270:"O my God, how could you do it? How could you deprive your brother man of that life which was as dear to him as is yours to you? Logan, although an Indian, is a son of Adam, our common father. Then surely he was not the natural enemy of white men. He was bone of your bone, flesh of your flesh. Besides, by what authority do we hauntingly boast of our being white? What principle of philosophy or of religion establishes the doctrine that a white skin is preferable in nature or in the sight of God to a red or black one? Who has ordained that men of the white skin shall be at liberty to shoot and hunt down men of the red skin, or exercise rule and dominion over those of the black? The Indians of America have been more 'sinned against than sinning.' Our fore fathers came across the broad Atlantic, and taking advantage of their fears and their simplicity obtained a resting place among the Indians, then the 'lords of the soil,' and since that time by a series of aggressions, have taken from them their homes and firesides—have pressed them westwardly until they are nearly extinct. We have introduced among them diseases and vice; we have done to them wrongs which cry to heaven for vengeance, and which have, in many instances, brought down on us severe retribution."
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called him a coward and said that God had commanded them to kill their enemies. Hudson and Sawyer asked Logan and Ludlow for help in tracking the two horses that had escaped from Harper's farm. The two men agreed to help for an agreed upon fee of fifty cents each, and walked with the white men toward the woods, joking as they went. The white men, who had been drinking heavily for several days, were heavily armed with knives and rifles. After a brief stop at an abandoned cabin, where several of the men drank more liquor, the party divided into two groups and continued into the woods. Logan joined Hudson, Bridge Jr., and Jones, while Ludlow went in a different direction with Harper, Andrew and
Stephen Sawyer, and James Bridge. James left the group for unknown reasons and was replaced by his father, John Bridge Sr. As Logan moved ahead, the three white men in his group fell behind and Hudson shot him in the back. Bridge Jr. struck Logan in the head with his rifle and stabbed him before the men hid his body in the woods. In the meantime, Harper shot Ludlow in the back as the others in his group watched. Ludlow's body was never recovered.
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the men when they returned home the night of the murders. Bridge Sr. sent the boy home and asked him to return with his father, a local farmer named
Abraham Adams, to help search for Sawyer's missing horses. Adams also told his father what he had overheard. Adams and his son went to the Sawyer farm, where they met Bridge Sr., two of Bridge's sons, and Harper. Sawyer informed the men that the horses had come home on their own, but he reported hearing gunfire at the camp. The men went to investigate. Adams realized that the abandoned camp was the scene of the murder after the bodies were discovered nearby. The men also found that one of the women, although injured, had survived the attack, but was unable to clearly explain what had happened. The group left her at the scene and rode off to report it. On Wednesday, March 24, two days after the attack, a second group of men arrived at the camp to find her still alive. They also located Logan's body and buried him at the scene. The surviving woman was taken to a settler's farm, but the owner refused to let her stay, so she was taken to the Bridge's cabin, where she died later that day.
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settlers, most notably James Hudson, Thomas Harper, and John T. Bridge Sr., in the days leading up to the attack. Hudson alleged that he had encountered Ludlow several days prior to the massacre and heard him threaten to kill any white man who disturbed his animal traps. He also accused Ludlow of threatening to harm his wife after she refused to trade with Ludlow several days prior to the attack. Bridge Sr. and Harper had also visited the camp a few days prior to the attack. Hudson later acknowledged that three days prior to the massacre he thought Bridge intended to poison the Native
Americans, but decided did not proceed with the idea. Hudson also reported that Ludlow became angry after a dog he had purchased from Harper was later taken away from him.
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threatened a settler's wife. On Sunday, March 21, the day before the attack, Sawyer came to the Hudson farm to report that two of his horses were missing and asked for help in recapturing them. Harper and Sawyer; Sawyer's son, Stephen; John T. Bridge Sr.; his two sons, James and 18-year-old John Bridge Jr.; and a boy named Andrew Jones went on an unsuccessful search for the horses. The men gathered at the Sawyer cabin the following morning to continue the search. During this time Hudson began to suspect that Harper had convinced Sawyer to harm the small group of Native
Americans living near Deer Lick Creek, even if they had not been involved in the horse theft.
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drifted from Butler County, Ohio, into
Madison County early in 1824, was an obsessive Indian-hater. Native Americans kidnapped his three-year-old sister, Elizabeth, in 1800, and killed his brother, James, during the War of 1812. Harper was also the brother-in-law of John T. Bridge Sr., who was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and moved to Ohio before migrating to Indiana with his wife, Mary Harper, and their children in 1819. Mary died two years later and Bridge Sr. may have married the sister of a neighbor named Andrew Sawyer, who was also involved in the massacre; however, this has not been confirmed. Little is known of Sawyer's family background.
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accuracy of the reports. Two official documents incorrectly recorded that the massacre occurred on April 20, 1824. No written accounts from the victims or other Native
Americans living in the area at the time were recorded, and none were called to testify in the legal proceedings. The events near present-day Pendleton, Indiana, remains a part of the area's local history, despite a lack of detailed records, inaccuracies among the sources, and its disappearance from recollections of national events. It also inspired a fictional account of the events in Jessamyn West's novel,
297:. He was recaptured ten days later, when he came out of hiding to find water and was returned to the Madison County jail. While he was missing, the execution date was rescheduled for the following January. On January 12, 1825, a large crowd, which reportedly included several Seneca and Shawnee, gathered to witness the historic execution. The condemned man had to be carried to the gallows due to the frostbite he had suffered while in hiding. Hudson was interred in a nearby cemetery, north of the falls at Fall Creek.
218:, at that time, traveled to the local Indian villages to talk with the people. Johnston and Conner, whose intent was to maintain order, calmed the fears of the white settlers and assured the Native Americans that the men who had attacked their people had been caught and the government would seek justice for their murders. The two men's efforts were successful, and no violence erupted. The threat of retaliation for the murders subsided, but no one knew how long the peace would last.
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Holliday, and Adam
Winsell. Following the conclusion of other court business, a twelve-member jury was seated for the trials, which generated nationwide attention. The following morning, James Hudson was tried first. Andrew Jones was a key witness for the prosecution; however, the defense called no witnesses on Hudson's behalf. The jury deliberated only an hour before finding Hudson guilty. Some people were surprised by the verdict. Hudson was sentenced to death by
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413:, Madison County. It reads: "In 1824, nine Indians were murdered by white men near this spot. The men were tried, found guilty and hanged. It was the first execution of white men for killing Indians." While the case was the first one under U.S. law, it was not the first in American history. There were several capital prosecutions recorded in
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Harper, who had taken the stolen goods and fled. He was never captured. Following their arrest Hudson, Bridge Sr., Bridge Jr., and Andrew Sawyer were chained in
Madison County's newly built log jail until their trials. Andrew Jones and Stephen Sawyer, who remained free on bond, and John Adams turned state's evidence in the upcoming trials.
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and hood. At that point, Governor Ray, who had arrived on horseback, moved through the crowd and stopped the execution. After presenting the pinioned teenage prisoner with a written pardon, the governor announced, "Here is your pardon. Go, sir, and sin no more." The young prisoner was immediately set
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The men, with the exception of Hudson, returned to the camp, where they murdered the three women and four children. M'Doal, who was not in camp when they arrived, witnessed the killings as he returned. Although he may have been wounded by gunfire, M'doal escaped into the woods and was never found. In
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Sources reporting the massacre's events suggest the white settlers had developed a friendly relationship with the band, which was headed by Chief Logan, a "venerable old chief" and "a friend of the white men"; however, historians have proposed that tensions were growing between Ludlow and some of the
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members having some
European ancestry. Bands with remnant members from numerous tribes in the Old Northwest were quite common at this time, but the precise ethnic backgrounds of this particular group's members will never be known. They established their camp in Madison County, near a village of white
137:, to hunt, trap, gather furs, and collect maple syrup. The band included three men known to local whites as Logan, Ludlow, and M'Doal (or Mingo), three women, two boys, and two girls. Their tribal origins remain a mystery, although some sources connected to the case, such as the Federal Indian agent,
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The prosecutions of the white men for the murders of the Native
Americans, which cost the United States government nearly seven thousand dollars, avoided further disruptions in the area. Removal of native tribes from the area east of the Mississippi River continued, as did white settlement along the
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for the teenager due to his youth, remorse, and the influence of his father and uncle. The jury took only a few minutes to return a guilty verdict for Bridge Sr. Andrew Sawyer was retried on other counts and found guilty of murder. A petition on behalf of Bridge Jr. was signed by ninety-four locals,
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was appointed as special prosecutor to assist two local attorneys, James Gilmore and Cyrus French. Noble selected Harvey Gregg and Philip Sweetser to assist him. Hudson, Bridge Sr., Bridge Jr., and Andrew Sawyer were indicted on April 8, 1824; however, their trials were postponed until October 1824,
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was the chief prosecutor and James Rariden led the defense team. After fifteen hours of deliberation, the jury reached a verdict in Sawyer's case. He was found guilty of manslaughter, not murder, for killing one of the women. His punishment was two years in prison and a fine of one hundred dollars.
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Furor over the massacre quickly subsided following the trials and hangings of Hudson, Bridge Sr., and Sawyer. The village at the falls of Fall Creek soon faded from the public spotlight and settlers continued to move into the area. Johnston returned to his home in Ohio. The defense and prosecuting
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On Thursday, March 25, within three days of the killings, the authorities arrived to arrest Harper, Bridge Sr., and Bridge Jr.; however, Harper escaped into the woods. Hudson, Jones, and both Sawyer men were arrested shortly thereafter. Within a week they were all in custody, with the exception of
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Reports of gunfire, the sudden disappearance of the nearby Indians, and conversations that neighbors overheard in the Sawyer and Bridge homes prompted a search party to begin an investigation the following morning. John Adams, a neighbor boy who was staying overnight at the Bridge cabin, overheard
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The white men approached the band on March 22, 1824. There were just two men in camp with the women and children at the time of their arrival. M'Doal had gone to check his animal traps before the men arrived. As the group neared the camp, Bridge Jr. asked if he could go home. However, his father
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On June 3, 1825, another large crowd, including numerous Native Americans, gathered for the executions, which were conducted one at a time. Sawyer was hanged first, followed by the execution of Bridge Sr. His eighteen-year-old son, John Bridge Jr., witnessed both hangings before being led to the
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On Friday, March 19, 1824, when several local settlers gathered for a house-raising, Harper, Hudson, Sawyer, and others began discussing the Indian presence in the area. The conversation became heated as the men drank liquor and boasted that they would kill any Indian who stole their property or
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More details are known about the background of the victims' attackers. Hudson, who was originally from Baltimore County, Maryland, moved to Kentucky as a boy and later migrated to Ohio before settling with his wife, Phoebe, and their family in Madison County. Harper, a wandering frontiersman who
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In spite of the case's notoriety and the convictions of the white perpetrators, the massacre did not set a lasting precedent for equal justice under American law. A stone marker in Pendleton's Fall Creek Park commemorates the site of the hangings. A state historical marker along State Road 38 in
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Complete details of all the related events remain unknown. The original transcripts of the trials were destroyed in a fire at the Madison County courthouse in 1880, and details gathered from the surviving sources leave behind an incomplete record of conflicting information and disputes over the
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The Fifth Judicial Circuit Court of Indiana opened in Madison County on October 7, 1824. At that time state law allowed the court only three days to complete its work before adjourning the session. The cases were tried before a three-member circuit court panel, which consisted of Wick, Samuel
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under U.S. law. Of the seven white men who participated in the crime, six were captured. The other white man, Thomas Harper, was never apprehended. Four of the men were charged with murder and the other two testified for the prosecution. The four accused men were convicted and sentenced to
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and James Brown Ray was re-elected as governor. Harper, the ringleader of the murderers, was never apprehended. It is not known what happened to Andrew Jones and Stephen Sawyer. John Bridge Jr. returned to his home in Butler County, Ohio, where he worked as a farmer. In 1824 he settled in
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The four men who had been arrested were tried in Madison County Court. Seven of the state's top lawyers were hired to defend them. It is unclear whether the men paid for their own legal fees or others paid all or part of their defense. The two lead defense attorneys were
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White River. The guilty verdict from the white jury "remained an extreme anomaly". Other acts of violence between whites and native tribes occurred in the decades that followed; however, the events at Fall Creek set a precedent with the trials that recognized the
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The trials of the remaining three men, Bridge Sr., Bridge Jr., and Andrew Sawyer, began on May 9, 1825, in the Third Judicial Circuit Court in Madison County. Miles C. Eggleston replaced Wick as one of the three presiding judges.
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Few details about the victims are known. The white men knew the Native American men only as Ludlow and Logan. The names of the remaining victims were not recorded. It is possible that the band had a mixed tribal background of
81:, the governor of Indiana, pardoned John Townsend Bridge Jr., the eighteen-year-old son of John Bridge Sr., due to his age, remorse, and the influence the others may have had on his involvement in the murders.
60:. The incident sparked national attention as details of the massacre and trial were reported in newspapers of the day. This was the first documented case in which white Americans were convicted, sentenced to
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that upheld the lower court's decision and rejected all points of Hudson's appeal. Two days later, Hudson escaped from jail and hid beneath the floor of a vacant cabin, where he suffered from
315:. The petition requested a pardon and cited "his youth, ignorance, and the manner which he was led into the transaction." By the appointed date of execution, it had not been answered.
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all, Harper's party killed nine people: two men, three women, and four children. The men also stole everything of value before leaving the Indian camp and returning to their farms.
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Bridge Jr., who faced two murder charges in Logan's death, was tried next. The jury found him guilty after three hours of deliberation on both counts; however, they recommended a
77:. James Hudson was hanged on January 12, 1825, in Madison County, and Andrew Sawyer and John Townsend Bridge Sr. were hanged on June 3, 1825. Moments before he could be executed,
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free. Upon learning that he would live, Bridge Jr. collapsed. A Seneca chief in attendance at the hangings and the dramatic pardon remarked, "We are satisfied."
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refers to the slaughter of 9 Native Americans—two men, three women, two boys, and two girls—of uncertain tribal origin on March 22, 1824, by seven
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villages. Native American customs at the time also called for monetary compensation to the victims' families. While the accused men awaited trial,
101:, a federal Indian agent, identified them as a band of Seneca who had come to the area as part of their winter migration from their home base near
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Sometime between November 1823 and February 1824, a small party of Indians came to the area along Deer Lick Creek, near the present-day town of
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An 1882 County history reports that Harper resided in Butler County Ohio fifty years before and had died "..out west..." (no other information)
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In Fall Creek Park in Pendleton, Indiana, a stone marker reads: "Three white men were hung here in 1825 for killing Indians." In 1991 the
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including many members of the jury, the county clerk, several attorneys, two prison guards, and a minister, and submitted to Governor
235:, the governor of Indiana. The other defense lawyers were Bethuel F. Morris, William R. Morris, Lot Bloomfield, Charles H. Test, and
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259:, with an execution date set for December 1, 1824. It was the first time any white man in the United States had been sentenced to
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1939:
448:, p. 7–8, suggests they arrived in the fall of 1823, about four months before the massacre occurred, while John Johnston,
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251:. While awaiting trial, the prisoners escaped from the county jail on more than one occasion, but were quickly recaptured.
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In 1966 the Indiana Sesquicentennial Commission erected an historic highway marker noting the incident along
402:, which includes the park and this historical marker, was named to the National Register of Historic Places.
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News of the crime spread quickly, and settlers feared retribution from Native Americans living in the local
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Centennial History of Madison County Indiana: An Account of One Hundred Years of Progress, 1823-1923
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Centennial History of Madison County Indiana: An Account of One Hundred Years of Progress, 1823-1923
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Doerr, Brian (March 1997). "The Massacre at Deer Lick Creek, Madison County, Indiana, 1824".
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113:, identifies the nearby site of the murders. The events also served as the inspiration for
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52:. The tribal band was living in an encampment along Deer Lick Creek, near the falls at
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1367:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Pendleton Historic District"
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for killing a Native American. The trials for the other three men were postponed.
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362:, where he became a dry goods merchant. He died at Delphi, Indiana, in 1876.
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Governor Ray arrives to pardon John T. Bridge Jr., as depicted in the book
1541:. Vol. I. Anderson, IN: Historians’ Association. p. 70–79.
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In his sentencing remarks, Judge Wick expressed his anger at Hudson:
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317:
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31:
210:, a trusted frontiersman, interpreter, and community leader, and
1118:"The Massacre at Deer Lick Creek, Madison County, Indiana: 1824"
150:
1549:
282:. The court issued an opinion on November 13, 1824, written by
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John Johnston and the Indians in the Land of the Three Miamis.
1487:
Johnston, John (1957). "Recollections of Sixty Years." In
758:
756:
681:
679:
677:
464:, p. 267, indicate an arrival in the late winter of 1824.
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Johnston and the Indians in the Land of the Three Miamis
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due to the illness of the circuit court's lead judge,
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1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion
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Edited by Leonard U. Hill. Piqua, OH: Stoneman Press.
456:, edited by Leonard U. Hill; J. J. Netterville, ed.,
97:, which was not unusual in the tribes of the region.
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2059:
2036:
1948:
1821:
1743:
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149:from their home village of Lewis Town in northwest
1503:. Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society Press.
1496:
166:settlers with whom they could trade their goods.
349:attorneys went on to achieve political success.
1499:Murder in Their Hearts: The Fall Creek Massacre
1382:See Section 7, p. 9, and Section 8, p. 1 and 2.
446:Murder in Their Hearts: The Fall Creek Massacre
1561:
8:
1281:
1279:
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1256:
1483:. Rochester, Indiana: Christian Book Press.
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109:rural Madison County, close to present-day
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1372:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources
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2214:WikiProject Indiana's History Department
2204:History of the Midwestern United States
1522:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
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894:
762:
685:
425:
370:of Native Americans in a court of law.
27:Massacre of Native Americans in Indiana
1453:– via Graphic Design of Indiana.
1443:. Paducah: Turner Publishing Company.
1441:The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians
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462:The Tragic Saga of the Indiana Indians
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485:
460:, vol. I, p. 71; and Harold Allison,
7:
1520:The Massacre at Fall Creek (fiction)
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524:
522:
520:
518:
2316:Race and crime in the United States
141:, describe them as a mixed band of
2306:Native American history of Indiana
2296:Monuments and memorials in Indiana
1466:(1). Bloomington, Indiana: 19–47.
25:
2331:Anti-Indigenous racism in Indiana
2281:1824 murders in the United States
2051:Indiana State Fair stage collapse
1930:Black Day of the General Assembly
1651:
1645:
1639:
1537:Netterville, J. J., ed. (1925).
1395:. The Historical Marker Database
1346:. The Historical Marker Database
1344:"Three White Men Were Hung Here"
231:and Martin M. Ray, a brother of
1481:A Sketchbook of Indiana History
1365:Laura Thayer (April 30, 1991).
214:, and Indian agent residing in
121:, which was published in 1975.
2266:1824 in United States case law
1:
2291:Massacres of Native Americans
2119:Historical political strength
1978:Indianapolis strike and riots
1495:Murphy, David Thomas (2010).
2200:History of the United States
2028:Supreme Court Reorganization
450:Recollections of Sixty Years
2013:Shipp & Smith lynchings
1968:Indianapolis Motor Speedway
1885:Public Works and Bankruptcy
1844:Mary Clark v. G.W. Johnston
1460:Indiana Magazine of History
1417:. Indiana Historical Bureau
400:Pendleton Historic District
2347:
921:, p. 80, 88–89.
376:The Massacre at Fall Creek
335:gallows and fitted with a
115:The Massacre at Fall Creek
56:, the site of present-day
2195:
1870:2nd Indiana Canal Company
1813:Constitutional Convention
1808:1st Indiana Canal Company
1637:
945:, p. 78, 81, and 83.
734:IHB (December 15, 2020).
530:"The Fall Creek Massacre"
2311:Native American genocide
1940:Golden Age of Literature
1439:Allison, Harold (1986).
409:, one-half mile east of
18:John Townsend Bridge Jr.
2286:Madison County, Indiana
2242:39.975317°N 85.603217°W
1915:Eli Lilly & Company
1518:West, Jessamyn (1975).
1479:Funk, Arville (1983) .
736:"Indians Murdered 1824"
360:Carroll County, Indiana
274:Hudson appealed to the
64:, and executed for the
50:Madison County, Indiana
2301:Mass murder in Indiana
1157:, p. 106–7.
981:, p. 89–91.
957:, p. 78–81.
573:, p. 56–57.
512:, p. 18–24.
395:
394:in Pendleton, Indiana.
331:
272:
37:
2247:39.975317; -85.603217
1880:Wabash and Erie Canal
1798:Abolitionist movement
1685:French and Indian War
1415:"Massacre of Indians"
1393:"Massacre of Indians"
444:David Thomas Murphy,
389:
378:, published in 1975.
321:
278:, then in session at
276:Indiana Supreme Court
268:
222:Trials and executions
35:
2008:Freeman Field mutiny
1895:Mexican-American War
1890:Underground Railroad
1850:Treaty of St. Mary's
1788:Battle of Tippecanoe
1773:Treaty of Grouseland
1730:Northwest Indian War
1626:La Salle Expeditions
1297:, p. 1–3.
1285:Murphy 2010, p. 115.
1262:Murphy 2010, p. 114.
861:, p. 68 and 69.
849:, p. 67 and 68.
801:, p. 12 and 13.
789:, p. 10 and 11.
777:, p. 25 and 26.
645:, p. 22 and 23.
585:, p. 58 and 59.
476:, p. 7—8.
111:Markleville, Indiana
2238: /
1860:Fall Creek massacre
1763:Treaty of Vincennes
1720:Northwest Territory
1705:George Rogers Clark
1700:American Revolution
500:Murphy 2010, p. 25.
415:Puritan New England
42:Fall Creek massacre
2139:By city and locale
1725:Wabash Confederacy
1229:Doerr 1997, p. 46.
1077:Doerr 1997, p. 37.
1041:Doerr 1997, p. 36.
909:Doerr 1997, p. 30.
724:Murphy 2010, p. 8.
671:Doerr 1997, p. 24.
435:Doerr 1997, p. 20.
396:
332:
324:Stories of Indiana
131:Pendleton, Indiana
58:Pendleton, Indiana
38:
36:Pendleton, Indiana
2326:March 1824 events
2271:Massacres in 1824
2221:
2220:
1837:Polly v. Lasselle
1753:Indiana Territory
1710:Illinois campaign
1510:978-0-87195-285-1
1104:, pp. 38–39.
540:on April 23, 2012
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2231:
2124:Native Americans
2099:General Assembly
1993:Great Depression
1900:New Constitution
1875:Whitewater Canal
1768:Johnny Appleseed
1655:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1621:European contact
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1542:
1533:
1514:
1502:
1484:
1475:
1454:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1191:Netterville 1925
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1105:
1099:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
907:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
766:
760:
751:
750:
748:
746:
731:
725:
722:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
683:
672:
669:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
586:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
550:
549:
547:
545:
536:. Archived from
526:
513:
507:
501:
498:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
442:
436:
433:
328:Maurice Thompson
280:Corydon, Indiana
103:Lewis Town, Ohio
75:death by hanging
70:Native Americans
21:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2276:1824 in Indiana
2256:
2255:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2191:
2133:
2055:
2032:
1983:Samuel Woodfill
1944:
1935:Indiana pi bill
1865:Bank of Indiana
1855:Indian Removals
1817:
1778:Indiana Rangers
1739:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1582:
1574:
1536:
1530:
1517:
1511:
1494:
1478:
1457:
1451:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
977:
973:
965:
961:
953:
949:
941:
937:
929:
925:
917:
913:
908:
901:
893:
889:
881:
877:
869:
865:
857:
853:
845:
841:
833:
829:
821:
817:
809:
805:
797:
793:
785:
781:
773:
769:
761:
754:
744:
742:
733:
732:
728:
723:
716:
708:
704:
696:
692:
684:
675:
670:
661:
653:
649:
641:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
605:
601:
593:
589:
581:
577:
569:
565:
557:
553:
543:
541:
528:
527:
516:
508:
504:
499:
492:
484:
480:
472:
468:
443:
439:
434:
427:
423:
384:
353:was elected to
351:Oliver H. Smith
346:
313:James Brown Ray
303:Oliver H. Smith
287:Isaac Blackford
249:William W. Wick
233:James Brown Ray
229:Calvin Fletcher
224:
184:
127:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2344:
2342:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2258:
2257:
2219:
2218:
2208:Portal:Indiana
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Historic sites
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:John Dillinger
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1783:Tecumseh's War
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1534:
1528:
1515:
1509:
1492:
1485:
1476:
1455:
1449:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1406:
1384:
1357:
1335:
1323:
1321:, p. 116.
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1264:
1252:
1243:
1241:, p. 113.
1231:
1219:
1217:, p. 112.
1207:
1205:, p. 271.
1195:
1183:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1133:, p. 103.
1123:
1106:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
935:
923:
911:
899:
897:, p. 269.
887:
875:
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
791:
779:
767:
765:, p. 268.
752:
726:
714:
702:
690:
688:, p. 270.
673:
659:
647:
635:
623:
611:
599:
587:
575:
563:
551:
534:Conner Prairie
514:
502:
490:
478:
466:
437:
424:
422:
419:
407:State Route 38
383:
380:
345:
342:
223:
220:
208:William Conner
183:
180:
135:Madison County
126:
123:
46:white settlers
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2343:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Hartford City
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2046:Flood of 2008
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2018:Flood of 1937
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Elwood Haynes
1961:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1758:Buffalo Trace
1756:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:Clark's Grant
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1695:Pontiac's War
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1611:Mississippian
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1588:Early history
1585:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1450:0-938021-07-9
1446:
1442:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1193:, p. 79.
1192:
1187:
1184:
1181:, p. 43.
1180:
1175:
1172:
1169:, p. 42.
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1145:, p. 41.
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1089:, p. 98.
1088:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1065:, p. 97.
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:, p. 88.
1052:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1029:, p. 35.
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:, p. 33.
1016:
1011:
1008:
1005:, p. 93.
1004:
999:
996:
993:, p. 34.
992:
987:
984:
980:
975:
972:
969:, p. 84.
968:
963:
960:
956:
951:
948:
944:
939:
936:
933:, p. 72.
932:
927:
924:
920:
915:
912:
906:
904:
900:
896:
891:
888:
885:, p. 71.
884:
879:
876:
873:, p. 28.
872:
867:
864:
860:
855:
852:
848:
843:
840:
837:, p. 27.
836:
831:
828:
825:, p. 37.
824:
819:
816:
813:, p. 14.
812:
807:
804:
800:
795:
792:
788:
783:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
741:
737:
730:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
703:
700:, p. 61.
699:
694:
691:
687:
682:
680:
678:
674:
668:
666:
664:
660:
657:, p. 60.
656:
651:
648:
644:
639:
636:
633:, p. 40.
632:
627:
624:
621:, p. 39.
620:
615:
612:
609:, p. 23.
608:
603:
600:
597:, p. 56.
596:
591:
588:
584:
579:
576:
572:
567:
564:
561:, p. 55.
560:
555:
552:
539:
535:
531:
525:
523:
521:
519:
515:
511:
506:
503:
497:
495:
491:
488:, p. 19.
487:
482:
479:
475:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:, p. 162, in
451:
447:
441:
438:
432:
430:
426:
420:
418:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
393:
388:
381:
379:
377:
371:
369:
363:
361:
356:
352:
343:
341:
338:
329:
325:
320:
316:
314:
309:
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
285:
284:Chief Justice
281:
277:
271:
267:
264:
262:
258:
252:
250:
245:
242:
238:
237:James Rariden
234:
230:
221:
219:
217:
213:
212:John Johnston
209:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
181:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:John Johnston
136:
132:
124:
122:
120:
119:Jessamyn West
117:, a novel by
116:
112:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
80:
76:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2223:
2212:
2197:
2177:Lake Wawasee
2167:Indianapolis
2003:World War II
1988:Indiana Klan
1859:
1842:
1835:
1690:British Rule
1538:
1519:
1498:
1488:
1480:
1463:
1459:
1440:
1419:. Retrieved
1409:
1397:. Retrieved
1387:
1374:. Retrieved
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1338:
1333:, p. 1.
1326:
1314:
1309:, p. 3.
1302:
1290:
1267:
1246:
1234:
1210:
1203:Allison 1986
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1126:
1082:
1058:
1046:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
974:
962:
950:
938:
926:
914:
895:Allison 1986
890:
878:
866:
854:
842:
830:
818:
806:
794:
782:
770:
763:Allison 1986
743:. Retrieved
739:
729:
712:, p. 7.
705:
693:
686:Allison 1986
650:
638:
626:
614:
602:
590:
578:
566:
554:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
505:
481:
469:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
404:
397:
390:Marker near
375:
372:
368:civil rights
364:
347:
333:
323:
299:
273:
269:
265:
253:
241:U.S. Senator
225:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:The massacre
176:
172:
168:
128:
125:Prior events
114:
107:
99:John Johnson
83:
79:James B. Ray
41:
39:
29:
2245: /
2233:85°36.193′W
2230:39°58.519′N
2187:Terre Haute
2069:Auto racing
1973:World War I
1793:War of 1812
1675:Fort Miamis
1631:French Rule
1616:Beaver Wars
1331:Murphy 2010
1319:Murphy 2010
1307:Murphy 2010
1295:Murphy 2010
1239:Murphy 2010
1215:Murphy 2010
1155:Murphy 2010
1131:Murphy 2010
1087:Murphy 2010
1063:Murphy 2010
1051:Murphy 2010
1003:Murphy 2010
979:Murphy 2010
967:Murphy 2010
955:Murphy 2010
943:Murphy 2010
931:Murphy 2010
919:Murphy 2010
883:Murphy 2010
859:Murphy 2010
847:Murphy 2010
823:Murphy 2010
811:Murphy 2010
799:Murphy 2010
787:Murphy 2010
710:Murphy 2010
698:Murphy 2010
655:Murphy 2010
631:Murphy 2010
619:Murphy 2010
595:Murphy 2010
583:Murphy 2010
571:Murphy 2010
559:Murphy 2010
510:Murphy 2010
474:Murphy 2010
411:Markleville
295:dehydration
244:James Noble
216:Piqua, Ohio
2260:Categories
2198:See also:
2182:South Bend
2152:Fort Wayne
2147:Evansville
2038:Since 2000
1958:White Caps
1910:Golden Age
1735:Petit Fort
1577:History of
1529:0151578206
1433:References
1179:Doerr 1997
1167:Doerr 1997
1143:Doerr 1997
1027:Doerr 1997
1015:Doerr 1997
991:Doerr 1997
871:Doerr 1997
835:Doerr 1997
775:Doerr 1997
643:Doerr 1997
607:Doerr 1997
486:Doerr 1997
392:Fall Creek
163:mixed-race
54:Fall Creek
2172:Lafayette
2104:Governors
2094:Ghostlore
2089:Elections
2079:Disasters
1950:1900–1999
1920:Reno Gang
1905:Civil War
1831:Statehood
1823:1817–1899
1745:1800–1816
1680:Ouiatenon
1670:Vincennes
1662:1700–1799
1421:April 30,
1399:April 30,
1376:April 30,
1350:April 30,
1102:Funk 1983
544:April 16,
382:Memorials
344:Aftermath
291:frostbite
2061:By topic
1925:Gas boom
1606:Hopewell
1472:27791980
1272:J.Bridge
745:July 18,
355:Congress
204:Delaware
155:Delaware
95:Delaware
2129:Slavery
2084:Economy
2074:Battles
1803:Harmony
1580:Indiana
257:hanging
147:Shawnee
91:Shawnee
2321:Seneca
2114:People
1596:Clovis
1526:
1507:
1470:
1447:
308:pardon
161:, and
143:Seneca
93:, and
87:Seneca
66:murder
1601:Adena
1468:JSTOR
1370:(PDF)
421:Notes
337:noose
326:, by
261:death
159:Miami
133:, in
62:death
2206:and
2157:Gary
1524:ISBN
1505:ISBN
1445:ISBN
1423:2014
1401:2014
1378:2014
1352:2014
747:2023
546:2012
293:and
151:Ohio
145:and
40:The
740:IHB
68:of
48:in
2262::
2202:,
1464:93
1462:.
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