John Harrison - Knowledge (XXG)

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time as evidence that the chronometers were not widely used. However, Landes points out that the chronometers lasted for decades and did not need to be replaced frequently–indeed the number of makers of marine chronometers reduced over time due to the ease in supplying the demand even as the merchant marine expanded. Also, many merchant mariners would make do with a deck chronometer at half the price. These were not as accurate as the boxed marine chronometer but were adequate for many. While the Lunar Distances method would complement and rival the marine chronometer initially, the chronometer would overtake it in the 19th century. The more accurate Harrison timekeeping device led to the much-needed precise calculation of

948: 1027:. A balance-brake, activated by the position of the fusee, stops the watch half an hour before it is completely run down, in order that the remontoire does not run down also. Temperature compensation is in the form of a 'compensation curb' (or 'Thermometer Kirb' as Harrison called it). This takes the form of a bimetallic strip mounted on the regulating slide, and carrying the curb pins at the free end. During its initial testing, Harrison dispensed with this regulation using the slide, but left its indicating dial or figure piece in place. This first watch took six years to construct, following which the Board of Longitude determined to trial it on a voyage from Portsmouth to Kingston, 1133:. He obtained an audience with the King, who was extremely annoyed with the Board. King George tested the watch No. 2 (H5) himself at the palace and after ten weeks of daily observations between May and July in 1772, found it to be accurate to within one third of one second per day. King George then advised Harrison to petition Parliament for the full prize after threatening to appear in person to dress them down. Finally in 1773, when he was 80 years old, Harrison received a monetary award in the amount of £8,750 from Parliament for his achievements, but he never received the official award (which was never awarded to anyone). He was to survive for just three more years. 1386: 662: 855: 700:, a problem which affects steel balance springs. Sully's clock kept accurate time only in calm weather, however, because the balance oscillations were affected by the pitching and rolling of the ship. Still, his clocks were among the first serious attempts to find longitude by improving the accuracy of timekeeping at sea. Harrison's machines, though much larger, are of similar layout: H3 has a vertically mounted balance wheel and is linked to another wheel of the same size, an arrangement that eliminates problems arising from the ship's motion. 491: 234: 1204:, who, while basing his design on Harrison's most important principles, at the same time simplified it enough for him to produce equally accurate but far less costly marine chronometers in quantity from around 1783. Nonetheless, for many years even towards the end of the 18th century, chronometers were expensive rarities, as their adoption and use proceeded slowly due to the high expense of precision manufacturing. The expiry of Arnold's patents at the end of the 1790s enabled many other watchmakers including 1129:

factored out when measuring longitude. Consequently, this first Marine Watch of Harrison's failed the needs of the Board despite the fact that it had succeeded in two previous trials. Harrison began working on his second 'sea watch' (H5) while testing was conducted on the first, which Harrison felt was being held hostage by the Board. After three years he had had enough; Harrison felt "extremely ill used by the gentlemen who I might have expected better treatment from" and decided to enlist the aid of King

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considerable work and calculation in order to use. At a meeting of the Board in 1765 the results were presented, but they again attributed the accuracy of the measurements to luck. Once again the matter reached Parliament, which offered £10,000 in advance and the other half once he turned over the design to other watchmakers to duplicate. In the meantime Harrison's watch would have to be turned over to the Astronomer Royal for long-term on-land testing.

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their backs are shaped to cycloidal curves... The action of this escapement is quite different from that of the verge, which it appears to resemble. In that escapement, the teeth of the crown wheel act only upon the faces of the pallets. But in this, as will be seen from the points of the teeth rest, for a considerable portion of the supplementary arc—from 90° to 145° (limit of banking) past the dead point—upon the

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and another of a smaller size but similar pattern. However, only the larger No. 1 watch (or "H4" as it is sometimes called) appears to have ever been finished (see the reference to "H4" below). Aided by some of London's finest workmen, he proceeded to design and make the world's first successful marine timekeeper that allowed a navigator to accurately assess his ship's position in

2915: 1067:, reaching England on 26 March 1762 to report the successful outcome of the experiment. Harrison senior thereupon waited for the £20,000 prize, but the Board were persuaded that the accuracy could have been just luck and demanded another trial. The Board were also not convinced that a timekeeper which took six years to construct met the test of practicality required by the 458:, it was almost frictionless, requiring no lubrication because the pallets were made from wood. This was an important advantage at a time when lubricants and their degradation were little understood. In his earlier work on sea clocks, Harrison was continually assisted, both financially and in many other ways, by the watchmaker and instrument maker 808:, a characteristic that affected its accuracy. The engineering world was not to fully understand the properties of springs for such applications for another two centuries. Despite that it had proved a very valuable experiment and much was learned from its construction. Certainly with this machine Harrison left the world two enduring legacies–the 788:, and the mechanism was deemed too important to risk falling into Spanish hands. In any event, Harrison suddenly abandoned all work on this second machine when he discovered a serious design flaw in the concept of the bar balances. He had not recognized that the period of oscillation of the bar balances could be affected by the 735:, the country's foremost clockmaker. Graham must have been impressed by Harrison's ideas, for he loaned him money to build a model of his "Sea clock". As the clock was an attempt to make a seagoing version of his wooden pendulum clocks, which performed exceptionally well, he used wooden wheels, roller 982:

In comparison, the verge's escapement has a recoil with a limited balance arc and is sensitive to variations in driving torque. According to a review by H. M. Frodsham of the movement in 1878, H4's escapement had "a good deal of 'set' and not so much recoil, and as a result the impulse came very near

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The escapement is a modification of the "verge" fitted to... the common watches of Harrison's day. But the modifications are extensive. The pallets are very small, and have their faces set parallel, instead of at the usual angle of 95° or so. Moreover, instead of being steel, they are of diamond, and

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to the 1920s, and which included detailed descriptions of Harrison's work and the subsequent evolution of the chronometer. The book remains the authoritative work on the marine chronometer. Today the restored H1, H2, H3, and H4 timepieces can be seen on display in the Royal Observatory at Greenwich.

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reached its destination, after correction for the initial error of 3 seconds and accumulated loss of 3 minutes 36.5 seconds at the daily rate over the 81 days and 5 hours of the voyage, the watch was found to be 5 seconds slow compared to the known longitude of Kingston, corresponding to an error in

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of the pallets, and tend to assist the balance towards the extreme of its swing and to retard its return. This escapement is obviously a great improvement upon the verge, as the train has far less power over the motions of the balance. The latter is no longer checked in its swing by a force equal to

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for further study. It was found that Clock B could potentially meet Harrison's original claim, so the clock's design was carefully checked and adjusted. Finally, over a 100-day period from 6 January to 17 April 2015, Clock B was secured in a transparent case in the Royal Observatory and left to run

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Initially, the cost of these chronometers was quite high (roughly 30% of a ship's cost). However, over time, the costs dropped to between £25 and £100 (half a year's to two years' salary for a skilled worker) in the early 19th century. Many historians point to relatively low production volumes over

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In total, Harrison received £23,065 for his work on chronometers. He received £4,315 in increments from the Board of Longitude for his work, £10,000 as an interim payment for H4 in 1765 and £8,750 from Parliament in 1773. This gave him a reasonable income for most of his life (equivalent to roughly

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is highly complex for the period, resembling a larger version of the then-current conventional movement. A coiled steel spring inside a brass mainspring barrel provides 30 hours of power. That is covered by the fusee barrel which pulls a chain wrapped around the conically shaped pulley known as the

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Harrison spent seventeen years working on this third "sea clock", but despite every effort it did not perform exactly as he had wished. The problem was that, because Harrison did not fully understand the physics behind the springs used to control the balance wheels, the timing of the wheels was not

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This was not the transatlantic voyage stipulated by the Board of Longitude in their conditions for winning the prize, but the Board was impressed enough to grant Harrison £500 for further development. Harrison had moved to London by 1737 and went on to develop H2, a more compact and rugged version.

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clock as methods of determining longitude, with both types producing inconsistent results. Newton observed that "a good watch may serve to keep a reckoning at sea for some days and to know the time of a celestial observation; and for this end a good Jewel may suffice till a better sort of watch can

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One of the controversial claims of his last years was that of being able to build a land clock more accurate than any competing design. Specifically, he claimed to have designed a clock capable of keeping accurate time to within one second over a span of 100 days. At the time, such publications as

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The timepieces were in a highly decrepit state and Gould spent many years documenting, repairing and restoring them, without compensation for his efforts. Gould was the first to designate the timepieces from H1 to H5, initially calling them No.1 to No.5. Unfortunately, Gould made modifications and

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of Harrison's design which enabled the watch to continue running whilst being wound. These features led to the very successful performance of the "Jefferys" watch, which Harrison incorporated into the design of two new timekeepers which he proposed to build. These were in the form of a large watch

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but more importantly a tougher and more highly polished cylinder escapement to be produced. Harrison then realized that a mere watch after all could be made accurate enough for the task and was a far more practical proposition for use as a marine timekeeper. He proceeded to redesign the concept of

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on his return from Barbados, and was therefore also placed on the Board of Longitude. He returned a report of the watch that was negative, claiming that its "going rate" (the amount of time it gained or lost per day) was due to inaccuracies cancelling themselves out, and refused to allow it to be

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Troy grains (1.85 g) and the vibrations controlled by a flat spiral steel spring of three turns with a long straight tail. The spring is tapered, being thicker at the stud end and tapering toward the collet at the centre. The movement also has centre seconds motion with a sweep seconds hand.

208:, though Harrison never received the full reward due to political rivalries. He presented his first design in 1730, and worked over many years on improved designs, making several advances in time-keeping technology, finally turning to what were called sea watches. Harrison gained support from the 1105:

and test the Lunar Distances system. Once again the watch proved extremely accurate, keeping time to within 39 seconds, corresponding to an error in the longitude of Bridgetown of less than 10 miles (16 km). Maskelyne's measures were also fairly good, at 30 miles (48 km), but required

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By the early 19th century, navigation at sea without one was considered unwise to unthinkable. Using a chronometer to aid navigation simply saved lives and ships – the insurance industry, self-interest, and common sense did the rest in making the device a universal tool of maritime trade.

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Harrison set out to solve the problem directly, by producing a reliable clock that could keep the time of the reference place accurately over long intervals without having to constantly adjust it. The difficulty was in producing a clock that was not affected by variations in

439:, as the centrepiece of a permanent display dedicated to John Harrison's achievements. The exhibition, "John Harrison: The Clockmaker Who Changed the World", opened on 23 January 2014. It was the first longitude-related event marking the tercentenary of the Longitude Act. 1042:. The watch was tested before departure by Robertson, Master of the Academy at Portsmouth, who reported that on 6 November 1761 at noon it was 3 seconds slow, having lost 24 seconds in 9 days on mean solar time. The daily rate of the watch was therefore fixed as losing 990:, approximately 2 mm long with the curved side radius of 0.6 mm, a considerable feat of manufacture at the time. For technical reasons the balance was made much larger than in a conventional watch of the period, 2.2 inches (56 mm) in diameter weighing 1708:

is about Harrison's forty-year quest to produce an accurate clock. Graham worked simultaneously on the brass band and wind band versions of the piece, which received their first performances just four months apart in October 2000 and February 2001 respectively.

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had almost 1,000 ships. By 1840, this number had reduced to only 200. Even though the navy only officially equipped their vessels with chronometers after 1825, this shows that the number of chronometers required by the navy was shrinking in the early 19th

1137:£450,000 per year in 2007, though all his costs, such as materials and subcontracting work to other horologists, had to come out of this). He became the equivalent of a multi-millionaire (in today's terms) in the final decade of his life. Captain 1090:. The Moon moves fast enough, some thirteen degrees a day, to easily measure the movement from day to day. By comparing the angle between the Moon and the Sun for the day one left for Britain, the "proper position" (how it would appear in 1513:

untouched, apart from regular winding. Upon completion of the run, the clock was measured to have lost only 5/8 of a second, meaning Harrison's design was fundamentally sound. If we ignore the fact that this clock uses materials such as

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A Description concerning such Mechanism as will afford a nice, or true Mensuration of Time; together with Some Account of the Attempts for the Discovery of the Longitude by the Moon; and also An Account of the Discovery of the Scale of

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line (line of constant longitude) in two metals to highlight Harrison's most widespread invention, the bimetallic strip thermometer. The strip is engraved with its own longitude of 0 degrees, 7 minutes and 35 seconds West.

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that ranges from 0° at the prime meridian to +180° eastward and −180° westward. Knowledge of a ship's east–west position is essential when approaching land. Over long voyages, cumulative errors in estimates of position by

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unavailable to Harrison, had it been built in 1762, the date of Harrison's testing of his H4, and run continuously since then without correction, it would now (September 2024) be slow by just 9 minutes and 59 seconds.

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The Third Wheel is equipped with internal teeth and has an elaborate bridge similar to the pierced and engraved bridge for the period. It runs at 5 beats (ticks) per second, and is equipped with a tiny

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fusee. The fusee is topped by the winding square (requiring separate key). The great wheel attached to the base of this fusee transmits power to the rest of the movement. The fusee contains the

927:. Importantly, Harrison showed everyone that it could be done by using a watch to calculate longitude. This was to be Harrison's masterpiece – an instrument of beauty, resembling an oversized 2942: 913:

1752–1753. This watch incorporated a novel frictional rest escapement and was not only the first to have a compensation for temperature variations but also contained the first miniature

800:). It was this that led him to adopt circular balances in the Third Sea Clock (H3). The Board granted him another £500 and while waiting for the war to end, he proceeded to work on H3. 393:

On 30 August 1718, John Harrison married Elizabeth Barret at Barrow-upon-Humber church. After her death in 1726, he married Elizabeth Scott on 23 November 1726, at the same church.

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praised the design. The master noted that his own calculations had placed the ship sixty miles east of its true landfall which had been correctly predicted by Harrison using H1.

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Harrison was a man of many skills and he used these to systematically improve the performance of the pendulum clock. He invented the gridiron pendulum, consisting of alternating

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Harrison's solution revolutionized navigation and greatly increased the safety of long-distance sea travel. The problem he solved had been considered so important following the

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Many ideas were proposed for how to determine longitude during a sea voyage. Earlier methods attempted to compare local time with the known time at a reference place, such as

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H1, H2, and H3 still work: H4 is kept in a stopped state because, unlike the first three, it requires oil for lubrication and so will degrade as it runs. H5 is owned by the

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kept time just as accurately as his huge sea clocks. It is possible that Mudge was able to do this after the early 1740s thanks to the availability of the new "Huntsman" or

469:, who championed Harrison and his work. The support was important to Harrison, as he was supposed to have found it difficult to communicate his ideas in a coherent manner. 1591: 1933: 520: 263: 1665:". The plot concerns the discovery and subsequent sale at auction of Harrison's Lesser Watch H6. The fictional watch was auctioned off at Sotheby's for £6.2 million. 881:

After steadfastly pursuing various methods during thirty years of experimentation, Harrison found to his surprise that some of the watches made by Graham's successor

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and iron rods assembled in such a way that the thermal expansions and contractions essentially cancel each other out. Another example of his inventive genius was the

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after Proctor died at Lisbon on 4 October 1736. The clock lost time on the outward voyage. However, it performed well on the return trip: both the captain and the

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dedicated to Harrison on the wall of Summit House, a 1925 modernist office block, on the south side of the square. A memorial tablet to Harrison was unveiled in

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Mörzer Bruyns, Willem F. J. (1993). "The Astronomical Clocks of Andreas Hohwü: A Checklist". In Anderson, R. G. W.; Bennett, J. A.; Ryan, W. F. (eds.).

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were controlled by a weight at the end of a pivoted horizontal lever attached to the balance by a cord. This solution avoided temperature error due to

2928: 3138: 3183: 3168: 1038:, which set sail from Portsmouth on 18 November 1761. Harrison, by then 68 years old, sent it on this transatlantic trial in the care of his son, 2858: 1336:, unveiled in 2008, is a homage by the designer to Harrison's work but is of an electromechanical design. In appearance it features Harrison's 2656: 3163: 2812: 2761: 2590: 2401: 842: 212:

in building and testing his designs. Towards the end of his life, he received recognition and a reward from Parliament. He came 39th in the

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A true and short, but full Account of the Foundation of Musick, or, as principally therein, of the Existence of the Natural Notes of Melody

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ridiculed Harrison for what was considered an outlandish claim. Harrison drew a design but never built such a clock himself, but in 1970

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that which originally impelled it, but by the balance spring, assisted only by the friction between the tooth and the back of the pallet.

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Harrison's first "sea watch" (now known as H4) is housed in silver pair cases some 5.2 inches (13 cm) in diameter. The clock's

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Harrison died on 24 March 1776, at the age of eighty-two, just shy of his eighty-third birthday. He was buried in the graveyard of

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in 1713, at the age of 20. The mechanism was made entirely of wood. Three of Harrison's early wooden clocks have survived:

2863: 1200:, making the device a fundamental key to the modern age. After Harrison, the marine timekeeper was reinvented yet again by 1289:, in north London, along with his second wife Elizabeth and later their son William. His tomb was restored in 1879 by the 197: 182: 58: 2859:

Excerpt from: Time Restored: The Story of the Harrison Timekeepers and R.T. Gould, 'The Man who Knew (almost) Everything'

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Harrison's marine time-keepers were an essential part of the plot in the 1996 Christmas special of long-running British

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He had already in the early 1750s designed a precision watch for his own use, which was made for him by the watchmaker

750:. The clock was the first proposal that the Board considered to be worthy of a sea trial. In 1736, Harrison sailed to 503: 246: 3173: 3143: 3100: 3028: 2988: 2980: 1740: 1639: 1401: 1130: 830: 201: 1962: 1782: 513: 507: 499: 256: 250: 242: 1484:. His theories on the mathematics of bell manufacturing (using "Radical Numbers") are yet to be clearly understood. 3158: 3148: 3060: 2828:

Published in Honour of John Harrison on the Occasion of the Unveiling of his Memorial in the Abbey on 24 March 2006

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wrote the piano piece "Harrison's clocks" which contains musical depictions of Harrison's various clocks. Composer

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The Illustrated Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time

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Mörzer Bruyns identifies a recession starting around 1857 that depressed shipping and the need for chronometers.

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has declared Martin Burgess' Clock B the "most accurate mechanical clock with a pendulum swinging in free air."

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outer case with small glass windows on each side of the movement so that the wooden workings may be inspected.

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Number 1 is in a private collection. Until 2004, it belonged to the Time Museum (USA), which closed in 2000.

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the third (1717) is at Nostell Priory in Yorkshire, the face bearing the inscription "John Harrison Barrow".

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Making Instruments Count: Essays on Historical Scientific Instruments Presented to Gerard L'Estrange Turner

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longitude of 1.25 minutes, or approximately one nautical mile. William Harrison returned aboard the 14-gun

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was offering financial rewards of up to £20,000 (equivalent to £3.97 million in 2024) under the 1714

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Leeds Museums and Galleries "Secret Life of Objects" blog, John Harrison's precision pendulum-clock No. 2

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It took Harrison five years to build his first sea clock (or H1). He demonstrated it to members of the

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Park, North Lincolnshire. The clock still works, and like his previous clocks has a wooden movement of

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and a great loss of life. Avoiding such disasters became vital in Harrison's lifetime, in an era when

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At the time of this second trial, another method for measuring longitude was ready for testing: the

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in 1975, while Clock B lay unfinished in his workshop for decades until it was acquired in 2009 by

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24 March] 1693 – 24 March 1776) was an English carpenter and clockmaker who invented the

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Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time

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Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time

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that was vertically mounted on friction rollers and impulsed by a frictional rest Debaufre-type

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fixes the location of a place on Earth east or west of a north–south reference line called the

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Harrison's precision pendulum-clock No. 2, 1727, on the BBC's "A History of the World" website

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from the period. It is engraved with Harrison's signature, marked Number 1 and dated AD 1759.

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In 1741, after three years of building and two of on-land testing, H2 was ready, but by then

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Time restored: The Harrison Timekeepers and R.T. Gould, the man who knew (almost) everything

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Woodcut of cross section of English longcase (grandfather) clock movement from the mid-1800s

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On the corner of Dane Street there is a Blue Plaque dedicated to John Harrison (1693–1776)

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In 1767, the Board of Longitude published a detailed description of Harrison's H4 watch:

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be found out. But when longitude at sea is lost, it cannot be found again by any watch".

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that was designed to determine longitude: this was in the form of a clock with a large

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to produce chronometers in greater quantities at less cost even than those of Arnold.

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the watch as a timekeeping device, basing his design on sound scientific principles.

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that were themselves reliant on the predictable nature of the motions of different

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to amuse himself and he spent hours listening to it and studying its moving parts.

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Rees's Clocks Watches and Chronometers, 1819–20, David & Charles reprint 1970

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and travelled to London, seeking financial assistance. He presented his ideas to

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action of the ship (when the ship turned upon its vertical axis, such as when "

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on 24 March 2006, finally recognising him as a worthy companion to his friend

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John Harrison and the Longitude Problem, at the National Maritime Museum site

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In the final years of his life, John Harrison wrote about his research into

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The Inventor of the Marine Chronometer: John Harrison of Foulby (1693-1776)

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in his spare time. Legend has it that at the age of six, while in bed with

330:. Following his father's trade as a carpenter, Harrison built and repaired 1959: 1934:"Who was the British clockmaker who completely revolutionised navigation?" 424:, again with the movements and longcase made of oak and lignum vitae. The 318:

estate. A house on the site of what may have been the family home bears a

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Captain James Cook, Richard Hough, Holder and Stroughton 1994.pp 192–193

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Number 3 is in the collection of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers'.

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The Perfectionists - How Precision Engineers Created the Modern World

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The Principles of Mr. Harrison's Time-Keeper, with Plates of the Same

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Harrison M. Frodsham, 'Some Materials for a Resume of Remontoires',

416:. Between 1725 and 1728, John and his brother James, also a skilled 1626:. It was broadcast in the US later in the same year by co-producer 1369:

In February 2020, a bronze statue of John Harrison was unveiled in

1518: 1384: 1219: 1108: 946: 938: 660: 601: 586: 573: 476: 447: 339: 331: 297: 2408:

This book has a table showing that at the peak just prior to the

1145:, a copy of H4, on his second and third voyages, having used the 2232:

The Royal Navy: A History From the Earliest Times to the Present

163: 2924: 2308:

Time Under Sail: The Very Human Story of the Marine Chronometer

1472:

ratios and in consequence all music using this tuning produces

1293:, even though Harrison had never been a member of the Company. 986:

The D-shaped pallets of Harrison's escapement are both made of

719:. In 1730, Harrison designed a marine clock to compete for the 484: 405: 227: 213: 2482:"Train naming tribute to world famous inventor John Harrison" 1724:. Avignon: veuve François Girard & François Seguin. 1767. 1412:

repairs that would not pass today's standards of good museum

44:

Thomas King's 1767 portrait of John Harrison, located at the

1188:, and then passed through several hands before reaching the 951:

Drawings of Harrison's H4 chronometer of 1761, published in

761:

under the command of Captain George Proctor and returned on

428:

was developed during this period. Of these longcase clocks:

396:

In the early 1720s, Harrison was commissioned to make a new

2853: 1457: 604:, based on a simple theory that had first been proposed by 2234:. Vol. 3. London: Sampson, Low, Marston and Company. 345:

He also had a fascination with music, eventually becoming

375:

The second (1715) is also in the Science Museum in London

1976: 1974: 668:'s clock (Fig.1) with escapement (Fig.2) and shipboard 1604:

became the first popular bestseller on the subject of

1462:

A Description Concerning Such Mechanism ... (CSM)

1855:"John Harrison: Timekeeper to Nostell and the world!" 877:

Harrison's "sea watch" No. 1 (H4), with winding crank

2379:

John Arnold & Son, Chronometer Makers, 1762–1843

1590:

symposium on the longitude problem organized by the

2864:

UK Telegraph: 'Clock from 1776 just goes on and on'

2161:

The Marine Chronometer. Its History and Development

1911:. Wakefield Historical Publications. pp. 6–8. 1536: 1490:

The London Review of English and Foreign Literature

1031:. For this purpose it was placed aboard the 50-gun 156: 133: 107: 99: 80: 53: 30: 2781: 2773:The Church Bells of the County and City of Lincoln 2099:The Ferrous Metallurgy of Early Clocks and Watches 1592:National Association of Watch and Clock Collectors 1464:. The system challenged the traditional view that 1124:Unfortunately, Nevil Maskelyne had been appointed 893:sometime in the early 1740s, which enabled harder 1830:"John Harrison | British horologist | Britannica" 1400:, Harrison's timepieces were rediscovered at the 2585:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 464. 1824: 1822: 1429:of London, and was previously on display at the 512:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 322:. Around 1700, the Harrison family moved to the 255:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 970: 593:were increasing dramatically around the world. 2807:. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. 23–52. 2272:. London, England: W. Richardson and S. Clark. 1113:Harrison's Chronometer H5, (Collection of the 2936: 2826:. London: Worshipful Company of Clockmakers. 1668:The song "John Harrison's Hands", written by 1504:. The completed Clock B was submitted to the 716:Une Horloge inventée et executée par M. Sulli 189:, a long-sought-after device for solving the 8: 2888:Account of John Harrison and his chronometer 2854:John 'Longitude' Harrison and musical tuning 714: 704: 2780:Sobel, Dava; Andrewes, Willam J.H. (1998). 2138:The principles of Mr Harrison's time-keeper 1688:. It was also covered by the British band 1638:as Gould. Sobel's book was the basis for a 953:The principles of Mr Harrison's time-keeper 462:. Harrison was introduced to Graham by the 2943: 2929: 2921: 2871:Longitude pioneer was not a 'lone genius', 2775:. Leicester: Samuel Clark. pp. 60–61. 1530:In literature, television, drama and music 1362:celebrated his 325th birthday by making a 351:Church of Holy Trinity, Barrow upon Humber 38: 27: 19:For other people named John Harrison, see 2512:"Northern Honours Inventor John Harrison" 2431:. Aldershot: Varorium. pp. 454–470. 2345: 2343: 2225: 2223: 2026:John Harrison: the man who found longitud 1184:until 1808, when it was given to Captain 821:Harrison's first three marine timekeepers 543:Learn how and when to remove this message 286:Learn how and when to remove this message 2150: 2148: 2146: 1775:"The British Longitude Act Reconsidered" 1231: 872: 2266:The Commissioners of Longitude (1767). 2251: 2249: 1765: 1476:. In 2002, Harrison's last manuscript, 826: 2604: 2602: 2381:. The Antiquarian Horological Society. 1960:Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry 1533: 2848:Lost at Sea, the Search for Longitude 1647:Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude 1373:. The statue was created by sculptor 692:. Very unconventionally, the balance 676:In the 1720s, the English clockmaker 191:problem of how to calculate longitude 7: 3189:British scientific instrument makers 2707:"Hooky Street: Watches & Clocks" 1598:wrote a book about Harrison's work. 1406:Lieutenant Commander Rupert T. Gould 1276:in London, and a modern memorial in 1149:on his first voyage. K1 was made by 943:The clockwork in Harrison's H4 watch 2295:(4). Captain Cook Society: 222–224. 2113:"Harrison's Marine timekeeper (H4)" 2073:"Harrison's Marine timekeeper (H3)" 2048:"Harrison's Marine timekeeper (H2)" 2000:"Harrison's Marine timekeeper (H1)" 848:Harrison's second sea clock, the H2 703:In 1716, Sully presented his first 46:Science and Society Picture Library 2788:. New York: Walker Publishing Co. 2285:"Solving the Problem of Longitude" 1224:Bronze statue of John Harrison in 860:Harrison's third sea clock, the H3 836:Harrison's first sea clock, the H1 644:. Huygens ran trials using both a 14: 2306:Varzeliotis, A.N. Thomas (1998). 1427:Worshipful Company of Clockmakers 1291:Worshipful Company of Clockmakers 1115:Worshipful Company of Clockmakers 983:to a double chronometer action". 386:room of this stately home, has a 366:Worshipful Company of Clockmakers 2913: 2822:Wolfendale, Arnold, ed. (2006). 2732:"An Interview with Peter Graham" 2538:"John Harrison's 325th Birthday" 1692:and appears on their 2016 album 1565: 1542: 1460:), is described in his pamphlet 1258: 1247: 853: 841: 829: 489: 420:, made at least three precision 232: 3139:Burials at St John-at-Hampstead 2555:Waller, Jamie (31 March 2020). 2488:. 26 April 2014. Archived from 2396:. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 1932:Sommerlad, Joe (3 April 2018). 1859:BBC Bradford and West Yorkshire 1680:. The song has been covered by 1304:district of London. There is a 746:who spoke on his behalf to the 3184:Recipients of the Copley Medal 3169:People from Barrow upon Humber 2655:McKie, Robin (18 April 2015). 2230:Clowes, William Laird (1898). 2028:. London: Baker. p. 233. 1684:, appearing on his album 2011 1448:and manufacturing methods for 1153:, who had been apprenticed to 786:War of the Austrian Succession 731:, who in turn referred him to 657:First three marine timekeepers 21:John Harrison (disambiguation) 16:English clockmaker (1693–1776) 1: 2756:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 2191:, Vol. 20 (1877-78), p120-122 1676:, appeared on the 2001 album 1551:interview with Dava Sobel on 1480:, was rediscovered in the US 910: 784:was at war with Spain in the 198:Scilly naval disaster of 1707 3164:English watchmakers (people) 2897:Building an Impossible Clock 2873:The Independent, 31 May 2009 2754:The Man Who Made Time Travel 1752:The Island of the Day Before 1696:. In 1998, British composer 1391:Royal Observatory, Greenwich 1296:Harrison's last home was 12 1180:. It was not recovered from 672:suspension mechanism (Fig.7) 481:Longitude lines on the globe 382:The Nostell example, in the 3134:18th-century English people 3029:John Theophilus Desaguliers 2989:John Theophilus Desaguliers 2981:John Theophilus Desaguliers 2912:(public domain audiobooks) 2097:Wayman, Michael L. (2000). 1741:Lunar distance (navigation) 1402:Royal Greenwich Observatory 1287:St John's Church, Hampstead 364:the first (1713) is in the 216:'s 2002 public poll of the 3205: 2899:Shayla Love, 19 Jan 2016, 2803:Winchester, Simon (2019). 2737:(Interview). BASBWE. 2002. 1805:"100 great British heroes" 589:and the need for accurate 554: 306:John Harrison was born in 18: 2959: 2892:Cambridge Digital Library 2350:Landes, David S. (1983). 2283:Burkholder, Ruth (1983). 1630:. The production starred 1620:in 1999, under the title 1610:The Illustrated Longitude 1571:Presentation by Sobel on 1564: 1541: 1404:by retired naval officer 1353:John 'Longitude' Harrison 1268:Memorials to Harrison; a 1172:, but it was retained by 1161:was loaned to Lieutenant 1088:Method of Lunar Distances 713:and in 1726 he published 642:method of lunar distances 610:astronomical observations 356:Harrison built his first 172: 149: 37: 3179:Engineers from Yorkshire 2581:Betts, Jonathan (2006). 2377:Mercer, Vaudrey (1972). 2167:. London: J. D. Potter. 2117:National Maritime Museum 2077:National Maritime Museum 2052:National Maritime Museum 2024:Quill, Humphrey (1966). 2004:National Maritime Museum 1506:National Maritime Museum 1190:National Maritime Museum 608:. The methods relied on 498:This section includes a 312:West Riding of Yorkshire 241:This section includes a 124:Longitude by chronometer 73:West Riding of Yorkshire 2752:Lasky, Kathryn (2003). 1986:18 October 2007 at the 1586:In 1995, inspired by a 1452:. His tuning system (a 1176:following the infamous 1098:was asked to accompany 527:more precise citations. 270:more precise citations. 61:24 March] 1693 2906:Works by John Harrison 2771:North, Thomas (1882). 2454:"Summit House, London" 1981:A Chronology of Clocks 1907:Whittle, Eric (1984). 1721:Principes de la montre 1678:Outlaws & Dreamers 1524:Guinness World Records 1439:Science Museum, London 1418:The Marine Chronometer 1393: 1338:grasshopper escapement 1240: 1229: 1121: 1119:Science Museum, London 1083:to settle the matter. 980: 956: 944: 878: 715: 705: 673: 482: 452:grasshopper escapement 414:grasshopper escapement 303: 120:Grasshopper escapement 3037:Christopher Middleton 2824:Harrison in the Abbey 2516:northernrail.org/news 1886:. New York: Penguin. 1807:. BBC. 21 August 2002 1658:Only Fools And Horses 1616:4 episode series for 1474:low-frequency beating 1414:conservation practice 1388: 1347:named diesel railcar 1235: 1223: 1147:lunar distance method 1112: 950: 942: 876: 711:Académie des Sciences 664: 480: 301: 2685:"Longitude © (1999)" 2486:Scunthorpe Telegraph 1965:23 June 2009 at the 1880:Sobel, Dava (1995). 1736:History of longitude 1456:system derived from 1238:St John-at-Hampstead 814:caged roller bearing 572:. It is given as an 557:History of longitude 218:100 Greatest Britons 3154:English clockmakers 2392:King, Dean (2000). 2189:Horological Journal 2034:1966jhmw.book.....Q 1861:. BBC. 8 April 2009 1785:on 20 February 2012 1773:William E. Carter. 1698:Harrison Birtwistle 1614:Granada Productions 1482:Library of Congress 1431:Clockmakers' Museum 1236:Harrison's tomb at 1216:Death and memorials 574:angular measurement 435:Number 2 is in the 181:(3 April [ 3174:People from Foulby 3144:British carpenters 2353:Revolution in Time 1834:www.britannica.com 1779:American Scientist 1746:Marine chronometer 1588:Harvard University 1555:, January 17, 1999 1394: 1371:Barrow upon Humber 1366:for its homepage. 1241: 1230: 1226:Barrow upon Humber 1174:Fletcher Christian 1122: 957: 945: 889:first produced by 879: 748:Board of Longitude 674: 638:Christiaan Huygens 581:frequently led to 500:list of references 483: 426:grid-iron pendulum 328:Barrow upon Humber 304: 243:list of references 202:British Parliament 187:marine chronometer 128:Marine chronometer 57:3 April [ 3159:English inventors 3149:English designers 3111: 3110: 2952:Copley Medallists 2846:PBS Nova Online: 2814:978-0-06-265256-0 2763:978-0-374-34788-8 2592:978-0-19-856802-5 2561:Grimsby Telegraph 2458:Modernist Britain 2403:978-0-8050-6615-9 2310:. Alcyone Books. 2101:. British Museum. 1694:The Long Way Home 1663:Time on Our Hands 1645:episode entitled 1584: 1583: 1468:occur at integer 1435:Guildhall, London 1358:On 3 April 2018, 1310:Westminster Abbey 1278:Westminster Abbey 1079:on the island of 1052:seconds per day. 966:maintaining power 891:Benjamin Huntsman 869:Longitude watches 698:thermal expansion 561:Longitude rewards 553: 552: 545: 473:Longitude problem 456:anchor escapement 437:Leeds City Museum 338:, he was given a 296: 295: 288: 176: 175: 151:Scientific career 145:(1737 & 1773) 143:Longitude rewards 116:Gridiron pendulum 3196: 3104: 3096: 3088: 3080: 3072: 3064: 3056: 3048: 3045:Abraham Trembley 3040: 3032: 3024: 3021:Alexander Stuart 3016: 3008: 3000: 2992: 2984: 2976: 2968: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2869:Andrew Johnson, 2830: 2818: 2799: 2787: 2776: 2767: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2687:. movie-dude.com 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2606: 2597: 2596: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2552: 2546: 2545: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2478: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2450: 2444: 2442: 2424: 2418: 2407: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2347: 2338: 2328: 2322: 2321: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2262: 2256: 2253: 2244: 2243: 2227: 2218: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2198: 2192: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2166: 2156:Gould, Rupert T. 2152: 2141: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2123: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1996: 1990: 1978: 1969: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1801: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1790: 1781:. Archived from 1770: 1725: 1706:Harrison's Dream 1686:Live in Somerset 1634:as Harrison and 1569: 1568: 1546: 1545: 1534: 1262: 1251: 1126:Astronomer Royal 1051: 1050: 1046: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1003: 1002: 998: 995: 912: 902:"Jefferys" watch 887:"Crucible" steel 857: 845: 833: 810:bimetallic strip 729:Astronomer Royal 718: 708: 706:Montre de la Mer 548: 541: 537: 534: 528: 523:this section by 514:inline citations 493: 492: 485: 464:Astronomer Royal 291: 284: 280: 277: 271: 266:this section by 257:inline citations 236: 235: 228: 112:Bimetallic strip 87: 42: 28: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3099: 3091: 3083: 3075: 3069:Benjamin Robins 3067: 3059: 3051: 3043: 3035: 3027: 3019: 3011: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2979: 2971: 2963: 2955: 2949: 2914: 2837: 2821: 2815: 2802: 2796: 2779: 2770: 2764: 2751: 2748: 2746:Further reading 2743: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2654: 2653: 2649: 2639: 2637: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2608: 2607: 2600: 2593: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2565: 2563: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2518:. 27 April 2014 2510: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2492:on 2 April 2015 2480: 2479: 2475: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2426: 2425: 2421: 2404: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2364: 2349: 2348: 2341: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2247: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2164: 2154: 2153: 2144: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2071: 2070: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2041: 2023: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1998: 1997: 1993: 1988:Wayback Machine 1979: 1972: 1967:Wayback Machine 1958: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1939:The Independent 1931: 1930: 1926: 1919: 1906: 1905: 1901: 1894: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1810: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1788: 1786: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1732: 1718: 1715: 1682:Steve Knightley 1575:, June 17, 1997 1566: 1543: 1537:External videos 1532: 1389:Clock B at the 1383: 1298:Red Lion Square 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1274:Red Lion Square 1265: 1264: 1263: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1218: 1206:Thomas Earnshaw 1182:Pitcairn Island 1165:, commander of 1096:Nevil Maskelyne 1048: 1044: 1043: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1000: 996: 993: 991: 937: 904: 871: 866: 865: 864: 861: 858: 849: 846: 837: 834: 823: 822: 721:Longitude prize 659: 614:heavenly bodies 563: 549: 538: 532: 529: 518: 504:related reading 494: 490: 475: 422:longcase clocks 292: 281: 275: 272: 261: 247:related reading 237: 233: 226: 210:Longitude Board 141: 126: 122: 118: 114: 95: 89: 85: 76: 62: 49: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3101:George Edwards 3097: 3089: 3081: 3073: 3065: 3061:William Watson 3057: 3049: 3041: 3033: 3025: 3017: 3013:Stephen Hales 3009: 3001: 2993: 2985: 2977: 2969: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2903: 2894: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2843: 2836: 2835:External links 2833: 2832: 2831: 2819: 2813: 2800: 2794: 2777: 2768: 2762: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2723: 2698: 2676: 2647: 2636:. Lucytune.com 2625: 2610:Harrison, John 2598: 2591: 2573: 2547: 2542:www.google.com 2529: 2503: 2473: 2445: 2437: 2419: 2402: 2394:A Sea of Words 2384: 2369: 2362: 2339: 2323: 2316: 2298: 2275: 2257: 2245: 2219: 2193: 2180: 2173: 2142: 2129: 2104: 2089: 2064: 2039: 2016: 1991: 1970: 1952: 1924: 1917: 1899: 1892: 1872: 1846: 1818: 1796: 1764: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1714: 1711: 1632:Michael Gambon 1582: 1581: 1562: 1561: 1539: 1538: 1531: 1528: 1494:Martin Burgess 1446:musical tuning 1382: 1379: 1375:Marcus Cornish 1318:Thomas Tompion 1267: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1228:, Lincolnshire 1217: 1214: 1151:Larcum Kendall 936: 933: 903: 900: 870: 867: 863: 862: 859: 852: 850: 847: 840: 838: 835: 828: 825: 824: 820: 819: 818: 770:sailing master 709:to the French 658: 655: 650:balance spring 579:dead reckoning 570:prime meridian 551: 550: 508:external links 497: 495: 488: 474: 471: 444: 443: 440: 433: 380: 379: 376: 373: 370:Science Museum 358:longcase clock 316:Nostell Priory 294: 293: 251:external links 240: 238: 231: 225: 222: 193:while at sea. 174: 173: 170: 169: 158: 154: 153: 147: 146: 135: 131: 130: 109: 108:Known for 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 90: 88:(aged 82) 82: 78: 77: 63: 55: 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3201: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093:John Harrison 3090: 3086: 3085:James Bradley 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997:John Belchier 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2953: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2934: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2849: 2844: 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