Knowledge (XXG)

John F. Kennedy High School (Richmond, California)

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341:. The efforts of the RUSD to institute a desegregation program met with controversy, and a backlash against the program developed. In response, the RUSD instituted the Richmond Voluntary Integration Plan, where students were bused from a relatively large geographic area. The voluntary nature of the plan meant families could choose whether or not to participate. The program met some of its greatest success at John F. Kennedy High. Adkisson writes that the school was "more integrated, both racially and economically, than perhaps any public high school in the U.S. at the time. The sons and daughters of skilled African-American tradesmen walked the halls with students whose parents worked for Bank of America in San Francisco, and oversaw academic departments at the University of California, Berkeley." That environment contributed to what became known as the Camelot era at the school, named after 421:
and its unified school district from 1988 to 1993 is almost unbelievable, in retrospect. Economic and social epidemics struck locally, just as the school district was about to undergo its greatest crisis since the city quintupled in population during World War II....Richmond was emblematic of trends occurring in urban communities across the country, as the manufacturing sector collapsed and crack cocaine worked insidiously through the inner cities. The result would be a Kennedy High School that was unrecognizable to previous graduates and teachers."
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required districts to close the gap. During this time, Richmond claimed a strong manufacturing section. Although property taxes for residential areas were low, the tax income from industry was much higher. This impacted Kennedy; an unintended result of Serrano was to reduce funding at schools in urban areas with high tax assessments, though such schools were exactly the type Serrano was meant to help.
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trends developed over decades, and can be seen especially in the case of John F. Kennedy High School in Richmond, California." He discusses how Kennedy was considered among the best schools in California, and how it declined after several decades to rank among the worst, offering a valuable case study in the discussion of challenges and potential solutions for education reform.
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and Rod Moore, who would later play in the NFL, and a total of five players who received Division One college football scholarships. For the rest of the decade and through at least 1992, Kennedy sent one or more players each year to a Division One college football program on scholarship. In 2016, the
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Violence and murders in the city, along with an inconsistent economy and high unemployment, intensified the problems. Test scores dropped and crime rose. By the turn of the century, the situation had become so severe that the initials of the school, JFK, were said to stand for Jail For Kids. In 2010,
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Changes in demographics also affected the school. Richmond was losing businesses and hence jobs, leaving families from previously middle-class areas in poverty. Increasing drug and gang activity spilled into the school. Adkisson writes, "The storm of dark events that enshrouded the city of Richmond
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cases, which were intended to equalize revenue for school districts in the state. Prior to Serrano, each district set property taxes to meet its needs. This forced poorer districts to raise taxes more than wealthier districts to fund their schools. The court found the structure unconstitutional and
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program. Led by coach David Dansky for twenty-five years, Kennedy teams won three state championships in forensics and various state and national individual awards, including second place by Richard Mitchel (via a tie-breaker for first) at the 1969 National Speech Tournament. Mitchel was one of the
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wrote about the effects of Serrano and Proposition 13: "Property tax rates were instantly equalized...overnight, the State went from having diverse tax rates set and collected locally to essentially a single statewide system...many believe the shift from local to state control has eroded financial
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allowed the school to participate in 'Project Connection', which provides computers and Internet access to students without the economic means to access such technology. During the same year, the school instituted the 'WriterCoach Connection', a program built on personalized instruction that pairs
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Julio Franco, who served as principal from 2001 to 2008, is credited with playing a major role in the turn-around. Retired teacher Mike Peritz became one of the founders of the Eagle Foundation, which through 2018 provided support to the school with scholarships to students and grants to teachers.
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In recent years, new programs have been added, funding has increased, and faculty turnover has decreased. The school has shown improvement in test scores, attendance, safety, suspension rate, incident reports, requests for transfers, senior class size, and the number of students attending college.
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The history of the school's educational model remains of interest on a national level today. Adkisson writes: "Many inner-city public high schools in 2016 face particular challenges with regard to funding, segregation and increasing competition for promising students from charter schools. These
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In 2011, the school joined 'The Mock Trial' program, which is designed to create a collegiate culture and help students develop a working knowledge of the judicial system. In 2013, with the help of Peritz and the Eagle Foundation, the school reinstated its abandoned music program. In 2014, a $
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John F. Kennedy High School first opened its doors in September 1967. In its early years, the school gained acclaim for its innovative academic and vocational programs and was considered one of the top schools in California. Until the 1980s, it used an experimental program known as flexible
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teachers to work one-on-one with students, with the goal of helping them think critically and write with confidence. In 2019, grants from WCCUSD Educational Fund and the Philanthropic Ventures Foundation made possible the continued development of special education and vocational programs.
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passed in California, cutting the tax rate. The year after it passed, revenue generated by property taxes dropped almost 60 percent. As a result of Serrano and Proposition 13, funding for Kennedy plummeted. In the following years, the school lost many programs, including the Pre-tech,
417:, "A debt-ridden school district once praised as a leader in education reform filed for bankruptcy protection today, illustrating the dilemma schools face in trying to balance high ideals with recessionary times." The loss in funds, resources, and teachers at Kennedy accelerated. 453:
In 2016, Kennedy became part of the Richmond Promise initiative, which is designed to encourage and facilitate the opportunity for all Richmond students to attend college regardless of race, income level, or personal background.
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programs, and the free busing for the voluntary integration. Attendance dropped, and many faculty lost their jobs or chose to go elsewhere. The school discontinued flexible scheduling after the 1981–1982 school year.
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in the nation. It had the second largest chapter twice, and was among the top five schools in the country seven other years. Kennedy succeeded against some of the most elite public and private schools in California.
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As of the 2018–2019 school year, the school enrolled 851 students, with a student/teacher ratio of 20. Of those students, 55.8% were male and 44.2% female, and they represented the following ethnicities:
1594: 3588: 3539: 2527: 407:, and athletic programs remained strong. However, the financial troubles of the district continued to deepen. In 1991, the RUSD became the first district in California to file for 3598: 3158: 326:, "The new institution was meant to be a model for California and the country. ... the school served as a unique example of a successful public school in an urban environment." 87: 38: 3315: 2197: 1246: 3583: 860: 322:
based on the model of colleges and universities, with the staff trained to create educational programs customized for each student. As written by Knowles Adkisson of the
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Kirp, David L.; Fine, Doris; Angelides, Sotirios (1979). "Desegregation, Politics, and the Courts: Race and Schooling Policy in Richmond, California".
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In football, the Kennedy Eagles won the North Coast Section championship in both 1984 and 1988. The 1984 team included two players,
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Effects of the lowered funding were gradual through the 1980s. The school continued to send students to top colleges, including the
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first black students in the nation to win such a trophy in the Forensics League. In 1973, the school had the largest chapter in the
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Kennedy's mascot is the Eagles. The school competes in the Tri-County Athletic League of the Bay Shore Conference in California's
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The school is the location of the renovated Richmond Swim Center, which provides facilities for the school and the community.
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Kennedy nearly closed due to budget cuts, but the city of Richmond kept it open with an allocation of $ 1.5 million.
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Also in 2013, the girls basketball team advanced to its first state basketball game at the NorCal Division III playoffs.
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The school fields girls' sports teams in basketball, cross country, soccer, softball, track and field, and volleyball.
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provided a $ 1 million grant to help fund the program as part of a ten million commitment to the Fab Foundation.
573:, or fabrication laboratory. Kennedy High School is home to the facility, known as 'Fab Lab Richmond', which includes 176: 1619: 1387: 474:
The school fields boys' sports teams in baseball, basketball, cross country, football, soccer, and track and field.
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in 2015 made it possible to open a health clinic, which serves students at the school and South Richmond residents.
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In track and field, the Kennedy boys won both the Meet of Champions and the Bay Championships Meet in 1974.
3274: 2051: 3544: 3432: 3409: 3203: 2987: 2828: 1931: 1870: 1117:"Interdistrict Inequalities in School Financing: A Critical Analysis of Serrano v. Priest and Its Progeny" 301: 682:, singer-songwriter, country and blues harmonica player, record producer, bandleader and recording artist 3213: 3208: 2892: 2867: 2021: 1217: 3447: 3198: 2908: 2595: 338: 293: 195: 59: 3508: 3478: 3427: 3231: 2918: 2808: 2765: 1116: 582: 463: 413: 2470: 1595:"An American comeback story: Bay Area's Kennedy High School overcomes history of violence, losing" 1062: 2877: 2858: 1567: 1136: 1091:"Separate And Unequal: Serrano Played an Important Role in Development of School-District Policy" 963: 955: 697: 685: 505: 439: 319: 496:
In 2013, the Kennedy girls sprinters team finished first in both the 3rd Annual Tiger Invite at
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Kennedy High School was part of the Richmond Unified School District (RUSD), later renamed the
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resources for schools, public support for the education system and meaningful accountability."
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Busing and Backlash - White Against White in a California School District
2331:"'Black Lightning': Richmond native brings new-look superhero to The CW" 1962:"Kennedy High School forensics team number one in state (photo caption)" 2564: 2305:"Mara Brock Akil & Salim Akil Ink Overall Deal With Warner Bros TV" 1821:"New Fab Lab at Kennedy High Offers Opportunity to Students, Community" 1140: 959: 570: 1465:"Kennedy High special ed students finish another beautification phase" 1299:"Recent School Accountability reports for John F. Kennedy High School" 482:
Kennedy football team achieved their first winning season since 1988.
2459:. Richmond California: John F. Kennedy High School. 1989. p. 87. 2382:"Those Amazing Humans, #310, Norton Buffalo | Mongrel4u's Blog" 1132: 2528:"Meet 9 DTH Alumni Who Continue to Spread Arthur Mitchell's Legacy" 1743: 1440:"At Kennedy High, awakening the next James Baldwin or Maya Angelou" 943: 569:
as the first public school district on the West Coast to develop a
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Rosie the Riveter World War II Home Front National Historical Park
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Just Schools: The Idea of Racial Equality in American Education
296:, United States. It was established in 1967 and is part of the 2227:"New principal, new rules to improve Kennedy High in Richmond" 1163:"For Better or For Worse? School Finance Reform in California" 1622:. California Interscholastic Federation - North Coast Section 1574:. California Interscholastic Federation - North Coast Section 1768: 2278:"Meet Felicia Phillips, Principal of Kennedy High School" 1669:"Still on the bus, Lady Eagles defeat Branham High 69-54" 25:
Public high school in Richmond, California, United States
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won first place at Arcadia in the boy's 200-meter dash.
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Sonstelie, Jon; Brunner, Eric; Ardon, Kenneth (2000).
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The school became known on a national level for its
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UC Berkeley: Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism
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Berkeley: University of California Press. 861:"Mike Peritz Proposal - Creating Scenario 3" 448:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 2176:West Contra Council Unified School District 2113:"Minutes of the Board of Education Meeting" 1643:"Kennedy High sprinters bring home LA gold" 1362:"Mock Trial now in session at Kennedy High" 347:administration of President John F. Kennedy 3166: 3152: 3144: 2948: 2587: 2573: 2565: 36: 27: 18:Armstrong High School (Richmond, Virginia) 3584:West Contra Costa Unified School District 2914:West Contra Costa Unified School District 2205:West Contra Costa Unified School District 2143:"Second Kennedy High student death stuns" 2120:West Contra Costa Unified School District 1795:"Richmond: Fab lab a tinkerer's paradise" 1748:West Contra Costa Unified School District 1303:West Contra Costa Unified School District 1070:California High School Speech Association 906: 904: 902: 900: 898: 896: 894: 892: 868:West Contra Costa Unified School District 567:West Contra Costa Unified School District 331:West Contra Costa Unified School District 298:West Contra Costa Unified School District 164:West Contra Costa Unified School District 2225:Harrington, Theresa (October 26, 2012). 2198:"Kennedy High School Graduation Program" 1793:Bay Area News Group (November 9, 2014). 1539:"NCS Conference Alignment for 2020-2024" 854: 852: 850: 848: 846: 844: 799:National Center for Education Statistics 546:88.0% of the students were eligible for 536:Native Hawaiian/Pacific islanders — 1.3% 3116:2014 Richmond, California city election 3111:2006 Richmond, California city election 1438:Charles, Candese (September 29, 2015). 1063:"David Dansky: CHSSA Hall of Fame 1990" 822: 820: 776: 751: 3486:Contra Costa School of Performing Arts 2819:East Bay Science and Technology Center 2169:"2009-2010 High School Course Catalog" 2020:Folkmanis, Jason (December 22, 1984). 1388:"Music is back at Kennedy High School" 1042:National Speech and Debate Association 788: 786: 784: 782: 780: 565:In 2015, the Fab Foundation chose the 2883:Richmond Transit Village (Metro Walk) 1719:"Welcome to Future Aquatic Swim Team" 1641:Orsburn, Tyler (September 29, 2015). 1412:Lawson, Hannah (September 19, 2014). 1386:Milano, Michael (November 22, 2013). 1360:Whitney, Spencer (October 21, 2011). 1190:Rancaño, Vanessa (October 25, 2018). 1170:Public Policy Institute of California 1121:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 688:, lawyer, author, actor, and lecturer 7: 2141:Wetzel, Kimberly S.; Fischer, Karl. 2083:"Schools: Drastic Cuts Now Proposed" 1901:"Integration Rally Held in Richmond" 1593:Stevens, Mitch (November 18, 2016). 2303:Andreeva, Nellie (August 5, 2015). 1930:Mitchell, Bev (December 16, 1970). 1744:"Think Globally, Fabricate Locally" 1272:Meron, Shelly (September 8, 2010). 828:"Introducing Principal Jarod Scott" 736:, ballet dancer, curator, archivist 730:, rock and roll composer, guitarist 676:, musician, songwriter and composer 2814:Golden State Model Railroad Museum 2329:Barney, Chuck (January 12, 2018). 1819:Pyles, Sean (September 29, 2015). 1016:. California: Barnes & Noble. 639:Phillip (Phil) Johnson (2012–2017) 14: 3604:1967 establishments in California 3594:Public high schools in California 3088:Richmond–San Rafael Ferry Company 624:Rosalyn Morgan Upshaw (1997–2000) 609:Patricia (Pat) Rupley (1979–1982) 2058:. September 22, 1988. p. 25 2052:"Richmond Egg Throwing Incident" 1667:Orsburn, Tyler (March 7, 2013). 1527:Kennedy High School support site 636:Roxanne Brown-Garcia (2009–2012) 627:Gwen Huntington-Lumb (2000–2001) 3175:Contra Costa County, California 2978:Richmond Parkway Transit Center 2716:McLaughlin Eastshore State Park 2526:Thomas, Kevin (March 6, 2019). 1968:. December 16, 1972. p. 15 1932:"Schools Adopt Regional System" 1871:"Negro New Principal of School" 1490:Chan, Bonnie (March 16, 2015). 1323:Sanchez, Camryn (August 2019). 804:Institute of Education Sciences 664:, writer, singer, and physicist 615:Sylvester Greenwood (1984–1988) 2804:East Brother Island Lighthouse 2473:. November 9, 1978. p. 27 1846:"Fab Lab Richmond, California" 1568:"FOOTBALL: NCS Team Champions" 1115:Goldstein, Stephen R. (1972). 1038:"Hall of Fame: 1991 Inductees" 603:Thomas (Tom) Anton (1971–1976) 1: 3134:Richmond Progressive Alliance 2849:Point Molate Naval Fuel Depot 2081:Merl, Jean (March 12, 1991). 2022:"The Handwriting on the Wall" 1769:"Bridging the Digital Divide" 932:American Journal of Education 724:, contemporary jazz guitarist 324:Berkeley School of Journalism 52: 2936:Salesian College Preparatory 2888:West County Detention Center 2824:Macdonald 80 Shopping Center 1907:. April 24, 1968. p. 31 642:Felicia Phillips (2018–2020) 606:Lawrence Chapman (1976–1979) 542:Native American/Alaskan — 0% 2924:John F. Kennedy High School 1992:"Salute to Patricia Rupley" 1698:City of Richmond California 645:Jarod Scott (2020--present) 633:Latoya Williams (2008–2009) 597:Richard Lovette (1967–1968) 446:A $ 500,000 grant from the 279:John F. Kennedy High School 31:John F. Kennedy High School 3620: 3042:Richmond–San Rafael Bridge 2056:The San Francisco Examiner 2026:The San Francisco Examiner 981:Rubin, Lillian B. (1973). 618:Lavonya DeJean (1988–1991) 612:Charles Dorton (1982–1984) 600:Harry Reynolds (1968–1971) 498:South Pasadena High School 15: 3494: 3182: 3082:Richmond Pacific Railroad 3064:San Pablo Avenue (SR 123) 2630:Chevron Richmond Refinery 1877:. May 15, 1968. p. 8 359:National Forensics League 53: 49: 35: 1723:Future Aquatic Swim Team 1225:Little Hoover Commission 760:Little Hoover Commission 630:Julio Franco (2001–2008) 376:California Supreme Court 219:Student to teacher ratio 2971:San Francisco Bay Ferry 2966:Richmond Ferry Terminal 2873:Richmond Medical Center 2741:Point Molate Beach Park 2471:"Local girl makes good" 2386:mongrel4u.wordpress.com 1572:CIF North Coast Section 1008:Kirp, David L. (1982). 374:From 1971 to 1977, the 281:(simply referred to as 3550:Contra Costa Christian 3533:Religious high schools 3474:Clayton Valley Charter 2436:Baseball-Reference.com 2256:Los Angeles Daily News 1694:"Richmond Swim Center" 712:, political scientist 621:Ted Abreau (1991–1997) 302:Harry Ells High School 103:37.92472°N 122.32833°W 55:4300 Cutting Boulevard 3559:El Sobrante Christian 3420:West Contra Costa USD 3242:Dozier-Libbey Medical 2868:Richmond Country Club 2282:The Richmond Standard 2087:The Los Angeles Times 2001:: 11273. June 7, 1989 1673:Richmond Confidential 1647:Richmond Confidential 1496:Richmond Confidential 1469:The Richmond Standard 1444:Richmond Confidential 1418:Richmond Confidential 1392:Richmond Confidential 1366:Richmond Confidential 1196:The California Report 859:Peritz, Mike (2008). 488: 469: 3502:Secular high schools 3438:Hercules Middle/High 3369:San Ramon Valley USD 2929:Richmond High School 2909:Contra Costa College 2596:Richmond, California 2432:"Junior Moore Stats" 1999:Congressional Record 294:Richmond, California 108:37.92472; -122.32833 3509:The Athenian School 3479:ClaytonArts Academy 3184:Public high schools 2919:De Anza High School 2809:Ford Richmond Plant 2766:San Pablo Peninsula 2498:The Washington Post 2258:. November 21, 2013 1825:Radio Free Richmond 1546:North Coast Section 1251:The Washington Post 583:Chevron Corporation 502:Arcadia High School 464:North Coast Section 438:100,000 grant from 414:The Washington Post 395:, Bio-Medical, and 283:Kennedy High School 127:Kennedy High School 99: /  2878:Richmond Shipyards 2829:Masquers Playhouse 2670:Parchester Village 2284:. October 30, 2018 698:Takkarist McKinley 686:Christopher Darden 539:Multiracial — 0.6% 506:Takkarist McKinley 440:Sprint Corporation 320:modular scheduling 3571: 3570: 3141: 3140: 3072: 3071: 3032:Cutting Boulevard 2994:California Zephyr 2839:Pacific East Mall 2756:Richmond Greenway 2640:El Sobrante Hills 2635:Downtown Richmond 2122:. August 20, 2008 380:Serrano v. Priest 313:First two decades 276: 275: 3611: 3540:Berean Christian 3392:San Ramon Valley 3382:Dougherty Valley 3168: 3161: 3154: 3145: 3095:Shipyard Railway 3077:Port of Richmond 3059:Richmond Parkway 3054:Macdonald Avenue 3001:Capitol Corridor 2983:Richmond station 2949: 2695:Richmond Heights 2665:North & East 2610:Atchison Village 2589: 2582: 2575: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2558:Official website 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2378: 2372: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2352: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2231:The Mercury News 2222: 2216: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2173: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2117: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2033: 2017: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1996: 1988: 1982: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1912: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1867: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1543: 1535: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1516:Richmond Promise 1513: 1507: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1487: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1435: 1429: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1357: 1351: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1335: 1329:East Bay Express 1320: 1314: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1295: 1289: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1253:. April 19, 1991 1243: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1232: 1222: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1167: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1067: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1015: 1005: 999: 998: 978: 972: 971: 927: 921: 920: 908: 887: 886: 884: 882: 877:on March 4, 2009 876: 870:. Archived from 865: 856: 839: 838: 836: 834: 824: 815: 814: 812: 810: 790: 764: 756: 524:Hispanic — 64.5% 411:. As written in 272: 269: 267: 265: 236: 233: 155: 153: 114: 113: 111: 110: 109: 104: 100: 97: 96: 95: 92: 40: 28: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3528: 3497: 3496:Private schools 3490: 3467:Charter schools 3462: 3443:John F. Kennedy 3414: 3396: 3363: 3340: 3302: 3284: 3246: 3218: 3185: 3178: 3172: 3142: 3137: 3100: 3068: 3015: 2953: 2940: 2897: 2861:Red Oak Victory 2854:Red Rock Island 2794:Brother Islands 2786: 2780: 2699: 2598: 2593: 2556: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2365: 2363: 2360:Post News Group 2354: 2353: 2349: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2287: 2285: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2259: 2250: 2249: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2200: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2181: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2092: 2090: 2080: 2079: 2075: 2061: 2059: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2031: 2029: 2019: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1971: 1969: 1966:Oakland Tribune 1960: 1959: 1955: 1941: 1939: 1936:Oakland Tribune 1929: 1928: 1924: 1910: 1908: 1905:Oakland Tribune 1899: 1898: 1894: 1880: 1878: 1875:Oakland Tribune 1869: 1868: 1864: 1854: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1777: 1775: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1750: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1587: 1577: 1575: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1510: 1500: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1474: 1472: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1448: 1446: 1437: 1436: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1394: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1370: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1282: 1280: 1271: 1270: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1143: 1133:10.2307/3311362 1114: 1113: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1024: 1007: 1006: 1002: 995: 980: 979: 975: 929: 928: 924: 910: 909: 890: 880: 878: 874: 863: 858: 857: 842: 832: 830: 826: 825: 818: 808: 806: 792: 791: 778: 773: 768: 767: 757: 753: 748: 743: 662:Catherine Asaro 652: 591: 560: 517: 491: 472: 460: 431: 372: 315: 310: 262: 234: 231: 214:851 (2018–2019) 160:School district 151: 149: 107: 105: 101: 98: 93: 90: 88: 86: 85: 75: 72: 71: 68: 62: 57: 56: 26: 21: 12: 11: 5: 3617: 3615: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3576: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3519:Orinda Academy 3516: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3448:Middle College 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3424: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3402:John Swett USD 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3336:Ygnacio Valley 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3310: 3308:Mt. Diablo USD 3304: 3303: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3256: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3228: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3195: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3163: 3156: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3125:Richmond Globe 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3091: 3084: 3079: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3034: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2980: 2975: 2974: 2973: 2963: 2957: 2955: 2946: 2945:Transportation 2942: 2941: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2911: 2905: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2834:Mechanics Bank 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2776:Wildcat Canyon 2773: 2771:Sobrante Ridge 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2697: 2692: 2690:Richmond Annex 2687: 2682: 2680:Point Richmond 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2620:Carriage Hills 2617: 2615:Brickyard Cove 2612: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2551: 2550:External links 2548: 2545: 2544: 2532:Dance Magazine 2518: 2484: 2462: 2448: 2423: 2407:"D'Marco Farr" 2398: 2373: 2362:. June 2, 2018 2347: 2335:East Bay Times 2321: 2295: 2269: 2243: 2217: 2189: 2160: 2147:East Bay Times 2133: 2104: 2099:Newspapers.com 2073: 2068:Newspapers.com 2043: 2038:Newspapers.com 2012: 1983: 1978:Newspapers.com 1953: 1948:Newspapers.com 1922: 1917:Newspapers.com 1892: 1887:Newspapers.com 1862: 1837: 1811: 1799:East Bay Times 1785: 1760: 1735: 1710: 1685: 1659: 1633: 1611: 1585: 1559: 1530: 1519: 1508: 1482: 1471:. May 17, 2019 1456: 1430: 1404: 1378: 1352: 1341: 1315: 1290: 1278:East Bay Times 1264: 1238: 1209: 1182: 1153: 1127:(3): 504–544. 1107: 1082: 1054: 1029: 1022: 1000: 994:978-0520022577 993: 973: 944:10.1086/443502 922: 888: 840: 816: 775: 774: 772: 769: 766: 765: 750: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 738: 737: 731: 725: 719: 713: 707: 701: 695: 689: 683: 680:Norton Buffalo 677: 671: 665: 659: 651: 650:Notable alumni 648: 647: 646: 643: 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 590: 587: 559: 556: 552:Title I school 544: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 516: 513: 490: 487: 471: 468: 459: 456: 430: 427: 388:Proposition 13 371: 368: 314: 311: 309: 306: 274: 273: 260: 256: 255: 252: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 230:Red and white 228: 224: 223: 220: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 192: 191:Teaching staff 188: 187: 184: 180: 179: 174: 167: 166: 161: 157: 156: 146: 142: 141: 133: 129: 128: 125: 121: 120: 116: 115: 83: 77: 76: 73: 69: 64: 58: 54: 51: 50: 47: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 24: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3616: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3525: 3524:Orion Academy 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3453:Pinole Valley 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3354:Black Diamond 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3346:Pittsburg USD 3343: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3191:Acalanes UHSD 3188: 3181: 3176: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3129:Richmond Post 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3090: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2751:Red Rock Cove 2749: 2747: 2746:Potrero Ridge 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2726:Miller / Knox 2724: 2722: 2721:Kennedy Grove 2719: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2711:Brooks Island 2709: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2655:Iron Triangle 2653: 2651: 2650:Hilltop Green 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2605: 2603:Neighborhoods 2601: 2597: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2519: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2437: 2433: 2427: 2424: 2412: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2361: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2336: 2332: 2325: 2322: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2296: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2257: 2253: 2247: 2244: 2232: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2206: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2177: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2134: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2089:. p. 390 2088: 2084: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2057: 2053: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2000: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1967: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1937: 1933: 1926: 1923: 1918: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1812: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1786: 1774: 1773:fabfoundation 1770: 1764: 1761: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1736: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1660: 1648: 1644: 1637: 1634: 1621: 1615: 1612: 1600: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1573: 1569: 1563: 1560: 1547: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1512: 1509: 1497: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1470: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1405: 1393: 1389: 1382: 1379: 1367: 1363: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1330: 1326: 1319: 1316: 1304: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1279: 1275: 1268: 1265: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1239: 1226: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1197: 1193: 1186: 1183: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1108: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1071: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1043: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1025: 1023:9780520045750 1019: 1014: 1013: 1004: 1001: 996: 990: 986: 985: 977: 974: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 926: 923: 918: 914: 907: 905: 903: 901: 899: 897: 895: 893: 889: 873: 869: 862: 855: 853: 851: 849: 847: 845: 841: 829: 823: 821: 817: 805: 801: 800: 795: 789: 787: 785: 783: 781: 777: 770: 761: 758:In 1997, the 755: 752: 745: 740: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 653: 649: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 595: 594: 588: 586: 584: 580: 579:laser cutters 576: 572: 568: 563: 557: 555: 553: 549: 541: 538: 535: 532: 529: 527:Black — 25.3% 526: 523: 522: 521: 514: 512: 509: 507: 503: 499: 494: 489:Girls' sports 486: 483: 480: 475: 467: 465: 457: 455: 451: 449: 444: 441: 435: 428: 426: 422: 418: 416: 415: 410: 406: 401: 398: 394: 389: 384: 381: 377: 369: 367: 363: 360: 355: 350: 348: 344: 343:the term used 340: 339:forced busing 336: 335:desegregation 332: 327: 325: 321: 312: 307: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 288: 284: 280: 271: 261: 257: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 194:42.60 (on an 193: 189: 185: 181: 178: 175: 172: 168: 165: 162: 158: 147: 143: 140: 137: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 112: 84: 82: 78: 74:United States 67: 61: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 23: 19: 3442: 3316:College Park 3290:Martinez USD 3270:Independence 3252:Liberty UHSD 3121:City Council 3093: 3086: 3008:San Joaquins 3006: 2999: 2992: 2923: 2860: 2799:Castro Rocks 2736:Point Pinole 2731:Point Isabel 2675:Point Isabel 2535:. Retrieved 2531: 2521: 2509:. Retrieved 2497: 2487: 2475:. Retrieved 2465: 2456: 2451: 2441:December 31, 2439:. Retrieved 2435: 2426: 2414:. Retrieved 2410: 2401: 2389:. Retrieved 2385: 2376: 2364:. Retrieved 2359: 2350: 2338:. Retrieved 2334: 2324: 2312:. Retrieved 2308: 2298: 2286:. Retrieved 2281: 2272: 2260:. Retrieved 2255: 2246: 2234:. Retrieved 2230: 2220: 2208:. Retrieved 2204: 2192: 2180:. Retrieved 2175: 2163: 2151:. Retrieved 2146: 2136: 2124:. Retrieved 2119: 2107: 2097:– via 2091:. Retrieved 2086: 2076: 2066:– via 2060:. Retrieved 2055: 2046: 2036:– via 2030:. Retrieved 2028:. p. 19 2025: 2015: 2003:. Retrieved 1998: 1986: 1976:– via 1970:. Retrieved 1965: 1956: 1946:– via 1940:. Retrieved 1935: 1925: 1915:– via 1909:. Retrieved 1904: 1895: 1885:– via 1879:. Retrieved 1874: 1865: 1853:. Retrieved 1849: 1840: 1828:. Retrieved 1824: 1814: 1802:. Retrieved 1798: 1788: 1776:. Retrieved 1772: 1763: 1751:. Retrieved 1747: 1738: 1726:. Retrieved 1722: 1713: 1701:. 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Retrieved 797: 754: 718:, NFL player 706:, MLB player 704:Junior Moore 700:, NFL player 694:, NFL player 692:D'Marco Farr 674:Jason Becker 670:, NFL player 668:Benny Barnes 592: 564: 561: 545: 533:White — 2.0% 530:Asian — 6.2% 518: 515:Demographics 510: 495: 492: 484: 476: 473: 470:Boys' sports 461: 452: 445: 436: 432: 423: 419: 412: 402: 385: 378:decided the 373: 364: 351: 328: 316: 282: 278: 277: 177:063255005037 22: 3555:De La Salle 3387:Monte Vista 3237:Deer Valley 3224:Antioch USD 3027:23rd Street 2863:Ship Museum 2787:of interest 2537:January 13, 2511:January 14, 2477:January 14, 2416:January 12, 2391:December 7, 2366:January 12, 2340:January 12, 2314:January 12, 2288:January 18, 2262:January 18, 2236:January 18, 2210:January 24, 2182:January 24, 2178:. p. 3 2153:January 24, 2126:January 24, 2093:January 21, 2062:January 21, 2032:January 21, 2005:January 18, 1972:January 18, 1942:January 18, 1938:. p. 1 1911:January 18, 1881:January 18, 1855:January 13, 1830:January 12, 1804:January 13, 1778:January 13, 1753:January 13, 1728:January 21, 1703:January 21, 1678:January 21, 1652:January 13, 1626:January 22, 1604:January 12, 1578:January 22, 1552:January 23, 1501:January 13, 1475:January 12, 1449:January 13, 1423:January 13, 1397:January 13, 1371:January 13, 1334:January 13, 1308:January 12, 1257:January 11, 1231:January 11, 1227:. July 1997 1202:January 11, 1198:. KQED News 1175:January 11, 1146:January 11, 1100:January 11, 1075:January 11, 1047:January 11, 881:January 11, 575:3D printers 405:ivy leagues 397:Electronics 290:high school 186:Jarod Scott 145:Established 139:high school 119:Information 106: / 94:122°19′42″W 81:Coordinates 3578:Categories 3545:Carondelet 3433:El Cerrito 3410:John Swett 3377:California 3326:Mt. Diablo 3204:Campolindo 2961:AC Transit 2844:The Plunge 2660:Marina Bay 2625:Campus Bay 1850:fablabs.io 833:January 4, 741:References 734:Judy Tyrus 722:Ray Obiedo 716:Terry Obee 710:Colin Kahl 656:Salim Akil 589:Principals 558:Facilities 479:Terry Obee 409:bankruptcy 211:Enrollment 124:Other name 91:37°55′29″N 66:California 3359:Pittsburg 3331:Northgate 3275:La Paloma 3214:Miramonte 3209:Las Lomas 2902:Education 2893:Winehaven 2506:0190-8286 2457:Isnala 89 2411:StatsCrew 1548:. 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Index

Armstrong High School (Richmond, Virginia)

Richmond
California
Coordinates
37°55′29″N 122°19′42″W / 37.92472°N 122.32833°W / 37.92472; -122.32833
Public
high school
West Contra Costa Unified School District
NCES
063255005037
FTE
Nickname
www.wccusd.net/kennedy
public
high school
Richmond, California
West Contra Costa Unified School District
Harry Ells High School
modular scheduling
Berkeley School of Journalism
West Contra Costa Unified School District
desegregation
forced busing
the term used
administration of President John F. Kennedy
forensics
National Forensics League
California Supreme Court
Serrano v. Priest

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