387:, the ambassador had privately concluded that the submarine campaign was of questionable legality and against Germany's best interests. Bernstorff issued a warning in US newspapers about the general dangers of the submarine war-zone, but this warning was coincidentally printed just before the ship set sail. During the crisis, contrary to Germany's official defenses, Bernstorff believed that Lusitania could not have been targeted specifically, and that it was "obviously sound policy to refrain as far as possible from any attack on passenger ships". Bernstorff saw his role as preserving diplomatic relations with the US "under all circumstances", and frequently acted without or exceeded instruction from Berlin, for which he was sometimes reprimanded. This was most significant in the crisis around the
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in the
Prussian constitutional crisis of 1859–1866. Overestimating his political strength, Bernstorff resigned in a spat over the constitution with the expectation to force his will on the Prussian government. However, the Emperor accepted Bernstorff's miscalculated challenge and appointed Bismarck
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Despite his family's problems with the
Bismarcks, Bernstorff basically agreed with Bismarck's policies, particularly the decision to found the German Reich without Austria in 1871. As a diplomat, Bernstorff adamantly supported Anglo-German rapprochement and considered the policies of
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read a resolution of the board of fellows revoking the degree because "while he was
Ambassador of the Imperial German Government to the United States and while the nations were still at peace, was guilty of conduct dishonorable alike in a gentleman and a diplomat".
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Some of
Bernstorff's other activities were exposed by the British Secret Service, which had obtained and distributed to the press a photograph of him "in a swimming costume with his arms around two similarly dressed women, neither of whom was his wife". In 1910,
481:. As the blockade began to prevent American munitions manufacturers from trading with Germany, Bernstorff began financing sabotage missions to obstruct arms shipments to Germany's enemies. Some of the plans included a September 1914 attempt at destroying the
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wrote to him: "It is too sad that your
Government should have declared the unrestricted U-boat war at a moment when we were so near to peace. The day will come when people in Germany will see how much you have done for your country in America."
515:. Although Bernstorff himself officially denied all knowledge, most accounts agree that he was intricately involved as part of the German intelligence and sabotage offensive in America against Britain. After the capture of the
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after the massacres had been concluded: "When I kept on pestering him about the
Armenian question, he once said with a smile: 'What on earth do you want? The question is settled, there are no more Armenians.'"
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on 13 December 1914. That month also saw
Bernstorff receive a cable from the German Foreign Office that instructed him to target the Canadian railways. On 1 January 1915, the Roebling Wire and Cable plant in
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While
Bernstorff's dream had always been to pursue a diplomatic career, the family feud with Bismarck made an appointment to the diplomatic service impossible. As a result, he joined the
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to finance intelligence operations. He began with attempts to assist German-Americans who wished to return home to fight by forging passports to get them through the Allied
282:. For the next eleven years, the young Bernstorff grew up in England until his father's death, in 1873. After moving back to Germany, he went to the humanistic gymnasium in
376:, with both men attempting to influence the American government's position regarding the war. That year, the German diplomatic mission also began supporting the expatriate
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553:, was blown up. On 28 January, an American merchant ship carrying wheat to Britain was sunk. On 2 February 1915, Lieutenant Werner Horn was captured after the
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for a period. He then became First
Secretary of the German embassy in London (1902–1906). Bernstorff's diplomatic skills were noted in Berlin throughout the
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504:, was the finance officer for the sabotage operations. Papen and the German consulate in San Francisco were known to have been extensively involved in the
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300:, he finally succeeded in convincing the Bismarcks to settle the dispute with the long-dead father. In 1887, von Bernstorff married Jeanne Luckemeyer, a
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and confiscation of its cargo, Bernstorff made efforts to recover the $ 200,000 worth of arms and insisted that they were meant for
Colonel
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in the United States, which would end up being sold to the British, and to prop up several German-owned chemical companies that made
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but failed to prevent an agreement from being reached. In 1916, his wife was involved in blackmail plot by a former German spy,
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as one of those men bearing "the guilt and responsibility for the collapse of Germany", left Germany in 1933 after the
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372:. Bernstorff's ambassadorship in Washington was characterised by a diplomatic battle with the British ambassador, Sir
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degree on Bernstorff. At the school's commencement in 1918, while the war was going on, University President
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S. Gwynn, 'The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cecil Spring Rice' (Constable & Co Lt, London, 1929), 352.
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in 1919, but he refused that post and left the diplomatic service. He became a founding member of the
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Bernstorff was recalled to Germany on 7 July 1914 and returned on 2 August, upon the outbreak of the
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chancellor and foreign minister. For the rest of his life, Bernstorff would criticise Bismarck's
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Johann Count von Bernstorff, Memoirs of Count Bernstorff, Random House, New York, NY, 1936.
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in 1917. Bernstorff conceded that the Ottoman policy against the Armenians was one of
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Born in 1862 in London, he was the son of one of the most powerful politicians in the
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In December 1914, a humorous British article on his activities in the United States,
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Oscar Cohn, Ein Sozialist und Zionist im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik
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in 1921 to 1928. He was the first President of the German Association for the
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In 1908, Bernstorff was appointed the German ambassador to the United States.
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style of governing. In 1862, the elder Bernstorff served as ambassador to the
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304:. She was a native of New York City and daughter of a wealthy silk merchant.
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Germany, Hitler, and World War II: essays in modern German and world history
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628:. Bernstorff provided a detailed account of the massacres in his memoirs,
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1089:(Master of Arts thesis). Portland State University. pp. 121, 179.
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In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914,
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for the next eight years and served in an artillery unit in Berlin.
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1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
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Bernstorff was returned home on 3 February 1917, when US President
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In 1915, Bernstorff also helped organise what became known as the
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severed diplomatic relations with Germany after the resumption of
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Deutschland und Amerika: Erinnerungen aus dem Fünfjährigen Kriege
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249:(14 November 1862 – 6 October 1939) was a German politician and
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MI6, The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909 – 1949
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529:. That was futile, however, and the arms were auctioned off.
802:. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
632:. In his memoirs, Bernstorff recounts a conversation with
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The United States in the First World War: an encyclopedia
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As ambassador, Bernstorff was also provided with a large
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in 1926 at the foundation of the pro-Palestine Committee
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International law, German submarines and American policy
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Germany and the Americas: culture, politics, and history
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Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration
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from which he graduated with a baccalaureate in 1881.
917:. No. 36915. London. 3 November 1902. p. 4.
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was the most spectacular of the sabotage operations.
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913:"Latest intelligence - German diplomatic changes".
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Foreign policy of the Woodrow Wilson administration
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1121:"Madame Eulalie - Stories from Other Publications"
754:Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide
796:, not a first or middle name. The female form is
692:) to support the foundation of a Jewish State in
825:Henselstone Verlag, Virginia, 2012, pp. 203–204
653:Bernstorff was proposed as Foreign Minister in
265:. As Foreign Minister for Prussia, his father,
1652:(1951–1953, Chargé d'Affaires & 1953–1958)
1107:
1025:Venzon, Anne Cipriano; Miles, Paul L. (1999).
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620:He assumed his position as ambassador to the
337:in 1905. He then served as consul general in
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1848:Ambassadors of Germany to the Ottoman Empire
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703:Bernstorff, who was explicitly mentioned by
383:Prior to the submarine crisis following the
1843:Ambassadors of Germany to the United States
1602:Friedrich Wilhelm von Prittwitz und Gaffron
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1883:Emigrants from Nazi Germany to Switzerland
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1306:von Graf Johann Heinrich Bernstorff &
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1136:, Keith Jeffery, Bloomsbury, 2010. p. 113
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496:, later a German chancellor, and Captain
461:Learn how and when to remove this message
329:(1895–1897), Bernstorff was stationed in
1068:von Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich (1920).
899:"Bernstorff's wife again U.S. citizen,"
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1269:. Cambridge University Press. p.
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56:German Ambassador to the United States
1517:Friedrich Johann Graf von Alvensleben
1365:Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich, Graf von
7:
933:Adam, Thomas; Kaufman, Will (2005).
443:adding citations to reliable sources
317:His first diplomatic assignment was
296:After being elected a member of the
79:Hermann Freiherr Speck von Sternburg
1878:People stripped of honorary degrees
1828:German Democratic Party politicians
680:In 1926, he became the Chairman of
492:Bernstorff was assisted by Captain
402:. Upon receiving the news, Colonel
247:Johann Heinrich Graf von Bernstorff
1868:Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
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353:Ambassador to the United States
251:ambassador to the United States
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1858:Espionage in the United States
1622:(1938–1941, Chargé d'Affaires)
1586:(1921–1922, Chargé d'Affaires)
1578:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff
1507:(1871–1882, Chargé d'Affaires)
1314:The American Historical Review
1085:Manson, Janet Marilyn (1977).
743:(New York: Random House, 1936)
400:unrestricted submarine warfare
361:Johann H. von Bernstorff, 1919
325:. After a brief assignment to
33:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff
1:
1873:World War I spies for Germany
1833:Members of the Reichstag 1924
1261:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1996).
667:Deutsche Demokratische Partei
267:Count Albrecht von Bernstorff
233:Count Albrecht von Bernstorff
224:Christian-Günther (1891–1947)
1853:German people of World War I
1554:Anton Saurma von der Jeltsch
1523:Ludwig, Graf von Arco-Valley
737:(New York: Scribner's, 1920)
698:World Disarmament Conference
385:sinking of the RMS Lusitania
91:Suspended due to World War I
1633:Federal Republic of Germany
1572:Hermann Speck von Sternburg
1213:(in German). Campus. 2002.
1169:Memoirs of Count Bernstorff
790:was a title, translated as
741:Memoirs of Count Bernstorff
630:Memoirs of Count Bernstorff
222:Luise-Alexandra (1888–1971)
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903:, 25 February 1939, p. 13.
649:Bernstorff`s tomb in 2024.
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1308:My Three Years in America
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734:My three years in America
313:First diplomatic postings
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1641:Ambassador Extraordinary
1545:Ambassador Extraordinary
1498:Minister Plenipotentiary
1197:Neue Deutsche Biographie
1172:. Kessinger Publishing.
1031:. Taylor & Francis.
889:NY Times 8 November 1908
835:Tucker, Spencer (2006).
389:sinking of the SS Arabic
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1863:Hindu–German Conspiracy
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1596:Adolf Georg von Maltzan
1496:Envoy Extraordinary and
1166:A., Bernstorff (2011).
1151:Encyclopedia Brunoniana
939:. Bloomsbury Academic.
663:German Democratic Party
568:from the production of
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534:The Amazing Ambassador
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1310:by Count Bernstorff"
588:. In July 1916, the
586:Armgaard Karl Graves
508:, especially in the
485:, which circumvents
439:improve this article
18:Johann von Bernstoff
1762:and Plenipotentiary
1643:and Plenipotentiary
1547:and Plenipotentiary
1326:10.1086/ahr/26.1.98
1110:, pp. 382–383.
1108:von Bernstorff 1920
1074:. pp. 136–140.
655:Philipp Scheidemann
590:Black Tom explosion
576:and its precursor,
411:Sabotage activities
280:Court of St James's
253:from 1908 to 1917.
1823:German Protestants
1813:People from London
1710:Wolfgang Ischinger
1377:Count Bernstorff.
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1680:Peter Hermes
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841:. Abc-Clio.
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437:Please help
432:verification
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349:"reckless".
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171:(1939-10-06)
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86:Succeeded by
63:
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1808:1939 deaths
1803:1862 births
1783:(1983–1990)
1777:(1978–1983)
1771:(1974–1978)
1769:Rolf Sieber
1734:Emily Haber
1730:(2014–2018)
1724:(2011–2014)
1722:Peter Ammon
1718:(2006–2011)
1712:(2001–2006)
1706:(1995–2001)
1700:(1992–1995)
1694:(1987–1992)
1688:(1984–1987)
1682:(1979–1984)
1676:(1973–1979)
1670:(1968–1973)
1664:(1962–1968)
1658:(1958–1962)
1616:(1937–1938)
1610:(1933–1937)
1608:Hans Luther
1604:(1927–1933)
1598:(1925–1927)
1592:(1922–1925)
1580:(1908–1917)
1574:(1903–1908)
1568:(1897–1903)
1562:(1895–1897)
1556:(1893–1895)
1537:(1892–1896)
1531:(1891–1893)
1525:(1888–1891)
1519:(1884–1888)
1513:(1882–1884)
1477:(1868–1871)
1302:"Review of
1244:|work=
970:|work=
872:|work=
838:World War I
717:Switzerland
634:Talat Pasha
498:Karl Boy-Ed
370:World War I
180:Switzerland
74:Preceded by
1797:Categories
1350:Bernstorff
1286:21 October
1226:19 October
1044:19 October
952:19 October
854:19 October
810:References
551:New Jersey
475:slush fund
451:April 2024
347:Wilhelm II
257:Early life
149:1862-11-14
1334:1937-5239
1246:ignored (
1236:cite book
1193:Biography
972:ignored (
962:cite book
915:The Times
874:ignored (
864:cite book
694:Palestine
298:Reichstag
229:Parent(s)
129:1921–1928
125:In office
117:Reichstag
111:1917–1918
107:In office
68:1908–1917
64:In office
1352:next to
748:See also
602:honorary
479:blockade
323:Belgrade
219:Children
1153:(1993).
1007:26 June
721:Genthod
686:Zionist
659:cabinet
574:aspirin
547:Trenton
284:Dresden
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799:Gräfin
713:Geneva
705:Hitler
566:phenol
331:Munich
308:Career
196:Spouse
176:Geneva
156:London
1149:" in
793:Count
770:Notes
709:Nazis
536:, by
339:Cairo
207:(
203:
1356:and
1330:ISSN
1288:2009
1275:ISBN
1248:help
1228:2009
1215:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1046:2009
1033:ISBN
1009:2015
974:help
954:2009
941:ISBN
876:help
856:2009
843:ISBN
786:Graf
166:Died
143:Born
1383:at
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1195:at
1091:doi
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