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1236:. In Robertson's view, religious groups invent new gods to fit the needs of the society of the time. Robertson argued that a solar deity symbolized by the lamb and the ram had long been worshiped by an Israelite cult of Joshua and that this cult had then invented a new messianic figure, Jesus of Nazareth. Robertson argued that a possible source for the Christian myth may have been the Talmudic story of the executed
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who preached "a political doctrine subversive of the Roman rule, and to have thereby met his death"; and a "Galilean faith-healer with a local reputation may have been slain as a human sacrifice at some time of social tumult".
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The older portions of the
Pauline epistles show no knowledge of any Jesuine biography or any Jesuine teaching —a circumstance which suggests that the Jesus of Paul is much more remote from Paul's day than is admitted by the
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Robertson considered the letters of Paul the earliest surviving
Christian writings, but viewed them as primarily concerned with theology and morality, rather than historical details:
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while he was still young, and he attended school there until the age of 13. He worked first as a clerk and then as a journalist, eventually becoming assistant editor of the
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has described
Robertson as an "outstanding exponent of rationalism and one of the foremost scholars produced in England in the last six decades."
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Bowen, Clayton R. (1919). "Reviewed Works: The
Historical Jesus by John M. Robertson; The Jesus Problem by John M. Robertson".
204:
An advocate of the "New
Liberalism," Robertson's political radicalism developed in the 1880s and 1890s, and he first stood for
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He wrote in
February 1906 to a friend that he "gave up the 'divine'" when he was a teenager. His first contact with the
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as stories that must have developed later among gentile believers who were converted by Jewish evangelists like Paul.
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232:(1908) "became a bible for free-traders pursuing the case for cheap food and the expansion of trade".
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He was in favour of the payment of MPs, the
Abolition of the House of Lords and the establishment of
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2102:(1920). "Reviewed Work: The Jesus Problem. A Restatement of the Myth Theory by J. M. Robertson".
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Moncrief, J. W. (1903). "Reviewed Work: A Short
History of Christianity by John M. Robertson".
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finally closed in 1893. Robertson was also an appointed lecturer for the freethinking
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Britain's
Unknown Genius An Introduction to the Life-Work of John Mackinnon Robertson
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2014:
Anonymous (1901). "Reviewed Work: Christianity and
Mythology by John M. Robertson".
1571:"Progress Through Two Centuries: A Short History of the South Place Ethical Society"
1379:
111:(14 November 1856 – 5 January 1933) was a prolific Scottish journalist, advocate of
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1637:, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, May 2006, accessed 5 April 2009.
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1964:
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The Historical Christ; or, An investigation of the views of Mr. J. M. Robertson,
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187:. He eventually moved to London to become assistant editor of Bradlaugh's paper
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Robertson viewed references to the twelve apostles and the institution of the
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1966:
Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence
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which dates to 100 BC. He wrote that possible origins were: a would-be
193:, subsequently taking over as editor on Bradlaugh's death in 1891. The
179:, soon after. It was through the Edinburgh Secular Society that he met
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1989:
J.M. Robertson (1856-1933): liberal, rationalist, and scholar
1702:
British Parliamentary Election Results 1918–1949, FWS Craig
1669:
British Parliamentary Election Results 1885–1918, FWS Craig
2642:
The Denial of the Historicity of Jesus in Past and Present
220:
he was successful as the official Liberal candidate at
1948:(Reprinted (2004) Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing
1925:(Reprinted (2004) Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing
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Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1916
1678:
Debrett's House of Commons & Judicial Bench, 1901
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1734:"A Neglected Early Statement the Paradox of Thrift"
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2830:People associated with Conway Hall Ethical Society
2820:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
1363:A Short History of Freethought: Ancient and Modern
2815:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
2137:(1892). "Modern Humanists by John M. Robertson".
1405:The Jesus Problem: Restatement of the Myth Theory
1192:Economically, Robertson has been described as an
2127:J. M. Robertson: Rationalist and Literary Critic
1344:Pagan Christs – Studies in Comparative Hierology
1306:History of Freethought in the Nineteenth Century
2825:Parliamentary Secretaries to the Board of Trade
1599:Political Change and the Labour Party 1900–1918
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130:Robertson was best known as an advocate of the
27:Scottish journalist and rationalist (1856–1933)
1473:. London: South Place Ethical Society, p. 13.
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2285:Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade
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2317:President of the National Liberal Federation
254:seat, but finished third. He contested the
1847:The Historical Jesus, a survey of positions
1732:Nash, Robert T.; Gramm, William P. (1969).
1397:The Historical Jesus: A Survey of Positions
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208:in 1895, failing to win Bradlaugh's old
175:in 1878. Robertson became active in the
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1635:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1631:Robertson, John Mackinnon (1856–1933)
1462:
1220:, and in several books he argued that
250:, a constituency based largely on his
246:, as a Liberal candidate he contested
2628:The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors
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1849:. London: Watts & Co. p. 56.
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2840:Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK)
256:1923 United Kingdom general election
244:1918 United Kingdom general election
2170:Ernest Newman: A Critical Biography
1653:. Little, Brown and Company. p. 477
1596:Tanner, Duncan (13 February 2003).
1208:, including giving votes to women.
2397:People whose existence is disputed
1762:Dod's Parliamentary Companion 1907
1389:The Baconian Heresy: A Confutation
1264:Oxford theologian and orientalist
265:Robertson died in London in 1933.
25:
2685:The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross
2220:Works by or about J. M. Robertson
1216:Robertson was an advocate of the
150:; his father moved the family to
2890:20th-century British journalists
2785:19th-century British politicians
2780:19th-century British journalists
2233:Parliament of the United Kingdom
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2071:The American Journal of Theology
2040:The American Journal of Theology
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235:In 1915 he was appointed to the
2805:British critics of Christianity
2140:International Journal of Ethics
1943:A Short History of Christianity
1449:A Short History of Christianity
1333:A Short History of Christianity
1969:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
1602:. Cambridge University Press.
1508:"The Rt. Hon. J. M. Robertson"
1266:Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare
780:General election December 1910
1:
2835:People from the Isle of Arran
2153:10.1086/intejethi.2.2.2375748
656:General election January 1910
2800:British critics of religions
1859:Robertson, Archibald (1946)
1738:History of Political Economy
1324:Studies in Religious Fallacy
404:Social Democratic Federation
2692:Journal of Higher Criticism
1843:"VI: The Visionary Evangel"
1841:Robertson, John M. (1916).
1546:"Edinburgh Secular Society"
834:Helenus Macaulay Robertson
201:from 1899 until the 1920s.
199:South Place Ethical Society
2906:
2105:Harvard Theological Review
1920:Christianity And Mythology
1314:Christianity and Mythology
1232:, whom he identifies as a
224:. Robertson was a staunch
183:and became writer for the
167:movement was a lecture by
2865:Scottish magazine editors
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2248:Member of Parliament for
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1946:. London: Watts & Co.
1923:. London: Watts & Co.
1619:– via Google Books.
1165:
1135:
1099:John Mackinnon Robertson
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985:John Mackinnon Robertson
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813:John Mackinnon Robertson
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689:John Mackinnon Robertson
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561:John Mackinnon Robertson
546:
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429:John Mackinnon Robertson
303:
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258:as Liberal candidate for
177:Edinburgh Secular Society
123:Member of Parliament for
41:
2589:The God Who Wasn't There
2382:Historicity of the Bible
2302:Party political offices
2211:Works by J. M. Robertson
1750:10.1215/00182702-1-2-395
1347:. Watts & Co. 1911 .
104:John Mackinnon Robertson
73:5 January 1933 (aged 76)
36:John Mackinnon Robertson
18:John Mackinnon Robertson
2714:Joseph Estlin Carpenter
2461:Charles François Dupuis
2264:Constituency abolished
1831:, pp. 6–12, 14–15.
1420:Short History of Morals
1413:Shakespeare and Chapman
1336:. Watts & Co. 1902.
408:Frederick George Jones
212:seat as an independent
2531:William Benjamin Smith
2496:M. M. Mangasarian
2392:Criticism of the Bible
2135:Mackenzie, John Stuart
2125:Dekkers, Odin (1999).
1861:Jesus: Myth Or History
1255:
1202:The Fallacy of Saving.
905:
523:
185:Edinburgh Evening News
157:Edinburgh Evening News
142:Robertson was born in
2100:Case, Shirley Jackson
1961:Van Voorst, Robert E.
1718:The Fallacy of Saving
1469:Page, Martin. (1984)
1452:(third edition, 1931)
1435:The Shakespeare Canon
1268:wrote a book titled,
1040:General election 1923
910:General election 1918
903:
528:General election 1906
521:
281:General election 1895
218:1906 General Election
97:, rationalist, writer
2860:Scottish journalists
2729:F. C. Conybeare
2719:Shirley Jackson Case
2603:Zeitgeist: The Movie
2516:J. M. Robertson
2207:at Wikimedia Commons
2172:. The Boydell Press.
1354:Letters on Reasoning
2810:Freethought writers
2744:T. J. Thorburn
2657:The Jesus Mysteries
2572:Mythicist Milwaukee
2443:Paul-Louis Couchoud
2377:Biblical minimalism
2242:Hugh Crawford Smith
2168:Watt, Paul (2017).
1795:, pp. 162–163.
1359:(1905, 2nd edition)
1194:underconsumptionist
1077:Philip Lloyd-Graeme
1046:
1028:National Democratic
939:National Democratic
913:
783:
659:
531:
425:Independent Liberal
288:
127:from 1906 to 1918.
2536:Thomas L. Thompson
2366:Christ myth theory
2270:Political offices
2188:Works by or about
1938:Robertson, John M.
1915:Robertson, John M.
1713:Robertson, John M.
1629:Michael Freeden, '
1577:on 18 January 2000
1218:Christ myth theory
1212:Christ myth theory
1038:
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132:Christ myth theory
2885:Victorian writers
2855:Scottish atheists
2795:Scottish sceptics
2757:
2756:
2526:Gilbert T. Sadler
2387:Textual criticism
2333:
2332:
2324:Succeeded by
2292:Succeeded by
2215:Project Gutenberg
2203:Media related to
1998:978-0-30187-002-1
1976:978-0-8028-4368-5
1783:, pp. 11–12.
1781:Van Voorst (2000)
1276:Prof. W. B. Smith
1226:historical person
1200:in his 1892 book
1198:paradox of thrift
1185:
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1035:
898:
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262:without success.
230:Trade and Tariffs
195:National Reformer
190:National Reformer
169:Charles Bradlaugh
101:
100:
16:(Redirected from
2897:
2880:UK MPs 1910–1918
2870:UK MPs 1906–1910
2845:British radicals
2678:The Jesus Puzzle
2671:Caesar's Messiah
2664:The Pagan Christ
2649:Did Jesus Exist?
2596:The Pagan Christ
2551:Thomas Whittaker
2546:G. A. Wells
2491:Samuel Lublinski
2428:Thomas L. Brodie
2359:
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2307:Preceded by
2275:Preceded by
2239:Preceded by
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2224:Internet Archive
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342:Adolphus Drucker
319:Henry Labouchère
306:
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275:Electoral record
216:liberal. In the
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54:14 November 1856
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2635:The Christ Myth
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2511:Robert M. Price
2486:Alvin Boyd Kuhn
2481:Albert Kalthoff
2438:Richard Carrier
2433:Richard Carlile
2413:John M. Allegro
2401:
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2190:J. M. Robertson
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2008:Further reading
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1442:Jesus and Judas
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1188:Political views
711:Alfred Cochrane
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2501:Michael Martin
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2295:E. G. Pretyman
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2278:Harold Tennant
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2178:External links
2176:
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2147:(2): 263–264.
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2112:(3): 295–296.
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2084:10.1086/478342
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2053:10.1086/480031
2047:(3): 378–381.
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2024:(1): 145–146.
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1899:, p. 149.
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1873:Robertson 1902
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1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1764:
1755:
1744:(2): 395–400.
1724:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1671:
1655:
1647:Smith, Homer W
1639:
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1357:. Watts. 1902.
1349:
1339:
1328:
1320:
1317:. Watts. 1900.
1309:
1303:
1295:
1285:
1284:Selected works
1282:
1213:
1210:
1206:Adult Suffrage
1189:
1186:
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1123:
1121:Charles Latham
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365:Edward Harford
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181:William Archer
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2724:Maurice Casey
2722:
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2605:
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2600:
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2591:
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2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:Documentaries
2579:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:Organizations
2563:
2557:
2556:Frank Zindler
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2506:Michel Onfray
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2476:Edwin Johnson
2474:
2472:
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2467:
2466:Kersey Graves
2464:
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2452:
2449:
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2423:Georg Brandes
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2027:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2000:
1994:
1991:. Pemberton.
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1932:
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1922:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1887:, p. 18.
1886:
1881:
1878:
1875:, p. 13.
1874:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1819:, p. 72.
1818:
1813:
1810:
1807:, p. 34.
1806:
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1609:9780521530538
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1535:, p. 13.
1534:
1529:
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1492:, p. 26.
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1238:Jesus Pandera
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965:John Chapman
964:
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395:
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389:
387:Jacob Jacobs
386:
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249:
245:
240:
238:
237:Privy Council
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
202:
200:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
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159:
158:
153:
149:
148:Isle of Arran
145:
137:
135:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
96:
92:
89:
87:Occupation(s)
85:
79:
72:
68:
63:
62:Isle of Arran
59:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2850:Rationalists
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2613:Publications
2601:
2594:
2587:
2515:
2456:Arthur Drews
2451:Earl Doherty
2315:
2283:
2263:
2247:
2169:
2144:
2138:
2126:
2109:
2103:
2075:
2069:
2044:
2038:
2021:
2015:
1988:
1985:Wells, G. A.
1965:
1942:
1919:
1897:Wells (1987)
1892:
1880:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1846:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1793:Wells (1987)
1788:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1674:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1625:
1613:. Retrieved
1598:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1511:. Retrieved
1485:
1470:
1465:
1447:
1441:
1434:
1427:Explorations
1426:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1343:
1332:
1323:
1313:
1305:
1299:Miscellanies
1298:
1290:
1272:Dr. A. Drews
1269:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1215:
1201:
1191:
1169:
1030:
882:
830:Conservative
760:
706:Conservative
632:
578:Conservative
497:
495:Conservative
476:
383:Conservative
337:Conservative
267:
264:
241:
234:
229:
203:
194:
188:
184:
162:
155:
141:
129:
103:
102:
29:
2875:UK MPs 1910
2775:1933 deaths
2770:1856 births
2734:Bart Ehrman
2621:Anacalypsis
2418:Bruno Bauer
2310:George Lunn
1581:13 February
1513:13 February
1437:(1922–1932)
1381:Rationalism
1234:solar deity
912:: Wallsend
782:: Tyneside
658:: Tyneside
583:James Knott
530:: Tyneside
285:Northampton
269:Homer Smith
226:free trader
210:Northampton
165:freethought
113:rationalism
2764:Categories
2471:Tom Harpur
2406:Proponents
2321:1920–1923
2289:1911–1915
2194:Wikisource
2129:. Ashgate.
2078:(1): 201.
2017:The Monist
1954:0766189090
1931:0766187683
1649:. (1952).
1533:Wells 1987
1490:Wells 1987
1479:0902368109
1457:References
1224:was not a
1053:Candidate
920:Candidate
790:Candidate
666:Candidate
538:Candidate
295:Candidate
287:(2 seats)
206:Parliament
117:secularism
95:politician
91:Journalist
64:, Scotland
2709:Greg Boyd
2521:Acharya S
1555:2 October
1259:Eucharist
1136:Majority
998:Majority
944:Matt Simm
904:Robertson
848:Majority
726:Majority
598:Majority
522:Robertson
443:Majority
222:Tynemouth
173:Edinburgh
138:Biography
80:, England
2250:Tyneside
2030:27899295
1987:(1987).
1963:(2000).
1940:(1902).
1917:(1900).
1715:(1892).
1615:11 March
1550:About us
1373:Volume 2
1367:Volume 1
1308:, (1899)
1253:records.
1167:Unionist
1072:Unionist
252:Tyneside
248:Wallsend
228:and his
152:Stirling
125:Tyneside
2702:Critics
2651:(Wells)
2222:at the
2161:2375748
2118:1507751
2092:3154389
2061:3155305
1907:Sources
1242:messiah
1151:Turnout
1095:Liberal
1081:13,278
1012:Turnout
981:Liberal
948:10,246
880:Liberal
863:Turnout
816:11,693
809:Liberal
758:Liberal
741:Turnout
692:13,158
685:Liberal
630:Liberal
613:Turnout
564:11,496
557:Liberal
502:Liberal
474:Liberal
457:Turnout
360:Lib-Lab
314:Liberal
242:At the
214:radical
146:on the
144:Brodick
121:Liberal
58:Brodick
2159:
2116:
2090:
2059:
2028:
1995:
1973:
1952:
1929:
1606:
1477:
1444:(1927)
1430:(1923)
1422:(1920)
1415:(1917)
1407:(1917)
1399:(1916)
1391:(1913)
1384:(1912)
1376:(1906)
1338:(1902)
1327:(1900)
1319:(1900)
1302:(1898)
1294:(1891)
1278:(1913)
1274:, and
1230:Joshua
1139:5,954
1125:5,005
1116:Labour
1102:7,324
1087:−10.9
1056:Votes
1050:Party
1044:Hendon
1001:3,411
988:3,047
968:6,835
961:Labour
923:Votes
917:Party
851:4,836
837:6,857
793:Votes
787:Party
729:5,351
715:7,807
669:Votes
663:Party
646:+11.2
607:+22.4
601:4,611
593:−11.2
587:6,885
570:+11.2
541:Votes
535:Party
432:1,131
411:1,216
390:3,394
369:3,703
346:3,820
323:4,884
298:Votes
292:Party
260:Hendon
119:, and
78:London
2157:JSTOR
2114:JSTOR
2088:JSTOR
2057:JSTOR
2026:JSTOR
1863:pg 44
1222:Jesus
1179:-9.6
1175:Swing
1157:67.3
1145:−3.5
1142:23.3
1131:+2.7
1128:19.5
1108:+8.2
1105:28.6
1084:51.9
892:+0.2
888:Swing
872:−9.4
869:72.1
857:+0.4
854:26.0
843:−0.2
840:37.0
822:+0.2
819:63.0
770:+0.3
766:Swing
750:+2.2
747:81.5
735:+0.6
732:25.6
721:−0.3
718:37.2
698:+0.3
695:62.8
642:Swing
635:from
622:+4.4
619:79.3
604:25.0
590:37.5
567:62.5
507:Swing
500:from
482:Swing
466:+2.3
463:83.5
396:−2.2
393:18.7
375:−9.1
372:20.4
352:+2.5
349:21.0
329:−4.1
326:27.0
2259:1918
2255:1906
1993:ISBN
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