409:
1202:
1334:
1855:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. pp. 114 (trip), 115â16 (Shapiro), 117 (Apfel), 119â120 (establishment, mission), 120 (new offices, officers), 120â121 (Orphan Jones, August Yokinen), 121â122 (Scottsboro), 123â124 (early members), 124 (human rights), 136â137 (Angelo Herndon), 137 (1932 CPUSA presidential ticket), 138â139 (anti-deportation), 141â145 (Hunger March), 146â169 (bulletin) 150 (Apfel's arrest), 158â159 (Isserman), 159â160 (little cases), 167 (Justine Wise Polier), 177â181 (Angelo Herndon brief and support), 189 (Georgi Dimitrov ), 191 (Kurt Rosenfeld), 230 (Memorial Day massacre of 1937), 233â234 (Max Krauthamar), 304â305 (Bata), 386â387 (victories).
420:, head of a new group called the "International Juridical Association". The IJA already had sections in Germany, France, and Austria. Sections fell under an "Organizing Committee" "International Juridical Association," headed by Apfel. Their purpose was to defend civil liberties and labor unions. (The IJA expanded to Czechoslovakia, Cuba, Netherlands, Indonesia, Mexico, Poland, Venezuela. Members included
1124:
1147:
1167:
381:
948:
680:
405:, a Harvard Law School graduate, with whom she discussed the ILD and its "Soviet counterpart," the MOPR. "Shapiro urged King to help organize a new association of lawyers" in the States to "fight repression on many fronts" as most MOPR national sections were illegal. He gave her names in Berlin to look up. (Ginger's "trip" narration follows that of the NLG.)
1247:
The bulletins of the
International Juridical Association from its very inception show that it is devoted to the defense of the Communist Party, Communists, and radical agitators and that it is not limited merely to legal research but to sharp criticism of existing governmental agencies and defense of
465:
George
Andersen helped to found a "legal bureau" established in response to this directive in the United States in the early 1930s under the name of the International Juridical Association. He served on the national committee of this Communist-controlled offshoot of the International Labor Defense in
804:
The World War made clear that the constitutional guarantee of free speech could not and did no, protect expressions of real dissent. Liberties then swept away have never been recovered. The Post Office refuses the mails to printed matter expressing unpopular views. Criminal syndicalism and criminal
801:
Present
America offers the example of a country discarding traditions of liberty and freedom, and substituting legislative, administrate and judicial tyranny. This country, once known to the world as the haven of refuge of oppressed peoples now excludes, or deports, those daring to voice unpopular
561:
as attorney. Further, it raised two constitutional issues: first, the right to counsel (denied to defendants, it argued) and, second, the right to trial by peers (since fellow
African-Americans had been excluded from the jury). In May 1932, King represented the IJA with a delegation of attorneys
1262:
In the early 1930s, Hiss had been a member of the
International Juridical Association, of which the late Carol King, a habitual attorney for Communists in trouble, was a moving spirit. The International Juridical Association has been cited as subversive by the Attorney General. Also among its
524:
It would not compete with the existing defense groups â the ACLU, the ILD, and the NAACP; on the contrary, it would assist them in their legal defense work. Building on the
European models, she planned a legal research group that would hold forums on current legal problems, draft new social
436:
Within a few months, she had forty-nine names from twenty states to put on the letterhead, including not only the customary East Coast liberal names but writer
Sherwood Anderson from Virginia, and two each from Tennessee and Louisiana, one each from Canada and Puerto Rico.
401:. Ginger wrongly cites summer of 1932 for the ad's wording, which appeared in the April 1932 issue. However, a similar ad appeared in May 1931 with the lead "To the Soviet Union!" and itinerary therein that matches Ginger's account.) In Moscow, King met American
578:
in
Atlanta, the IJA bulletin began covering the case, after which King helped research the case when the ILD requested help from the IJA. In the fall of 1932, IJA members King and Brodsky among others supported the presidential candidacy of CPUSA leaders
1236:." It saw the IJA as active defender of Communists in various kinds of lawsuits; it ascertained a pattern of that "consistently followed the Communist Party line." As early as a report of March 29, 1944, HUAC had considered the IJA a communist "front."
599:) introduced an anti-deportation bill based on the IJA's recommendations. In November 1932, the IJA experienced some success when the Supreme Court ordered a retrial in the Scottsboro Boys case. In December 1932, King telegrammed President
637:
In 1934, King wrote an argument in the IJA bulletin on how to raise constitutional issues during state criminal cases. The IJA then made recommendations in the Angelo
Herndon case. They organized to have Columbia University law professor
828:
To rally to the support of workers and their organizations seeking to ameliorate and improve their conditions and against the forces of the state whenever and wherever the latter aligns itself on the side of special
324:
395:. As Ginger recounts, King decided to take "a trip to Europe" and happened to choose Russia thanks to an ad for "12 thrilling days in the U.S.S.R" (The source happened to appear in the communist literary magazine
357:
HUAC's translation: International Red Aid (MOPR) served to protect
Comintern ("subversive") agents "whenever they ran into difficulties with the law of the various countries in which they were operating."
1023:, Carol Weiss King, Shad Polier, and Lee Pressman. (On September 17, 1950, Lowenthal testified before HUAC that the National Lawyers Guild included the following members: John J. Abt, Joseph R. Brodsky,
486:
According to report by HUAC on the NLG, the IJA "quietly disappeared from the American scene in the early 1940s" and merged into the NLG. As proof points, HUAC stated that the December 1942 issue of the
2864:
2844:
1600:
408:
1358:, has no single collection listed only of the IJA's monthly bulletin, although issues and mention appear in scores of other collections of personal papers, photographs, etc.
466:
1942. In the same year, he was legal adviser for the Committee for Citizenship Rights, which was intended to protect Communist subversion from any penalties under the law.
1019:
A 1940 report by the Municipal Civil Commission of New York revealed that the IJA's members included: Max Lowenthal, Joseph R. Brodsky, Thomas I. Emerson, Robert L. Hale,
2869:
1636:
475:
431:
Upon her return to the states, she rented offices for the American section of the IJA in the St. Denis Building at 80 E 11th Street, New York NY 10003. Ginger stated:
1300:
HUAC's 1950 report on the NLG noted regarding the IJA that "examination of the bulletin reveals consistent support of Communist legal cases during its entire career.
1333:
1034:
Further, according to the 1950 and 1959 HUAC reports, other IJA members who were both later "leaders" of the NLG and actively associated with the ILD included:
1253:
HUAC noted that "examination of the bulletin reveals consistent support of Communist legal cases during its entire career." In a footnote in his 1952 memoir,
1224:
HUAC characterized IJA as "Another early front for lawyers was the International Juridical Association ... and its members were closely interlocked with the
2859:
2854:
567:
799:
The American Section of the International Juridical Association subscribes to the declaration of principles of the International Juridical Association.
1201:
596:
614:
noted his arrest and death, stating that he had been tortured. The IJA helped organize an international campaign for the Nazi government to release
587:. Also in 1932, the IJA began to champion the right of foreigners against deportation by the U.S. Government, starting with its reaction against the
2560:
Who's Who In Labor: The Authorized Biographies of the Men and Women Who Lead Labor in the United States and Canada and of Those Who Deal with Labor.
1321:
1932: The Hosiery Workers Injunction at Nazareth, PA: Decision of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court; dissenting opinion by Justice Maxey (January 1932)
2635:
1239:
In its 1950 report on the NLG (which includes a brief description of the IJA), HUAC cited the "New York City Council Committee Investigating the
719:
299:
109:
2369:
1263:
members: Lee Pressman, Abraham Isserman (one of the attorneys for the eleven convicted Communist leaders), Max Loewenthal (sic: should read "
1293:
One of the main functions of the bulletin was to mention and cover "little cases" around the country, which made the bulletin a de facto
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2519:
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2007:
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1884:
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opinions; with a constitution supposed to protect freedom of expression, it now persecutes and imprisons its political dissenters.
1741:. U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO). 21 September 1950. pp. 1 (foreign agent), 12â13 (IJA), 17 (members Fraenkel, McCabe)
825:
To combat oppression for political opinion, color, race, creed, sex, religious belief, or lack thereof, or for any other cause.
664:
516:
From inception, King felt the mission of American branch of the IJA was to champion "civil liberties and labor law problems."
1218:
1190:
610:
In 1933, King sent a letter of protest to the German embassy regarding the arrest of Apfel by the new Nazi government. The
542:
when King filed papers with the U.S. Supreme Court to hear the case. Then, the IJA's bulletin wrote a defense of communist
2292:
1344:
657:
2191:"Red 'Hunger March' Gets Gay Send-Off: Fed and Warmly Clothed, 600 in Trucks and Cars Start for Capital Demonstration".
310:
or NLG) was that it "constituted itself an agent of a foreign principal hostile to the interests of the United States."
372:
According to HUAC, the International Juridical Association (IJA) formed in 1931 and "cooperated closely" with the ILD.
2699:
1595:
1225:
813:
To combat repressive legislation and resist increasing executive, judicial, legislative and administrative oppression.
604:
362:
25:
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762:
754:
646:, former U.S. assistant solicitor general (1931â1931) write briefs. The IJA organized a luncheon in ohonor of Dr.
457:
220:
1337:
902:
208:
525:
legislation, write briefs in pending cases, and publish a monthly legal bulletin on labor and civil rights law.
766:
630:
and others by researching and writing complaints and briefs. The IJA responded to a request by defense lawyer
563:
1051:
887:
335:
200:
1776:. U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO). 16 February 1959. pp. 29 (Anderson), 46 (Isserman), 72 (Witt)
1606:
1229:
623:
592:
307:
39:
424:.) A similar brief account of Apfel, Weiss, and formation of the American section of the IJA appears in
2639:
2265:
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1944:
1611:
1590:
643:
631:
571:
366:
339:
327:
29:
2486:
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Max Krauthamar (also member of the NLG, Lawyers Security League, ILD, and the Abraham Lincoln Brigagd)
656:
In June 1937, members of the IJA attended an ILD national conference in Washington, DC, to review the
2849:
1885:"Advertisement: May 1st Dneiprostroy: 12 Thrilling Days in the U.S.S.R. with the World Tourists, Inc"
773:
758:
306:) front for lawyers. The principal concern about the IJA (and, as of 1942, its successor group, the
543:
1972:
1294:
1071:
1001:
906:
750:
2598:
2250:"Preamble to the Constitution of the American Section of the International Juridical Association"
1254:
1028:
713:
547:
184:
797:
PREAMBLE TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN SECTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURIDICAL ASSOCIATION
495:. The December 1942 issue also announced that its writers move to the board of editors of the
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2610:
2515:
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2126:
2087:
2003:
1866:
1856:
1217:
In 1939, the Dies Committee began investigating the IJA as part of its investigation into the
1134:
1127:
965:
580:
2805:
2357:
2319:
Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century, Volume 5
1848:
1616:
1351:
1146:
1079:
873:
853:
639:
588:
402:
392:
295:
192:
176:
57:
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2235:
1957:
1137:
was also a member of the IJA's editorial board: Shad Polier met her through IJA meetings.
1060:
1043:
1020:
915:
878:
743:
695:
615:
554:
196:
1187:
David Scribner, civil rights and labor lawyer, was a member of both the IJA and the NLG.
2579:. Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University
2543:
1027:, Thomas I. Emerson, Robert W. Kenny, Carol Weiss King, Shad Polier, Martin Popper, and
2787:
2769:
1771:
1736:
1661:
1641:
700:
647:
619:
600:
575:
421:
384:
1999:
The collected works of Mahatma Gandhi: (21 November, 1929 - 2 April, 1930)., Volume 48
2838:
2119:
1318:
1931: Enjoining Free Speech: Review of a number of labor injunction cases (June 1931)
1287:
1264:
1242:
Municipal Civil Service Committee" (1940â1941), which (according to HUAC) stated:
1107:
920:
859:
705:
684:
653:
In May 1935, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled against appeal on the Angelo Herndon case.
584:
558:
237:
216:
67:
832:
To help establish in this country and throughout the world social and legal justice.
442:
Funding ran short, so she moved the IJA's offices into her own at 100 Fifth Avenue.
294:; 1931â1942) was an association of socially minded American lawyers, established by
2160:
A Catalogue of the Law Collection at New York University: With Selected Annotations
1177:
1170:
1123:
1024:
911:
728:
627:
539:
501:
A Catalogue of the Law Collection at New York University: With Selected Annotations
212:
1325:"The bulletins go free to a mailing list of about 350 persons and organizations."
530:
In 1932, the IJA bulletin announced further that it would support "human rights."
2758:
2661:
2509:
2427:
2393:
2317:
2249:
2206:
2158:
2081:
2056:
2031:
1997:
1928:
538:
In 1931, the IJA championed was that of Euel Lee AKA "Orphan Jones" (defended by
417:
2351:
1621:
1166:
1112:
1099:
947:
893:
847:
204:
164:
1476:
Northwestern University, School of Law Library - Pritzker Legal Research Center
474:(Both HUAC reports document the close association of the IJA and NLG with the "
2573:
1631:
1626:
1233:
1181:
1160:
1153:
1116:
1093:
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951:
932:
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anarchy statutes have outlawed meetings of members of minority organizations.
739:
668:
397:
380:
224:
1542:
University of Texas at Austin - Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center (HRC)
809:
The American Section of the I. J. A. declares its purposes to be as follows:
691:
As it folded into the NLG, the IJA counted victories in the following cases:
124:
111:
2603:
1083:
391:
The IJA was the brainchild of Carol Weiss King, according to a biography by
350:
Resolutions and Theses of the Fourth Congress of the Communist International
2741:
2708:
679:
2361:
1526:
Louisiana State University Law Library - Paul M. Hebert Law Center Library
807:
Thus the rights of free speech, free press and free assemblage disappear.
499:
and take primary responsibility for the material in its "IJA section.". (
2002:. Publ. Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. p. 313.
1088:
603:
and then joined a CPUSA-led Hunger March on Washington (which followed a
1361:
According to WorldCat, libraries with full or partial archives include:
650:, former Prussian Minister of Justice, then in exile from Nazi Germany.
2036:. Publ. Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. p. 468
819:
To support the defense of political prisoners especially in the courts.
298:
and considered by the U.S. federal government (in the form of the U.S.
2638:. University of California, Berkeley. 11 December 2006. Archived from
471:
The report also carefully notes that Anderson was an NLG member, too.
347:
Render material and moral aid to the imprisoned victims of capitalism
1559:
University of California Berkeley Law Library - McEnerney Law Library
1150:
1140:
1562:
University of California Berkeley Law Library - BerkeleyLaw Library
1393:
New York University - Elmer Holmes Bobst Library (Tamiment Library)
546:
against his deportation by the U.S. Government (which followed the
449:
states only that she came back from Moscow and Berlin to found the
1371:
George Washington University Law Library - Jacob Burns Law Library
1200:
1165:
1145:
1122:
946:
897:
678:
407:
379:
322:
303:
1556:
University of California Berkeley Law Library - Boalt Law Library
2827:
2771:
The National Lawyers Guild: Legal Bulwark of the Communist Party
2614:
2511:
Alger Hiss's Looking-Glass Wars: The Covert Life of a Soviet Spy
1870:
1738:
The National Lawyers Guild: Legal Bulwark of the Communist Party
1512:
University of Kansas Archives - Kenneth Spencer Research Library
1206:
882:
412:
Alfred Apfel, second from left, in front of Berlin prison (1932)
958:
By May 1932, according to Ginger, early IJA members included:
938:
Yetta Land, labor lawyer from Cleveland and executive secretary
365:(ILD). The ILD functioned until 1946, when it merged into the
361:
In 1925, MOPR had established an American section known as the
323:
271:
1482:
DePaul University College of Law - Vincent G. Rinn Law Library
1404:
SUNY Binghamton University Libraries (Glenn G. Bartle Library)
1210:
519:
She was very careful in envisioning how it would operate:
1907:"Advertisement: To the Soviet Union! ... World Tourists, Inc"
1578:
University of Washington - Marian Gould Gallagher Law Library
1424:
Duke University, Law Library (J. Michael Goodson Law Library)
822:
To expose and attack abuses in the administration of the law.
776:, which forbids racial discrimination in defense industries.
557:
case before the U.S. Supreme Court by recommending the ILD's
2789:
Communist Legal Subversion: The Role of the Communist Lawyer
1773:
Communist Legal Subversion: The Role of the Communist Lawyer
1332:
2707:. American Civil Liberties Union. June 1932. Archived from
2395:
The Centralia Tragedy of 1919: Elmer Smith and the Wobblies
1382:
University of Pennsylvania Law Library - Biddle Law Library
2774:. U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO). 21 September 1950
1570:
University of Oregon Libraries - John E. Jaqua Law Library
1416:
New York State Appellate Division, Law Library (Rochester)
2792:. U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO). 16 February 1959
2545:
Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO
1504:
University of Minnesota, Law Library - Twin Cities Campus
2350:
Polson, Martha C.; Richardson, J. Jeffrey, eds. (2013).
2083:
The Red Angel: The Life and Times of Elaine Black Yoneda
1485:
Southern Illinois University, School of Law (Carbondale)
749:
The IJA supported acts of the U.S. Congress, including:
634:, the IJA agreed to review the brief of Angelo Herndon.
426:
The Red Angel: The Life and Times of Elaine Black Yoneda
334:
HUAC's account of the IJA traced back to 1922, when the
1664:. Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia
869:
According to Ginger, at inception IJA's officers were:
369:(CRC), deemed a "new subversive organization" by HUAC.
352:(London: Communist Party of Great Britain, 1922) p. 87
2734:
Monthly bulletin - International Juridical Association
1343:
There appears to be no online source for a digitized (
842:
According to HUAC, at inception, IJA's officers were:
1601:
American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born
1449:
Ohio State University - Michael E. Moritz Law Library
1374:
University of Virginia - Arthur J. Morris Law Library
1311:
was "widely considered the law journal of the Left."
626:, and other IJA members supported the labor cases of
1284:
International Juridical Association Monthly Bulletin
671:
Company, which had come under Nazi control in 1938.
489:
International Juridical Association Monthly Bulletin
2252:. International Juridical Association. July 1936: 9
1518:
Fort Hays State University - Forsyth Library (Hays)
591:Deportation Bill of 1932. In June 1932, U.S. Rep.
266:
256:
244:
231:
182:
170:
158:
148:
140:
103:
89:
81:
73:
63:
53:
45:
35:
21:
2865:Political organizations based in the United States
2602:
2118:
1637:English-language press of the Communist Party USA
1267:"), author of a recent book attacking the F.B.I.
1011:By 1937, according to Ginger, members included:
990:By 1935, according to Ginger, members included:
476:American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born
2810:Carol Weiss King, human rights lawyer, 1895-1952
2121:The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law
1853:Carol Weiss King, human rights lawyer, 1895-1952
447:The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law
2572:Miller, Julie; Rafferty, Shae (15 March 2019).
2398:. University of Washington Press. p. 180.
2209:. The International Juridical Association. 1937
2845:Legal organizations based in the United States
2759:University of California's Bancroft Collection
793:contained the preamble of its constitution:
262:International Juridical Association (Germany)
8:
2763:International Juridical Association Bulletin
2461:"The Supreme Court: Questions & Answers"
1457:Indiana University - Jerome Hall Law Library
864:International Juridical Association Bulletin
738:The IJA supported the successful release of
451:International Juridical Association Bulletin
251:International Juridical Association Bulletin
16:
2432:. Phoenix Source Distributors. p. 17.
2353:Foundations of Intelligent Tutoring Systems
2322:. Cambridge University Press. p. 520.
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
2112:
2110:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1534:University of Oklahoma, Law Center Library
491:announced the journal's merger into NLG's
15:
2812:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
2562:New York: The Dryden Press, 1946; pg.286.
2558:Marion Dickerman and Ruth Taylor (eds.),
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
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1683:
1681:
1679:
1054:("charter member of the Communist Party")
17:International Juridical Association (IJA)
2870:1931 establishments in the United States
2694:
2692:
2690:
2086:. International Publishers. p. 30.
2061:. Navajivan Publishing House. p. 50
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1515:Washburn University Law Library (Topeka)
1290:and Nathan Greene (AKA "Nuddy" Greene).
720:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
2514:. Oxford University Press. p. 28.
2426:Hatonn, Gyeorgos C. (1 December 1995).
1653:
1446:Cleveland Public Library (Main Library)
1232:(NLG). Among its prominent members was
2429:America in Peril -- An Understatement!
2274:
2263:
2231:
2220:
1953:
1942:
1354:, whose archives include those of the
1314:Early content included the following:
923:, Professor at Columbia Law University
300:House Un-American Activities Committee
1553:University of California, Los Angeles
968:(Professor of Law at Yale University)
574:. Following the July 1932 arrest of
7:
1996:Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand (1995).
1887:. New Masses. April 1932. p. 31
1396:Yale University - Law School Library
1180:and Alger Hiss (both members of the
759:Norris-LaGuardia Anti-Injunction Act
618:after acquittal for his role in the
2548:. SUNY Press. pp. 18â20 (IJA).
1929:"The Guild Practitioner, Volume 41"
816:To support progressive legislation.
288:International Juridical Association
2860:Progressivism in the United States
2163:. Lawbook Exchange. p. 1165.
1931:. National Lawyers Guild. 1984: 73
1909:. New Masses. May 1931. p. 21
1496:University of Michigan Law Library
1479:Northwestern University (Evanston)
1282:Throughout, the IJA published the
570:to investigate violent strikes in
14:
2855:Organizations established in 1931
2663:Encyclopedia of the American Left
2125:. Yale University Press. p.
2080:Raineri, Vivian McGuckin (1991).
1493:University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
1305:Encyclopedia of the American Left
1163:was a national committee member.
734:Apex Hosiery Co. v. Leader (1940)
2701:Sweet Land of Liberty, 1931â1932
1000:Justine Wise Tulin (after 1937,
553:In 1932, the IJA championed the
1465:University of Iowa, Law Library
1427:New York State Library (Albany)
1143:Elmer Smith was also a member.
687:at the University of Washington
663:In 1939, the IJA supported the
342:(Russian acronym "MOPR") to:
2636:"Partial List of Publications"
1974:The Witchcraft Trial in Moscow
1550:Los Angeles County Law Library
1390:New York Public Library System
1347:) collection of the bulletin.
1219:National Labor Relations Board
1191:Elias Lieberman (labor lawyer)
503:confirms absorption by 1943.)
460:had helped found the IJA:
1:
2195:. 1 December 1932. p. 3.
1473:University of Chicago Library
789:The first issue of the IJA's
658:Memorial Day massacre of 1937
2207:"Monthly Bulletin, Volume 1"
416:In Berlin, she met with Dr.
302:or HUAC) as "another early (
1596:International Labor Defense
1226:International Labor Defense
622:. During that year, King,
363:International Labor Defense
26:International Labor Defense
2886:
2609:. New York: Random House.
2033:Collected works, Volume 42
1438:Harvard Law School Library
1407:Cornell University Library
1356:Communist Party of the USA
1209:proofs letter replying to
927:Charles Erskine Scott Wood
763:Tennessee Valley Authority
755:Wagner Labor Relations Act
725:Senn v. Tile Layers (1937)
568:Union Theological Seminary
456:A HUAC report stated that
221:Charles Erskine Scott Wood
2542:Gall, Gilbert J. (1998).
2508:White, G. Edward (2004).
2157:Marke, Julius J. (1953).
2117:Newman, Roger K. (2009).
1971:Adler, Friedrich (1936).
1338:Thomas Jefferson Building
2356:. Taylor & Francis.
2055:Gandhi, Mahatma (1930).
2030:Gandhi, Mahatma (1970).
767:Fair Labor Standards Act
564:Johns Hopkins University
330:(Russian acronym "MOPR")
2761:: Labadie Collection -
2574:"David Scribner Papers"
2297:. FBI. 1950. p. 97
1435:Harvard College Library
1410:University of Rochester
772:The IJA also supported
746:, and George Dimitrov.
605:similar march in the UK
336:Communist International
186:Board of directors
125:40.737222°N 73.993143°W
2392:Copeland, Tom (2011).
2273:Cite journal requires
2230:Cite journal requires
2058:Young India, Volume 12
1952:Cite journal requires
1607:National Lawyers Guild
1340:
1270:
1251:
1230:National Lawyers Guild
1214:
1174:
1157:
1131:
1007:Charles Howard Houston
955:
890:, representing the ILD
835:
688:
593:Fiorello H. La Guardia
528:
469:
440:
413:
388:
355:
331:
308:National Lawyers Guild
40:National Lawyers Guild
2362:10.4324/9780203761557
1977:. Labour Publications
1612:Civil Rights Congress
1591:International Red Aid
1336:
1259:
1244:
1204:
1169:
1149:
1126:
962:Isadore (Shad) Polier
950:
850:), executive director
838:Founders and officers
795:
682:
644:Whitney North Seymour
632:Benjamin J. Davis Jr.
572:Bell County, Kentucky
521:
462:
445:(King's biography in
433:
411:
383:
367:Civil Rights Congress
344:
340:International Red Aid
328:International Red Aid
326:
130:40.737222; -73.993143
30:International Red Aid
2316:Ware, Susan (2004).
1387:New York City area:
1329:Archived collections
1197:Criticism: Communism
774:Executive Order 8802
612:IJA Monthly Bulletin
607:earlier that fall).
497:Lawyers Guild Review
493:Lawyers Guild Review
2599:Chambers, Whittaker
1379:Philadelphia area:
1368:Library of Congress
1295:newspaper of record
1248:subversive groups.
1072:Abraham J. Isserman
1002:Justine Wise Polier
907:Columbia University
896:, representing the
881:, representing the
751:Social Security Act
665:United Shoe Workers
258:Parent organization
121: /
18:
1662:"Carol Weiss King"
1341:
1255:Whittaker Chambers
1215:
1175:
1158:
1132:
1061:Osmond K. Fraenkel
1044:Osmond K. Fraenkel
956:
903:Paul F. Brissenden
879:Osmond K. Fraenkel
714:De Jonge v. Oregon
689:
548:Yokinen Show Trial
458:George W. Anderson
414:
389:
332:
209:Paul F. Brissenden
197:Osmond K. Fraenkel
160:Executive Director
150:Official language
2806:Ginger, Ann Fagan
2666:. Garland. 1990.
2371:978-1-134-98889-1
1849:Ginger, Ann Fagan
1365:Washington area:
1303:According to the
1268:
1249:
1205:Chairman Dies of
1135:Justine W. Polier
1128:Justine W. Polier
581:William Z. Foster
526:
507:Issues championed
467:
438:
353:
284:
283:
2877:
2831:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2753:External sources
2746:
2745:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2696:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2642:on 24 March 2019
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
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2608:
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2549:
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2528:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2467:. 13 August 1965
2457:
2451:
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2448:
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2240:
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2077:
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2052:
2046:
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2041:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1845:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1768:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1733:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1617:Carol Weiss King
1421:North Carolina:
1352:Tamiment Library
1278:Monthly bulletin
1261:
1246:
1184:) were members.
1092:who created the
1080:Carol Weiss King
1057:David J. Bentall
874:Carol Weiss King
854:Carol Weiss King
846:Isadore Polier (
791:Monthly Bulletin
640:Herbert Wechsler
550:of March 1931).
523:
464:
435:
393:Ann Fagan Ginger
346:
338:established the
296:Carol Weiss King
280:
277:
275:
273:
193:Carol Weiss King
187:
177:Carol Weiss King
136:
135:
133:
132:
131:
126:
122:
119:
118:
117:
114:
96:100 Fifth Avenue
58:Carol Weiss King
19:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2835:
2834:
2820:
2804:
2795:
2793:
2786:
2777:
2775:
2768:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2714:on 21 July 2013
2711:
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2074:
2064:
2062:
2054:
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2049:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2010:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1951:
1941:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1922:
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1900:
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1742:
1735:
1734:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1587:
1413:SUNY at Buffalo
1331:
1280:
1275:
1228:as well as the
1199:
1115:(member of the
1104:Louis F. McCabe
1065:Walter Gellhorn
1048:Louis F. McCabe
1029:Allan Rosenberg
1025:Bartley C. Crum
1021:Robert W. Kenny
945:
916:Yale Law School
914:, Professor at
905:, Professor at
840:
808:
806:
803:
800:
798:
787:
782:
744:Warren Billings
696:Scottsboro Boys
677:
616:Georgi Dimitrov
555:Scottsboro Boys
536:
514:
509:
484:
482:Merger into NLG
478:(1934â1952).")
418:de:Alfred Apfel
378:
348:
321:
316:
270:
259:
247:
234:
189:
185:
173:
161:
151:
129:
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107:
99:
12:
11:
5:
2883:
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2564:
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2500:
2478:
2452:
2438:
2418:
2404:
2384:
2370:
2342:
2328:
2308:
2284:
2275:|journal=
2241:
2232:|journal=
2198:
2193:New York Times
2183:
2169:
2149:
2136:978-0300113006
2135:
2106:
2092:
2072:
2047:
2022:
2008:
1988:
1963:
1954:|journal=
1920:
1898:
1876:
1861:
1787:
1752:
1675:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1642:Mahatma Gandhi
1639:
1634:
1629:
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1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1593:
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1375:
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1369:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1198:
1195:
1193:was a member.
1121:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1068:Herman A. Gray
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1052:Joseph Brodsky
1049:
1046:
1041:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1008:
1005:
998:
995:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:Thomas Emerson
963:
944:
941:
940:
939:
936:
930:
924:
918:
909:
900:
891:
888:Joseph Brodsky
885:
876:
867:
866:
857:
851:
839:
836:
834:
833:
830:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
786:
783:
781:
778:
736:
735:
732:
726:
723:
717:
711:
708:
703:
701:Angelo Herndon
698:
676:
673:
648:Kurt Rosenfeld
620:Reichstag Fire
601:Herbert Hoover
576:Angelo Herndon
544:August Yokinen
535:
532:
513:
510:
508:
505:
483:
480:
422:Mahatma Gandhi
385:Mahatma Gandhi
377:
374:
320:
317:
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282:
281:
268:
264:
263:
260:
257:
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253:
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235:
232:
229:
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201:Joseph Brodsky
190:
183:
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174:
171:
168:
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165:Isadore Polier
162:
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2673:9780824037130
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2329:9780674014886
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2294:FOIA document
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2011:
2009:9788123001371
2005:
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1288:Joseph Kovner
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1265:Max Lowenthal
1258:
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1109:
1108:Maurice Sugar
1106:
1103:
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1082:(defender of
1081:
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1014:
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1006:
1003:
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991:
986:Nathan Greene
985:
983:Joseph Kovner
982:
979:
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973:
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967:
964:
961:
960:
959:
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921:Karl Llewelyn
919:
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860:Joseph Kovner
858:
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706:Harry Bridges
704:
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699:
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694:
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2679:28 November
2646:28 November
2471:28 November
2445:28 November
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1257:notes:
1113:Nathan Witt
1100:Edward Lamb
1086:, American
974:Nathan Witt
894:Roy Wilkins
856:, secretary
848:Shad Polier
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2015:2 December
1981:2 December
1935:2 December
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1648:References
1632:Abe Fortas
1627:Alger Hiss
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1490:Michigan:
1470:Illinois:
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1297:for such.
1234:Alger Hiss
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829:privilege.
740:Tom Mooney
669:Bata Shoes
534:Activities
398:New Masses
319:Background
246:Main organ
233:Key people
225:Floyd Dell
116:73°59â˛35âłW
113:40°44â˛14âłN
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566:and the
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2742:2241970
2605:Witness
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2489:. FBI
898:NAACP
562:from
144:Legal
2824:LCCN
2814:ISBN
2798:2016
2780:2016
2738:OCLC
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