865:, who would be Hopetoun's successor—over the Governor-General's right of access to dispatches and communiqués of the state governors. Questions of the independence of the states were raised and some fears of federal takeover of local affairs persisted during the disputes, until uneasy compromises were reached which saw some but not total subordination of state governors. Hopetoun continued to struggle to diminish pre-existing local parochial sentiments within the states, though his position within the Commonwealth was much better publicised and secured after his co-ordination and hosting of the Royal Visit in 1901. Tactful dealings with state governors and his strength at mediation helped secure that position in the early years of the Commonwealth as confidence in the new national entity was forged.
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obliged to reserve assent on further amendments to the bill in the absence of instructions from London in an attempt to balance the interests of the
Commonwealth and the Colonial Office. Eventually, important concessions were made by the Barton government and the bill was assented to by Hopetoun, although still not completely in line with imperial policy. Hopetoun's use of the assent power to negotiate changes in Commonwealth legislation was effective and skilfully deployed so as to avoid public confrontation over the issue.
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857:, who handled all his communications with London. Wallington was highly experienced in Australian colonial administration, having advised many governors previously and earning a reputation as an expert in managing communications and relations with the Colonial Office in London. However Australians resented an Englishman being in charge of official business, and the fact that Wallington had no responsibility to the new Commonwealth parliament despite his influential governmental position.
958:, with both maintaining that the governor-general's seat should be in their respective state capitals. Eventually, houses in both states were provided for the governor-general's use and expectations were made that the viceroy would share his time between the two. However provision for the cost of maintaining two large residences, while planning the construction of a third in the future federal capital, became subject to the long-running dispute between the Commonwealth and the states.
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930:. In May 1901, Fleming protested against unemployment in Melbourne by rushing onto the Prince's Bridge to halt the governor-general's carriage. Hopetoun told the police not to interfere and listened to Fleming put the case for the unemployed. Out of this encounter came a friendship which endured after Hopetoun returned to England. According to some reports, Hopetoun is credited with pressuring the government to speed up government work projects.
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which was subsequently amended into an unrecognisable measure designed to recoup the expense of the royal visit. The parliament then made it clear that no allowance would be approved for the vice-regal activities beyond what salary was already paid. Hopetoun was shocked: he had already incurred very great costs out of his own pocket to cover the expense of the office, which had strained his personal fortunes.
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1029:: "Our first Governor General may be said to have taken with him all the decorations and display and some of the anticipations that splendidly surrounded the inauguration of our national existence...we have...revised our estimate of high office, stripping it too hastily, but not unkindly, of its festal trappings. The stately ceremonial was fitting, but it has been completed."
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664:), where he served until 1895. His appointment came amid a general stylistic change in colonial governors. Reflecting "Britain's more flamboyant pride in Empire, Australian colonial governors began to display a new colour and ostentation". Increased interest in Empire had spurred the appearance of young and wealthy aristocrats in place of previous career administrators.
598:, where he passed out in 1879. However, he chose not to join the regular army upon graduation. He later explained "the affairs of the family estate, to which I succeeded at 13, seemed to call for my personal attention". Subsequently, he devoted his attentions to managing the more than seventeen thousand hectares (42,500 acres) of family estate located around the
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Governor-General should disembark in Perth before going on to Sydney. Illness and misadventure following the Indian leg of the journey disrupted
Hopetoun's tour and made the arduous arrival preparations difficult to complete. Lady Hopetoun had suffered a relapse of her condition during the trip across Australia, adding further to Hopetoun's personal troubles.
798:, had formed the first federal Canadian government. Also, Barton was not a member of any parliament (he had resigned from the NSW Parliament earlier that year), and, although he had considerable political experience, he was considered in some quarters to be politically inept. Lyne, on the other hand, was recognised as a tough and experienced politician.
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of the movement, appearing at numerous banquets and giving speeches in its favour. At one such banquet he even offered to return to
Australia as their first governor-general should Federation be implemented. Upon leaving the governorship and returning to the United Kingdom in 1895, Hopetoun was a widely popular figure in Victoria and New South Wales.
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this period by other colonial governors, Hopetoun by most accounts handled this period ably and subsequently stayed in office for longer than the usual term. However, the reality of the 1890s was that colonial governors had lost much of their administrative and political power, instead assuming more figurative and representative roles.
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Hopetoun also proved to be problematic as a public speaker in the new role. Though steering clear of any controversial subjects and stressing national unity and identity during his first months, in late 1901 and early 1902, he had committed several constitutional faux pas by publicly taking positions
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There was also resentment over the regal pomp upon which
Hopetoun insisted in carrying out his role, and the expense which this entailed. Official visits to the states often incurred significant local expenses often not reimbursed by the Commonwealth, causing ructions in State-Federal relations until
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Hopetoun's term also coincided with the important years of the federation movement in
Victoria. The economic crash and resultant political and social problems laid bare the inefficiencies of the colonial system and sparked renewed interest in an Australian federation. Hopetoun was an active supporter
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Hopetoun's term coincided with a number of serious difficulties being faced by the colonies. The economic boom in the colony was reversed by the Great Crash in 1891, leading to a decade of depression, bank failures, industrial action and political instability. In contrast to the troubles faced during
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Hopetoun's time as governor-general came to an abrupt and embarrassing end after a dispute over the financial arrangements for the office emerged in mid-1902. The
Constitutional Conventions of the 1890s had set the governor-general salary at a generous ÂŁ10,000, equivalent to the Canadian office. Yet
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Though most other opinion leaders did not go as far to state outright opposition to the governor-general's actions, they did spur important early debates as to the role of the governor-general. Barton himself admitted to some influence from the
Governor-General: though initially Barton was reluctant
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By this time, the euphoria of the royal tour had ended and political focus was on the still serious recession and drought that were straining the
Australian economy. Barton's speech in favour of the ÂŁ8000 allowance was weak, and every other speaker in the debate on the bill opposed the legislation,
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described
Hopetoun as "exceptionally qualified to discharge the duties of this important position with ability and efficiency" and stated that he would be "heartily welcomed" in Australia. His strong ties with the Queen and with the incumbent British administration were also important to appointers
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Hopetoun's time as
Governor was in keeping with the newly emerging style. He rapidly developed a reputation for lavish entertaining and spectacular vice-regal galas. Notwithstanding poor health and colonial astonishment at his habit of wearing hair-powder, his youthful enthusiasm for routine duties
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or similar elaborate position were out of touch with public perceptions of the role. Hopetoun's attempts to serve Australia as a glamorous figure of the British Empire had brought him into conflict with domestic politics and ultimately were cause for the abrupt end to his term. Although Hopetoun's
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Victoria and New South Wales both avoided the issue and failed to pass bills allowing for the governor-general's expenses while present in either state to be paid by the state itself. By the assumption of duties in 1901, Hopetoun still did not have a formal allowance approved for his expenses, but
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Hopetoun was advised by the Colonial Office that he should limit his entertaining and expenses while the situation remained officially unresolved, but Hopetoun was by nature an extravagant figure in public life and significant resources were expended by Hopetoun travelling and hosting the Royal
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until changes had been made. Hopetoun was left in a difficult position, as fears of immigration were rampant in Australia at the time and the bill was popular, notwithstanding the disapproval of the British government. A difficult period of private manoeuvring followed, after which Hopetoun was
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Hopetoun, wary that his actions would constitute important precedents for the new nation, generally followed pre-existing Canadian and British conventions in discharging his constitutional duties. Hopetoun was well-acquainted with many members of the first government and built a strong personal
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Publicly humiliated by the parliamentary rebuke, still in relatively ill health, and now under financial duress; on 5 May Hopetoun announced to the Colonial Office his desire to be recalled from the position. The Colonial Office expressed displeasure at the actions of the Barton government and
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Intercolonial rivalries and traditional suspicions in Sydney of the excessive influence of Melbourne over national affairs were cause for some complex manoeuvres during Hopetoun's arrival. Though he was initially intended to arrive via Melbourne, local politicians insisted that the incoming
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quickly seized upon the issue as an example of inappropriate interference by the governor-general in political affairs that were the exclusive domain of parliament. A debate resulted in parliament which was generally critical, or at least tacitly disapproving, of Hopetoun's comments.
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brief and frictional time in office revitalised some debate over whether the position should be a locally elected one, successors in the role quickly realised and conformed with the relative modesty which the position demanded and the system of British appointments continued.
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Though newspapers and politicians were divided on who was to blame for the sudden resignation, and many tried to dissuade Hopetoun from his decision, ultimately it became clear that Hopetoun's perceptions that the governor-general would be a position analogous to the
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to commit support to the Boer War, communications by Hopetoun to the Colonial Office in December 1901 revealed that Barton's position had been changed in favour of committing support and that change had most likely been driven by Hopetoun's efforts.
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886:. He defended Barton's decision to commit support to the conflict, emphasised his own role in the making of the decision alongside Barton and professed a belief that it was Australia's duty to stand behind the imperial government in the war.
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until the passage of the referendums of 1899, and was unpopular with the leading federalist politicians. Explanations for the appointment generally revolve around the precedent established by Canada, whereby the Premier of the senior colony,
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in London. His appointment was approved by the Queen on 14 July 1900 and on 29 October letters patent were issued constituting the office and his own instructions. Hopetoun arrived in Sydney on 15 December, via India, where he had caught
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summarised the opposition opinion in its editorial: "Since the day of the Governor-General's arrival, he has shown a disposition to assert, and Mr Barton to allow, powers utterly at variance with the rights of a self-governing people."
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Other problems appeared with regard to the relationship between the new Governor-General and the continuing state governors. Disputes emerged between Hopetoun and several state governors—particularly South Australian governor
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in 1905. He died in France at the age of 47, after several years of ill health. Hopetoun's term as governor-general is generally regarded as a failure, and his successors generally avoided emulating his extravagance. Only
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or West Lothian, on 23 October 1902. However among observers, and particularly Hopetoun himself, "there was little doubt that he had been less than successful in the great test of his public career".
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Though he greatly desired appointment to the Viceroyalty of India, Linlithgow was prevented from attaining the position by poor health and adverse political developments, though his son
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813:, one that included Lyne, and it was sworn in by Hopetoun on the inauguration of the Commonwealth on New Year's Day, 1901. That afternoon, Hopetoun and the new government assembled at
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and other prominent politicians, particularly Victorian politicians, told Hopetoun they would not serve under Lyne. Lyne returned his commission on 24 December and Hopetoun sent for
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The Scots Peerage: Founded on Wood's Edition of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland containing an Historical and Genealogical Account of the Nobility of that Kingdom. Volume IV
526:. The announcement of his appointment to the new governorship-general in July 1900 was met with praise. However, he arrived in Australia ill-informed about the political aspects of
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of 1901. Instructions from the Colonial Office revealed that in its original form, the bill was unacceptable to the British government, and Hopetoun was instructed to reserve
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1002:. Still very popular with the Australian public, there were elaborate and tearful farewell ceremonies in Melbourne and Sydney. Upon Hopetoun's return to Britain, King
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relationship with Barton, placing him in a position of respect and influence with the new federal politicians. He consulted regularly with the Prime Minister and with
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Hopetoun was popular with the general public, but developed a reputation for flamboyance and ostentation. The Cookatoo Inn in Surry Hills was revamped and renamed the
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in 1901 in his honour. His desire for a large expenses allowance was rebuffed by parliament, and he consequently relinquished office in July 1902. He was granted a
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in Canada, extensive provisions had been made for travel, residence and entertaining, no provisions for which were made in the Australian case.
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in 1887. He was appointed Governor of Victoria at the age of 29, and had a successful tenure in a time of political and economic instability.
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was not scheduled to be held until March, he could not follow the usual convention of appointing the leader of the majority party in the
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Cunneen, Christopher (January 2011) . "Hope, John Adrian Louis, seventh earl of Hopetoun and first marquess of Linlithgow (1860–1908)".
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542:". Lyne, who had campaigned against federation, had little support from the political establishment, and Hopetoun was forced to turn to
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from June 1885 to January 1886 and August 1886 to August 1889. From 1887 to 1889 he was also appointed Lord High Commissioner to the
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The Australian colonies had agreed to federate, to form the Commonwealth of Australia from 1 January 1901. Hopetoun's popularity in
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Visit. Barton meanwhile delayed on preparing a Commonwealth bill to cover the costs, stalling until mid-1902 to present the bill.
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was privately assured by Barton that at least ÂŁ8000 per annum would be at his disposal for the conduct of vice-regal duties.
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The Hopetoun Blunder: the Appointment of the First Prime Minister of the Commonwealth of Australia, December 1900
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More problems soon arose though in establishing the new machinery of government. Hopetoun had brought his own
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In 1904 he accepted the position of President of the influential Scottish conservationist organisation the
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in 1905. His political career failed to advance, and still plagued by poor health, he died suddenly of
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Though Barton and most of those who present were pleased with the patriotic speech, opposition leader
829:, the effective leader of the opposition, in the lead up to the first federal election in March 1901.
617:) then aged 19. They had two sons and a daughter; a second daughter died in infancy. Their elder son,
472:(25 September 1860 – 29 February 1908) was a British aristocrat and statesman who served as the first
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and his friendship with leading Australian politicians made him an obvious choice to be the first
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upon his return to England, and thereafter withdrew from public life, except for a brief term as
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However, it quickly became apparent that Lyne would not be able to form the first government.
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to form an interim government, which would take office on 1 January 1901. Since the
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1629:. London : Dean & Son. 1903. p. 516, LINLITHGOW, MARQUESS OF. (Hope.)
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1382:"Letters Patent constituting the office of Governor-General 29 October 1900 (UK)"
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Lord Hopetoun takes the oath of office as the first Governor-General of Australia
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Hopetoun also notably exercised influence over the content and passage of the
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1726:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 730–731.
495:, but opted not to pursue a full-time military career. Hopetoun sat with the
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1408:"Queen Victoria's Instructions to the Governor-General 29 October 1900 (UK)"
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An interesting friendship developed between Lord Hopetoun and the Melbourne
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Hopetoun was born into the Scottish nobility, and succeeded his father as
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Lords High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
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in January 1902, Hopetoun chose to discuss government policy towards the
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provided an explanatory editorial under alias for the British public in
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Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland
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John Adrian Louis Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow, 7th Earl of Hopetoun
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1212:. NSW Government Office of Environment & Heritage. 22 October 2019
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a resolution was reached in 1905, well after Hopetoun's term expired.
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Shadow of Dispute: Aspects of Commonwealth-State Relations, 1901–1910
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and his fondness for informal horseback tours won him many friends.
590:, and the former Ethelred Anne Birch-Reynardson. He was educated at
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Statue of the Marquess of Linlithgow, Linlithgow Avenue, Melbourne
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King's Men: Australia's Governors-General from Hopetoun to Isaacs
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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Discussion of this matter provoked traditional rivalries between
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Scottish peer and 1st Governor-General of Australia (1860–1908)
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Coat of arms of John Adrian Louis Hope, 7th Earl of Hopetoun
781:, a key leader of the Federation movement and drafter of the
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
1717:"Linlithgow, John Adrian Louis Hope, 1st Marquess of"
1664:. Edinburgh : D. Douglas. pp. 484–505, Linlithgow
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Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George
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Debrett's peerage, baronetage, knightage, and companionage
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recognised his service by bestowing upon him the title of
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contributions in Parliament by the Marquess of Linlithgow
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Lion and Kangaroo: the Initiation of Australia, 1901–1919
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Conservative Party (UK) Baronesses- and Lords-in-Waiting
1414:. Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House
1388:. Museum of Australian Democracy at Old Parliament House
1158:” habited, proper, each resting the exterior hand on an
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parodying Hopetoun's regal pretensions in office in 1901
1741:. Vol. 9. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
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Australia's Governors-General: From Hopetoun to Jeffery
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After returning to England in 1895, Hopetoun served in
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on political matters. Most notably in a speech to the
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After his return to the United Kingdom he was made a
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Hersey Alice Eveleigh-de Moleyns (formerly Mullins)
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1885:. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
723:in July 1900, Secretary of State for the Colonies
632:In 1883, Hopetoun became Conservative whip in the
613:, a Scots-born Irish aristocrat (daughter of the
476:, in office from 1901 to 1902. He was previously
3693:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
769:. On 19 December 1900 Hopetoun chose to ask Sir
1067:His final political appointment was to that of
706:Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order
700:until 1900. 1900 also saw his appointment as a
1611:"Historic Cockburn Association Office-Bearers"
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2630:Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland
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1053:married the daughter of the English novelist
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1801:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
986:Hopetoun and his family left Australia from
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757:Hopetoun's immediate task was to appoint a
629:and the governor-generalship of Australia.
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233:2 February 1905 – 4 December 1905
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165:28 November 1889 – 12 July 1895
1798:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1733:"Hopetoun, seventh Earl of (1860–1908)"
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369:Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow
2574:List of governors-general of Australia
1826:. Carlton: Melbourne University Press.
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1287:
1285:
1241:
1239:
1091:
94:1 January 1901 – 17 July 1902
625:(1936–43), after having declined the
623:Viceroy and Governor-General of India
7:
873:Influence over the Barton government
570:held the position at a younger age.
1574:Deakin, Alfred (2 September 1902).
1210:"Hopetoun Hotel including Interior"
1841:Dictionary of Australian Biography
1738:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1266:. 13 September 1889. p. 4943.
1047:Victor, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow
702:Knight of the Order of the Thistle
379:Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke
14:
3673:Governors of Victoria (Australia)
2922:Secretaries of State for Scotland
2787:Secretaries of State for Scotland
2637:Secretaries of State for Scotland
2621:Secretaries of State for Scotland
1064:, retaining the role until 1907.
934:Financial dispute and resignation
596:Royal Military College, Sandhurst
493:Royal Military College, Sandhurst
420:Royal Military College, Sandhurst
3631:
3003:Secretary of State for Transport
2684:
2614:
2562:
2407:
2242:
1780:. Sydney: G. Allen & Unwin.
1674:
1639:
1551:. 28 October 1902. p. 1061.
1358:. 12 October 1900. p. 6252.
1183:
1019:In the wake of his resignation,
990:on 17 July 1902, at which point
1000:Administrator of the Government
880:Australian Natives' Association
588:John Hope, 6th Earl of Hopetoun
563:Secretary of State for Scotland
394:John Hope, 6th Earl of Hopetoun
351:
340:Hon. Hersey Eveleigh-de Moleyns
3668:Governors-general of Australia
3007:Secretary of State for Defence
2399:Governors-general of Australia
1776:Cunneen, Christopher (1983b).
1743:Australian National University
1731:Cunneen, Christopher (1983a).
586:, Scotland, the eldest son of
546:to serve as Australia's first
530:, and his decision to call on
487:at the age of 12. He attended
398:Ethelred Anne Birch-Reynardson
1:
2091:Peerage of the United Kingdom
2073:Governor-General of Australia
1338:. 23 July 1895. p. 1101.
817:for the first meeting of the
717:Governor-General of Australia
680:Governor-General of Australia
474:governor-general of Australia
82:Governor-General of Australia
1815:UK public library membership
1658:Paul, James Balfour (1907).
908:Immigration Restriction Bill
3723:Peers created by Edward VII
1173:(But my hope is not broken)
996:Governor of South Australia
974:complied with the request.
3744:
3663:Nobility from West Lothian
833:Conflict over the position
775:Premier of New South Wales
750:
30:The Marquess of Linlithgow
3629:
3053:
2999:
2682:
2627:
2571:
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2414:
2405:
2240:
2128:
2120:
2110:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2079:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2023:
2014:
2006:
1996:
1987:
1979:
1969:
1960:
1952:
1942:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1836:"Hope, John Adrian Loius"
855:Edward William Wallington
819:Federal Executive Council
656:In 1889 he was appointed
436:
273:
226:
158:
87:
75:
63:
3728:Secretaries for Scotland
3718:Marquesses of Linlithgow
2694:Secretaries for Scotland
1864:The Scottish Secretaries
1862:Torrance, David (2006).
1822:La Nauze, J. A. (1957).
815:Government House, Sydney
767:House of Representatives
1973:The Duke of Marlborough
1723:Encyclopædia Britannica
1692:Carroll, Brian (2004).
1412:Documenting a Democracy
1386:Documenting a Democracy
1083:, on 29 February 1908.
719:. In his submission to
3698:Knights of the Thistle
2104:Marquess of Linlithgow
2017:Secretary for Scotland
1866:. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
1853:Souter, Gavin (1976).
1807:10.1093/ref:odnb/33973
1169:
1069:Secretary for Scotland
1042:
1009:Marquess of Linlithgow
943:
846:
763:first federal election
689:
627:governorship of Madras
221:Secretary for Scotland
2172:Governors of Victoria
2000:The Earl of Clarendon
1846:Angus & Robertson
1696:. Sydney: Rosenberg.
1548:The Edinburgh Gazette
1335:The Edinburgh Gazette
1040:
942:Lord Hopetoun in 1902
941:
928:John 'Chummy' Fleming
840:
687:
574:Early life and career
538:became known as the "
432:Statesman, aristocrat
2753:Thomas McKinnon Wood
2214:Marquess of Normanby
2049:Governor of Victoria
1881:Wright, Don (1970).
1062:Cockburn Association
660:(and additionally a
658:Governor of Victoria
652:Governor of Victoria
609:on 18 October 1886,
536:caretaker government
478:Governor of Victoria
376:Lady Jacqueline Hope
153:Governor of Victoria
2748:Sinclair (Pentland)
2733:Balfour of Burleigh
2204:Viscount Canterbury
2124:John Alexander Hope
2034:Government offices
1956:Charles Seale Hayne
1093:
1055:W. Somerset Maugham
1012:, in the county of
480:from 1889 to 1895.
26:The Most Honourable
2292:Baron Huntingfield
2282:Earl of Stradbroke
1983:The Earl of Lathom
1946:The Lord Churchill
1921:Political offices
1857:. Sydney: Collins.
1486:. 8 February 1902.
1461:, pp. 219–225
1355:The London Gazette
1263:The London Gazette
1170:At spes non fracta
1113:, surmounted by a
1077:pernicious anaemia
1043:
944:
851:Official Secretary
847:
747:"Hopetoun Blunder"
725:Joseph Chamberlain
690:
497:Conservative Party
3640:
3639:
3103:Pleydell-Bouverie
3013:
3012:
2924:(post-devolution)
2580:
2579:
2365:
2364:
2267:Gibson-Carmichael
2139:
2138:
2111:Succeeded by
2083:The Lord Tennyson
2080:Succeeded by
2056:Succeeded by
2024:Succeeded by
1997:Succeeded by
1970:Succeeded by
1963:Paymaster General
1943:Succeeded by
1813:(Subscription or
1752:978-0-522-84459-7
1591:Missing or empty
1499:Missing or empty
1193:
1192:
1180:Full achievements
1111:terrestrial globe
792:John A. Macdonald
580:South Queensferry
578:Hope was born at
520:Paymaster General
440:
439:
373:Lord Charles Hope
296:South Queensferry
293:25 September 1860
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2789:(pre-devolution)
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2224:Earl of Hopetoun
2165:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2131:Earl of Hopetoun
2121:Preceded by
2059:The Lord Brassey
2039:Preceded by
2007:Preceded by
1990:Lord Chamberlain
1980:Preceded by
1953:Preceded by
1929:The Lord Thurlow
1926:Preceded by
1918:
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1136:, between three
1101:
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980:Viceroy of India
753:Hopetoun Blunder
698:Lord Chamberlain
694:privy councillor
636:and served as a
615:4th Baron Ventry
540:Hopetoun Blunder
524:Lord Chamberlain
485:Earl of Hopetoun
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638:Lord in Waiting
605:He married, in
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503:, and became a
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1873:978-1841584768
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751:Main article:
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2027:John Sinclair
2019:
2018:
2011:
2010:Andrew Murray
2005:
2001:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1965:
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1957:
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1787:0-86861-238-3
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1703:1-877058-21-1
1699:
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1690:
1689:
1682:
1681:public domain
1663:
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1647:
1646:public domain
1628:
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1612:
1606:
1603:
1598:
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1577:
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1563:
1562:Cunneen 1983b
1558:
1555:
1550:
1549:
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1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:Cunneen 1983b
1514:
1511:
1506:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
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1444:Cunneen 1983b
1440:
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1433:La Nauze 1957
1429:
1426:
1413:
1409:
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1400:
1387:
1383:
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1369:Cunneen 1983b
1365:
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1322:
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1317:Cunneen 1983b
1313:
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1298:
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1294:Cunneen 1983a
1290:
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1273:
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1021:Alfred Deakin
1017:
1015:
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1005:
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992:Lord Tennyson
989:
984:
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858:
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844:
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832:
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828:
822:
820:
816:
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808:
807:Edmund Barton
804:
803:Alfred Deakin
799:
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780:
779:Edmund Barton
776:
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764:
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731:
730:typhoid fever
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268:John Sinclair
266:
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256:Andrew Murray
254:
248:
245:
242:
236:
230:
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218:
215:
212:
206:
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194:
191:
190:George Turner
187:
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172:
168:
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157:
154:
149:
146:
145:Lord Tennyson
143:
137:
134:
133:
129:
123:
120:
119:Edmund Barton
117:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
91:
86:
83:
78:
74:
67:
62:
57:
50:
43:
36:
27:
22:
19:
3442:
3407:
3372:
3352:
3342:
3312:
3292:
3267:
3217:
2926:1999–present
2742:
2670:
2529:Hollingworth
2418:
2287:Baron Somers
2223:
2129:
2102:
2098:New creation
2097:
2071:
2066:
2047:
2015:
1988:
1961:
1934:
1906:
1882:
1863:
1854:
1839:
1823:
1796:
1777:
1736:
1721:
1693:
1666:. Retrieved
1660:
1653:
1631:. Retrieved
1625:
1619:
1605:
1593:|title=
1575:
1569:
1564:, p. 35
1557:
1546:
1537:
1530:Carroll 2004
1525:
1513:
1501:|title=
1484:The Bulletin
1483:
1478:
1473:, p. 36
1471:Carroll 2004
1466:
1446:, p. 10
1439:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1411:
1402:
1390:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1364:
1353:
1344:
1333:
1324:
1312:
1307:, p. 32
1305:Carroll 2004
1300:
1272:
1261:
1252:
1246:Cunneen 2011
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1204:
1066:
1059:
1044:
1024:
1018:
1007:
985:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
949:
945:
917:
912:Royal Assent
905:
901:
896:The Bulletin
888:
876:
867:
859:
848:
843:The Bulletin
842:
823:
800:
783:Constitution
771:William Lyne
756:
741:
710:
691:
674:
670:
666:
655:
631:
604:
592:Eton College
584:West Lothian
577:
552:
532:William Lyne
513:
507:in 1885 and
489:Eton College
482:
442:
441:
415:Eton College
328:Conservative
312:(1908-02-29)
300:West Lothian
263:Succeeded by
228:
214:Lord Brassey
209:Succeeded by
160:
140:Succeeded by
132:New position
130:
89:
70:Hope in 1902
18:
3708:Hope family
3658:1908 deaths
3653:1860 births
3273:Chamberlain
3223:Marlborough
3213:Seale-Hayne
3113:Donoughmore
2651:Queensberry
2114:Victor Hope
1911:1803–2005:
1543:"No. 11456"
1459:Wright 1970
1418:3 September
1392:3 September
1371:, p. 7
1350:"No. 27237"
1330:"No. 10694"
1279:, p. 4
1258:"No. 25974"
1233:, p. 3
1081:Pau, France
891:George Reid
827:George Reid
568:Lord Denman
559:marquessate
251:Preceded by
197:Preceded by
178:James Munro
126:Preceded by
3647:Categories
3448:Shackleton
3298:Sutherland
3093:Colchester
3068:Knatchbull
2976:Carmichael
2743:Linlithgow
2469:Gloucester
2454:Stonehaven
2342:de Kretser
2254:Federation
2181:Federation
2135:1873–1908
2108:1902–1908
2077:1901–1903
2067:New office
2053:1889–1895
1994:1898–1900
1967:1895–1899
1940:1886–1889
1844:. Sydney:
1817:required.)
1196:References
1151:Supporters
1123:Escutcheon
1033:Later life
1014:Linlithgow
1004:Edward VII
853:, Captain
787:federation
534:to form a
528:federation
429:Occupation
407:Alma mater
302:, Scotland
289:1860-09-25
107:Edward VII
3573:B. Gummer
3553:Primarolo
3513:Caithness
3508:P. Brooke
3498:J. Gummer
3493:Parkinson
3468:Macmillan
3428:H. Brooke
3393:Macdonald
3378:Greenwood
3348:Cranborne
3338:Winterton
3328:Hutchison
3323:Rochester
3253:Henderson
3193:Beauchamp
3183:Beauchamp
3178:Wolverton
3083:Granville
2966:Alexander
2949:Alexander
2791:1926–1999
2728:Trevelyan
2713:Dalhousie
2708:Trevelyan
2696:1885–1926
2676:Tweeddale
2666:Roxburghe
2639:1707–1746
2489:De L'Isle
2484:Dunrossil
2429:Northcote
2322:McCaughey
2307:Delacombe
1761:1833-7538
1584:cite news
1492:cite news
1216:5 January
1109:A broken
926:pioneer,
920:anarchist
621:, became
229:In office
202:Lord Loch
161:In office
90:In office
3593:Mordaunt
3563:F. Maude
3548:Robinson
3538:Willetts
3523:Belstead
3483:A. Maude
3478:Williams
3418:Maulding
3413:Monckton
3398:Cherwell
3383:Marquand
3368:Cherwell
3243:Strachie
3228:Crossley
3218:Hopetoun
3198:Brownlow
3158:Childers
3153:Dufferin
3078:Macaulay
2878:Campbell
2848:Woodburn
2843:Westwood
2838:Rosebery
2833:Johnston
2823:Colville
2808:Sinclair
2703:Richmond
2661:Montrose
2544:Cosgrove
2424:Tennyson
2419:Hopetoun
2327:McGarvie
1834:(1949).
1769:70677943
988:Brisbane
956:Victoria
884:Boer War
734:his wife
713:Victoria
594:and the
491:and the
362:Children
319:, France
151:7th
103:Victoria
99:Monarchs
80:1st
3568:Hancock
3403:Selkirk
3388:Addison
3333:Munster
3318:Walters
3288:Gosling
3263:Walters
3233:Causton
3208:Windsor
3188:Thurlow
3173:Plunket
3143:Monsell
3138:Goschen
3118:Lovaine
3098:Stanley
3088:Stanley
3063:Stanley
3058:Parnell
2981:Mundell
2943:Darling
2938:Liddell
2908:Forsyth
2898:Rifkind
2893:Younger
2813:Collins
2803:Adamson
2798:Gilmour
2778:Gilmour
2773:Adamson
2758:Tennant
2723:Lothian
2718:Balfour
2534:Jeffery
2514:Stephen
2499:Hasluck
2449:Forster
2357:Gardner
2347:Chernov
2312:Winneke
2277:Stanley
2199:Darling
2179:Before
1908:Hansard
1668:26 June
1633:26 June
1138:bezants
1131:chevron
1129:, on a
1115:rainbow
811:cabinet
796:Ontario
737:malaria
499:in the
387:Parents
356:
348:
344:
170:Premier
3588:Dowden
3583:Norman
3578:Stride
3558:Jowell
3503:Clarke
3463:Eccles
3443:vacant
3408:vacant
3373:vacant
3363:Jowitt
3358:Hankey
3353:vacant
3343:vacant
3313:vacant
3308:Arnold
3303:Onslow
3293:vacant
3268:vacant
3248:Newton
3203:Jersey
3128:Cowper
3123:Wilson
3073:Baring
3001:*Also
2991:Murray
2961:Murphy
2955:Browne
2888:Millan
2863:Maclay
2858:Stuart
2853:McNeil
2818:Elliot
2738:Murray
2671:Vacant
2554:Mostyn
2549:Hurley
2519:Hayden
2474:McKell
2464:Gowrie
2459:Isaacs
2439:Denman
2434:Dudley
2352:Dessau
2317:Murray
2302:Brooks
2272:Fuller
2262:Talbot
2252:After
2234:Clarke
2194:Barkly
2189:Hotham
1889:
1870:
1811:
1784:
1767:
1759:
1749:
1700:
1160:anchor
1144:leaf,
1142:laurel
1118:proper
773:, the
704:and a
619:Victor
607:London
334:Spouse
3608:Philp
3603:Argar
3598:Ellis
3543:Bates
3518:Ryder
3458:Lever
3423:Mills
3238:Ashby
2971:Moore
2913:Dewar
2868:Noble
2828:Brown
2768:Novar
2763:Munro
2539:Bryce
2524:Deane
2509:Cowen
2494:Casey
2337:Landy
2332:Gobbo
2297:Dugan
2209:Bowen
2021:1905
1165:Motto
1127:Azure
1106:Crest
924:union
467:
465:,
460:
458:,
453:
451:,
350:(
346:
54:
52:,
47:
45:,
40:
38:,
3618:Glen
3613:Quin
3528:Cope
3473:Dell
3453:Hart
3438:Wigg
3168:Cave
3163:Adam
3148:Cave
3133:Hutt
3108:Lowe
3005:; **
2986:Jack
2933:Reid
2903:Lang
2883:Ross
2873:Ross
2504:Kerr
2479:Slim
2219:Loch
1887:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1765:OCLC
1757:ISSN
1747:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1670:2022
1635:2022
1597:help
1505:help
1420:2011
1394:2011
1218:2021
1156:Hope
1146:vert
1140:, a
1087:Arms
954:and
922:and
732:and
522:and
462:GCVO
455:GCMG
307:Died
283:Born
49:GCVO
42:GCMG
3488:Pym
2656:Mar
2646:Mar
1803:doi
1079:at
794:of
640:to
317:Pau
3649::
2957:**
1838:.
1763:.
1755:.
1745:.
1735:.
1720:.
1588::
1586:}}
1582:{{
1545:.
1496::
1494:}}
1490:{{
1451:^
1410:.
1384:.
1352:.
1332:.
1284:^
1260:.
1238:^
1182::
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