former comrades. Pressman stated:
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to make contact with the group at Abt's apartment. In attendance was Abt,
318:
250:
Abt practiced real estate and corporate law in Chicago from 1927 to 1933.
2323:
1327:. New York: Random House. pp. 467 (Ware Group), 624 (no testimony).
227:
1436:"Hearings regarding Communist espionage in the United States Government"
672:
391:
325:
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1457:
Hearings Regarding Communism in the United States Government — Part 2,
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On August 10, 1991, Abt died at the Columbia-Greene Medical Center in
2315:
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998:"John J. Abt, Lawyer, Dies at 87; Communist Party Counsel in U.S."
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682:
578:
543:
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in Chicago, an African-American Communist on trial under the 1940
473:
401:
317:
257:
1598:
1512:"Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer"
1332:
1209:"Pressman Quits $ 19,000 CIO Job To Back Wallace in Third Party"
695:
588:
413:
In September 1946, Abt appeared on the New York state ticket of
378:
By January 1946, he was also working as general counsel for the
311:, who hired him. By this time, the ACW had affiliated with the
1673:
1365:
Klehr, Harvey; Haynes, John Earl; Vassiliev, Alexander (2009).
721:, 29 April 1944 and #687 KGB New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944.)
1632:
The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America – The Stalin Era
1571:
Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer
1540:
Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer
1177:"Liberals Form Political Group for United, National Campaigns"
951:
Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer
852:
Advocate and Activist: Memoirs of an American Communist Lawyer
592:
322:
1346:
KGB agent & Earl Browder instruct Bentley on new recruits
616:, was killed in an automobile collision in 1935, Abt married
612:, was also a member of the group. After the group's founder,
1104:"CIO Group for Aid to Russia as Way to Build Faith in U.S."
571:
worked with him and later wrote a foreword to his memoir.
1026:
Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO
507:
Police on the evening of 22 November 1963, pending his
1046:. The University of North Carolina Press. p. 65.
709:(In 1996, it became known that Abt was referenced in
303:
From 1938 to 1948, he worked at chief counsel of the
1522:. United Association for Labor Education (UALE): 99.
786:
Last week, Pressman decided to reverse his field...
272:
from 1933 to 1935, assistant general counsel of the
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2313:
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1940:
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91:
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71:
53:
28:
21:
1574:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
1484:. Education and Research Institute. Archived from
1366:
1373:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp.
631:, was referred to a spy ring of party members by
559:Abt was one of the first attorneys to represent
1043:Red Spy Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth Bentley
433:In February 1948, Abt left the Amalgamated and
336:In his memoir, Abt claimed that leaders of the
291:from 1936 to 1937 and special assistant to the
154:Communist Party of the United States of America
1685:
1614:Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America,
1355:, Venona 687 New York to Moscow, 13 May 1944.
8:
1644:Report, Volume X – Testimony of John J. Abt
515:, he requested the services of Mr. Abt:
1430:
1428:
1403:
1401:
1130:"CIO Officials Urge Closer Soviet Accord".
2137:
1711:
1692:
1678:
1670:
1665:Tamiment Library - Oral History - John Abt
1318:
1316:
991:
821:, widow of Harold Ware; she died in 1983.
513:assassination of President John F. Kennedy
340:had inspired the idea of the CIO-PAC:
18:
16:American lawyer and politician (1904–1991)
1630:Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev,
989:
987:
985:
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979:
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971:
1147:Feinberg, Alexander (4 September 1946).
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
563:for her alleged involvement in the 1970
1593:. New York: Random House. p. 799.
1377:(Pressman dinner for Kramer), 425–428.
928:
801:expressly asked for Abt to defend him.
191:(May 1, 1904 – August 10, 1991) was an
270:Agricultural Adjustment Administration
214:" as alleged by Whittaker Chambers.
7:
2537:American people in the Venona papers
1568:Abt, John; Myerson, Michael (1993).
854:(University of Illinois Press 1993).
380:Congress of Industrial Organizations
313:Congress of Industrial Organizations
280:was also working), chief counsel to
2527:American spies for the Soviet Union
2522:Members of the Communist Party USA
1417:. 4 September 1950. Archived from
1102:Tower, Samuel A. (18 March 1946).
706:. Abt refused to give testimony.
305:Amalgamated Clothing Workers Union
202:, who spent most of his career as
14:
595:'s attack on his committee (1938)
268:Abt was the Chief of Litigation,
565:Marin County courthouse incident
222:Abt was born on May 1, 1904, in
1634:(New York: Random House, 1999).
1029:. SUNY Press. pp. 183–184.
824:Later, he married Vita Barsky.
817:On March 14, 1937, Abt married
702:named Abt among members of the
694:In 1948, under subpoena before
664:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2512:Espionage in the United States
1510:Lannon, Albert Vetere (1995).
591:proofs his letter replying to
526:American Civil Liberties Union
464:From 1951 to 1953, Abt joined
293:United States Attorney General
104:United States Attorney General
1:
2542:20th-century American lawyers
996:Cook, Joan (13 August 1991).
604:Abt was also a member of the
483:In January 1955 Abt defended
274:Works Progress Administration
2547:University of Chicago alumni
2436:Vladimir Mikhaylovich Petrov
1589:Chambers, Whittaker (1952).
1323:Chambers, Whittaker (1952).
1185:. 16 October 1946. p. 1
1083:. 31 January 1946. p. 7
1075:"Union Leaders Reach Berlin"
1040:Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2002).
551:(center, no glasses) enters
388:American Federation of Labor
1409:"Communists: The Road Back"
1136:. 18 March 1946. p. 2.
948:; Myerson, Michael (1993).
234:. He was a graduate of the
2563:
1862:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
1310:Hearings, vol. 10, p. 116.
834:from a stroke. He was 87.
460:CPUSA Counsel (1950–1970s)
338:Communist Party of the USA
2411:Alexander Gregory Barmine
2216:
1023:Gall, Gilbert J. (1998).
627:, who headed the CPUSA's
1970:Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh
1700:Soviet and Russian spies
1304:Testimony of John J. Abt
795:Lee Harvey Oswald (1963)
725:Named by Pressman (1950)
528:to send me an attorney.
503:'s interrogation by the
429:Progressive Party (1948)
263:Robert M. La Follette Jr
813:Personal life and death
285:Robert La Follette, Jr.
2286:John Alexander Symonds
2111:Harold James Nicholson
1965:Christopher John Boyce
866:List of American spies
791:
753:
737:
691:
600:Ware Group (1934–1944)
596:
556:
531:
410:
357:
333:
265:
254:Government (1933–1938)
2349:Stephen Joseph Ratkai
1617:Yale University Press
1516:Labor Studies Journal
844:Labor Studies Journal
773:
746:
732:
686:
582:
547:
517:
476:on a charge from the
405:
342:
321:
261:
236:University of Chicago
144:collective bargaining
100:La Follette Committee
2517:Lawyers from Chicago
1887:Nadezhda Ulanovskaya
1421:on January 14, 2009.
454:American Labor Party
444:. At the time, the
415:American Labor Party
407:American Labor Party
398:Politics (1946–1948)
158:American Labor Party
2532:American communists
2070:John Anthony Walker
2020:Clayton J. Lonetree
1960:David Sheldon Boone
1882:Alexander Ulanovsky
1847:William Ward Pigman
1290:The Washington Post
1273:The Washington Post
1256:The Washington Post
1239:The Washington Post
1207:(7 February 1948).
1133:The Washington Post
208:Communist Party USA
2441:Fyodor Raskolnikov
2276:Michael John Smith
2010:Andrew Daulton Lee
2000:Robert Lee Johnson
1912:Harry Dexter White
1747:Whittaker Chambers
1659:The New York Times
1351:2013-09-18 at the
1214:The New York Times
1182:The New York Times
1154:The New York Times
1111:. pp. 1, 4, 5
1108:The New York Times
1080:The New York Times
1002:The New York Times
911:Harry Dexter White
819:Jessica Smith Ware
738:
713:decrypts #588 KGB
700:Whittaker Chambers
692:
688:Whittaker Chambers
662:In late 1943, the
597:
557:
452:, a leader of the
411:
334:
299:Unions (1938–1948)
266:
175:Jessica Smith Ware
2489:
2488:
2309:
2308:
2180:Portland spy ring
2126:
2125:
1995:Edward Lee Howard
1732:Elizabeth Bentley
1642:Warren Commission
1308:Warren Commission
1205:Loftus, Joseph A.
789:
751:
657:Edward Fitzgerald
641:Elizabeth Bentley
633:General Secretary
529:
501:Lee Harvey Oswald
472:in defending the
423:Progressive Party
361:Elizabeth Bentley
355:
295:, 1937 and 1938.
230:. His sister was
186:
185:
162:Progressive Party
47:Chicago, Illinois
2554:
2481:Stig Wennerström
2426:Walter Krivitsky
2291:Edith Tudor-Hart
2221:Michael Bettaney
2138:
2117:Illegals Program
2065:George Trofimoff
2035:Earl Edwin Pitts
1812:William Malisoff
1787:David Greenglass
1715:1940s and before
1712:
1694:
1687:
1680:
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1606:John Earl Haynes
1602:
1585:
1562:External sources
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1535:Myerson, Michael
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832:Hudson, New York
775:
748:
679:Hiss Case (1948)
629:secret apparatus
620:, Ware's widow.
585:Martin Dies, Jr.
569:Margaret Burnham
519:
485:Claude Lightfoot
466:Vito Marcantonio
450:Vito Marcantonio
442:Henry A. Wallace
363:resurrected the
344:
139:
80:Other names
65:Hudson, New York
60:
42:
40:
19:
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2344:Gerda Munsinger
2329:Jeffrey Delisle
2305:
2281:Dave Springhall
2236:Litzi Friedmann
2212:
2174:
2160:John Cairncross
2122:
2091:Evgeny Buryakov
2079:
2075:Jerry Whitworth
2060:Robert Thompson
1936:
1932:Anatoli Yatskov
1892:Julian Wadleigh
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1353:Wayback Machine
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623:In late 1943,
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2383:SanzĹŤ Nosaka
2339:Elena Miller
2296:John Vassall
2271:Goronwy Rees
2226:George Blake
2208:Konon Molody
2193:Morris Cohen
2115:
2096:Anna Chapman
2015:Robert Lipka
2005:Karl Koecher
1955:Aldrich Ames
1917:Maria Wicher
1857:Vincent Reno
1852:Lee Pressman
1837:Victor Perlo
1832:William Perl
1822:Boris Morros
1817:Hede Massing
1807:George Koval
1757:Morris Cohen
1737:Earl Browder
1721:
1658:
1657:Obituary in
1631:
1613:
1610:Harvey Klehr
1590:
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1539:
1528:
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1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1486:the original
1473:
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1440:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1412:
1388:. Retrieved
1368:
1360:
1341:
1324:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1276:. p. 9.
1271:
1265:
1254:
1248:
1237:
1231:
1219:. Retrieved
1217:. p. 28
1212:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1157:. p. 15
1152:
1142:
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1113:. Retrieved
1106:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1078:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1042:
1035:
1025:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
1000:
950:
896:Vincent Reno
851:
843:
841:
829:
826:
823:
816:
808:
799:
793:
792:
774:
754:
747:
739:
734:Lee Pressman
708:
693:
661:
645:Victor Perlo
637:Earl Browder
622:
603:
561:Angela Davis
558:
549:Angela Davis
539:
532:
518:
498:
494:
482:
478:McCarran Act
470:Joseph Forer
463:
445:
435:Lee Pressman
432:
420:
412:
390:to form the
377:
369:Victor Perlo
358:
351:Lee Pressman
343:
335:
302:
278:Lee Pressman
267:
249:
221:
188:
187:
138:Notable work
59:(1991-08-10)
2507:1991 deaths
2502:1904 births
2461:Herman Simm
2446:Alfred Redl
2402:Elsewhere /
2301:Arthur Wynn
2241:Klaus Fuchs
2231:David Crook
2155:Guy Burgess
2084:Post-Soviet
1975:Jack Dunlap
1950:Rudolf Abel
1922:Nathan Witt
1897:Harold Ware
1872:Saville Sax
1802:Donald Hiss
1772:Klaus Fuchs
1742:Boris Bukov
1533:Abt, John;
1221:22 November
1189:22 November
1161:22 November
1115:22 November
1087:22 November
1059:5 September
891:Ward Pigman
886:Donald Hiss
765:Nathan Witt
625:Jacob Golos
614:Harold Ware
535:Connecticut
509:arraignment
373:Perlo Group
347:Gene Dennis
179:Vita Barsky
123:Perlo Group
106:'s office,
92:Employer(s)
72:Nationality
43:May 1, 1904
2496:Categories
2188:Lona Cohen
2170:Kim Philby
2045:Myra Soble
2040:Jack Soble
1782:Harry Gold
1767:Noel Field
1752:Lona Cohen
923:References
871:Noel Field
805:Confession
781:Korean war
757:Alger Hiss
704:Ware Group
606:Ware Group
553:Royce Hall
365:Ware Group
240:law school
218:Background
212:Ware Group
200:politician
142:CIO union
119:Ware Group
39:1904-05-01
2354:Fred Rose
2261:John Peet
2198:Ethel Gee
1842:J. Peters
1727:Joel Barr
1707:In the US
1619:, 1999.
946:Abt, John
761:J. Peters
675:in 1948.
669:J. Peters
583:Chairman
575:Espionage
522:Smith Act
489:Smith Act
345:In 1943,
289:Committee
2324:Sam Carr
1942:Cold War
1722:John Abt
1599:52005149
1537:(1993).
1390:19 March
1349:Archived
1333:52005149
1008:26 March
859:See also
715:New York
511:for the
228:Illinois
193:American
75:American
23:John Abt
2131:In the
1591:Witness
1495:31 July
1325:Witness
673:Hungary
499:During
392:AFL-CIO
371:as the
326:mugshot
315:(CIO).
282:Senator
224:Chicago
206:to the
168:Spouses
83:"Amt" (
2316:Canada
1623:
1597:
1578:
1547:
1442:26 May
1381:
1331:
1050:
958:
736:(1938)
719:Moscow
711:Venona
690:(1948)
555:(1969)
505:Dallas
332:(1948)
307:under
246:Career
196:lawyer
85:VENONA
2365:Japan
1489:(PDF)
1482:(PDF)
838:Works
474:CPUSA
1640:The
1621:ISBN
1608:and
1595:LCCN
1576:ISBN
1545:ISBN
1497:2017
1444:2015
1414:Time
1392:2017
1379:ISBN
1329:LCCN
1223:2016
1191:2016
1163:2016
1117:2016
1089:2016
1061:2017
1048:ISBN
1010:2017
956:ISBN
696:HUAC
655:and
589:HUAC
468:and
409:logo
198:and
54:Died
29:Born
2363:In
2314:In
1375:282
717:to
593:FDR
587:of
394:.)
375:.)
328:of
323:FBI
287:'s
131:NLG
127:IJA
108:CIO
96:AAA
2498::
2133:UK
1612:,
1520:20
1518:.
1514:.
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