486:, on 25 January 1853. At the Akropong mission station, he met other missionaries, Widmann, Dieterle and Joseph Mohr. After his arrival on the Gold Coast, he became an instructor at the recently founded Basel Mission Seminary at Akropong-Akuapem, established in 1848. The seminary had ten students at the time. The Basel Mission by that time had also started a boys' school that had forty-one pupils and a girls' school with thirty-two pupils. It became apparent to Christaller that without a written local language, the efforts by the mission to propagate the Gospel would prove futile. His giftedness in linguistics allowed him to transform an oral language into written form. His main assignments included the translation of the Bible and complex Christian literary works for the growing native Christian communities, after quickly mastering the Twi language. Christaller also stayed at Aburi, 20 miles (32 km) north of Accra, from 1862 to 1865. From 1865 to 1867, he was based at
420:. His father was a tailor and a subsistence farmer of modest background, who was keen on books and had a large personal library with more than 2000 books. Johann Christaller had two sisters, Johanna and Christiane. His father died when Christaller was only a year old, throwing the family into extreme poverty. To make ends meet, his mother and sister started a sewing business and lending books from his late father's library. J. G. Christaller spent his childhood days honing his talent in philology and linguistics by reading his father's books. Christaller received basic additional private instruction in Latin and Greek. He was a brilliant student and won a bursary, freeing his family from paying tuition at school. Christaller, influenced by the Pietist movement within the German Lutheran church, decided very early in his life to become a missionary.
1799:
1542:
740:
510:(1854). These works were a useful guide to Christaller. Based on these literary works, Christaller chose the Akuapem dialect to be the written form of Twi even though he learnt the version spoken at Akyem Abuakwa while living in Kyebi. Moreover, the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast had its headquarters at Akropong and the dialect of spoken Twi first assumed a written form by 1853.
97:
25:
519:"The Akan and Fante dialects do not differ so much as ancient Greek dialects or as the different English and German dialects; neither are they spoken by as many individuals. And when more than forty millions of Germans enjoy a common book-language, half a million Fantes may more easily be brought to a common medium of communication by writing."
667:. The fully corrected manuscript was finally published in Basel in December 1871. The work on the second edition of the Twi Bible was carried out from 1897 to 1900 and eventually published by British and Foreign Bible Society. He stayed largely in Ghana until 1868 when he went back to Europe and settled in
462:(1744–1803), whose views on the life cycle of communities and on the equality of different cultures was opposed to the historical conception of the Enlightenment, which considered Western civilization as superior to other cultures and as the ideal and goal toward which other cultures did or should aspire.”
1919:
The
Recovery of the West African Past: African Pastors and African History in the Nineteenth Century : C.C. Reindorf & Samuel Johnson : Papers from an International Seminar Held in Basel, Switzerland, 25-28th October 1995 to Celebrate the Centenary of the Publication of C.C. Reindorf's
702:
J. G. Christaller believed that had the
British colonial administrators known the depth and breadth of literary work conducted in Twi, the Sagrenti War between 1873 and 1874 during which the British invaded Asante could have been prevented. In his grammar book published in 1875, Christaller noted
423:
Later, from 1841 to 1844, Christaller was an apprentice and an assistant to a town clerk in the mayor's printing office in
Winnenden Among his options after his apprenticeship were entering the public service, going to a university to study languages or going to the seminary in Basel. He opted to
683:
Christaller’s work achieved three things: it raised the Twi language to a literary level and provided the basis of all later work in the language; it gave the first real insight into Akan religious, social, and moral ideas; and it welded the expression of Akan
Christian worship to the native
523:
It is an Akan dialect influenced by Fante, steering in the middle course between other Akan dialects and Fante in sounds, forms and expressions; it admits peculiarities of both branches as far as they do no contradict each other, and is, therefore, best capable of being enriched from both
675:(two volumes) was published in 1881 which by all accounts was the masterpiece of his literary career. This dictionary was a lexicon of Akan socio-cultural and religious customs. Between 1883 and 1895 Christaller became the editor-in-chief of the
943:
which awards its own degrees. It promotes "the study and documentation of
Christian history, thought and life in Ghana and in Africa as a whole, in relation to their African setting and to world Christianity". It was named after ethnolinguists,
772:
at the age of 37. She was buried under a palm tree at the old Basel
Mission cemetery in Keybi. He returned to Germany in 1868. He later married Bertha Ziegler, sister of his late wife Christiane in 1872. They also had four sons and a daughter.
731:. The book mimicked English principles in phonetics and orthography which Christaller saw as ill-suited for the Akan language in general. In 1913, an updated second edition was published by J. P. Brown in response to Christaller's criticism.
501:
There were variations in Twi as
Christaller encountered and the language was known as Odschi, Oji, Tschi or Twi in that period. Hans Nicolaus Riis who he had earlier met in Basel had done philological work on the Gold Coast in 1845:
436:. He was ordained as a pastor on 7 November 1852. During his studies there, he helped edit the grammar of the Twi language. By the end of his seminary education, in addition to his native German, he had become fluent in English,
2046:
755:
on 27 January 1857 at
Akropong. Ziegler had earlier arrived on the Gold Coast in December 1856. Her parents were Christian Ludwig Ziegler and Rosine KĂĽbler. They had five children in all, four sons and a daughter. They include
532:"Akuapem easily admits of enrichment and admixture from Akyem and even Fante; and Fante also admits and receives such foreign elements; but if the same should be done in the Akyem dialect, it would not sound well.”
432:, starting his studies in September 1848 at age of 20. At Basel in 1852, he started learning the Twi language through Hans Nicolaus Riis whose uncle was the first Basel missionary survivor on the Gold Coast,
681:, which is the oldest continuously perating faith-based newspaper in Ghana. The first edition of that newspaper was published on 1 March 1883. In an appraisal of his work, the scholar, Noel Smith noted, "
864:“A collection of 3,600 Tshi Proverbs In Use Among the Africans of the Gold Coast as Speaking the Asante and Fante Language, Collected, Together with their Variations, and Alphabetically Arranged,”
834:“A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tschi (Chwee, Twi) Based on the Akuapem Dicalect, With Reference to Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects” – “Twi mmebusem mpensa-ahansia mmoaano”
715:, which suggested a peace treaty between the British and Asante could have been authored in the Twi language. That letter was intercepted by Amankwa Tia, a subject of the Ashanti stool.
1750:
Wiase abasem mu nsemma-nsemma wo Twi-kasa mu ("Stories from general history translated from German into Twi"), 2nd revised and augmented edition edited by J. G. Christaller, Basel
1896:
874:“A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tschi (Chwee, Twi) With a Grammatical Introduction and appendices on the Geography of the Gold Coast and Other Subjects,”
689:
In his later years, he was an Elder in his local church and attended several
Pietist fellowships in the area. From time to time, he visited his old colleagues in Basel.
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1427:
1778:
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844:“Anyamesem anase Kyerew Kronkron Apam-dedaw ne Apam-foforo nsem wo Twi kasa mu” (“The Holy Bible translated from the original tongues into the Twi language”)
49:
2036:
508:
Grammatical
Outline and Vocabulary of the Oji Language with Special Reference to the Akuapem Dialect Together with a Collection of Proverbs by the Natives
1565:
854:“A Dictionary, English, Tshi (Asante), Akra; Tshi (Chwee) Comprising as Dialects: Akan and Fante; Accra connected with Adangme; Gold Coast, West Africa,”
2041:
2021:
2026:
797:, published in 1871 followed by an updated edition in 1881 and a revised version in 1933. These were both done in Basel. He also wrote a book on
783:
A Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tshi (Twi, Chee) Based on the Akuapem Dialect with Reference to Other (Akan and Fante) Dialects
1055:
704:
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2016:
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1986:
1947:
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enroll at the seminary. In May 1847, Christaller applied for admission to the Basel Mission Seminary and Training School in
1604:
1258:
892:"Neue Reise in den Hinterländen von Togo, nach Nkonya, Buem, Obooso, Salaga, Krakye, 2. Dezember 1889 bis 5. Februar 1890,"
1627:""Obstinate" Pastor and Pioneer Historian: The Impact of Basel Mission Ideology on the Thought of Carl Christian Reindorf"
959:... destined for Africa". On the 100th anniversary of the death of the missionary and linguist Johann Gottlieb Christaller
1421:
2031:
1845:
936:
40:
677:
389:
354:
1626:
1528:
The Spiritual in the Secular: Missionaries and Knowledge about Africa (Studies in the History of Christian Missions)
1007:
757:
617:
396:, serving from 1883 to 1895. He is recognised in some circles as the "founder of scientific linguistic research in
637:
621:
474:, about 32 miles (51 km) north of Accra while his classmate August Steinhauser was sent to Christiansborg,
1707:
995:
633:
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My work is coming to an end and my Sabbath is coming. The marked hands and legs have done all of that for me
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573:
459:
330:
649:
589:
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1976:
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254:
2011:
2006:
1389:
The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography (in 20 Volumes). Volume One Ethiopia-Ghana
541:
536:
Due to ill health, he returned to Germany between 1858 and June 1862 just before he was stationed at
1981:
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35:
645:
1977:
Literature by and about Johann Gottlieb Christaller in the Catalog of the German National Library
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and Hanna Christaller, who wrote "Kolonial novellen (Togo)". Emilie died on 13 August 1866 at
45:
Grossly over referenced to the detriment of easy reading (such as 7 refs for one book title!).
923:
Christaller died on 16 December 1895, just before undergoing surgery. His last words were, "
664:
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561:
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377:
334:
760:, a Protestant pastor and writer, Theodor Benjamin Christaller, "Empire" school teacher in
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441:
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445:
437:
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Mitteilungen der geographischen Gesellschaft für Thüringen, vol. IX, pp. 77 – 98
2000:
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549:
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were published in Twi in 1859 and 1864 respectively. Different volumes of the entire
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167:
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373:
273:
84:
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727:(1868) written by British philologists, D. L. Carr and J. P. Brown and printed in
1951:
1902:
1898:
Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862-1961: pioneer and church leader
659:. He worked on translating the complete text of the Bible into Twi together with
1991:
1596:
1250:
671:. Christaller published his scientific grammar of the Twi language in 1875. The
487:
429:
397:
369:
366:
342:
338:
181:
1950:. Akrofi-Christaller Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture. Archived from
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Christianity in Africa: The Renewal of a Non-Western Religion, Chapters 3 and 5
1992:
Biography of Johann G Christaller on Dictionary of African Christian Biography
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120:
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521:
He further commented on the choice of Akuapem Twi for his literary works, "
96:
940:
761:
656:
495:
471:
1498:
Pioneers of the Faith: Biographical Studies from Ghanaian Church History
1765:
A Bibliography and Vocabulary of the Akan (Twi-Fante) Language of Ghana
1566:"Johann Gottlieb Christaller: The Architect of Ghanaian Twi Literature"
526:
To buttress his point, his fellow linguist and native Akan missionary,
417:
157:
146:
124:
1407:
The Akan Doctrine of God: A Fragment of Gold Coast Ethics and Religion
968:(BBKL). Volume 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2nd, unchanged edition Hamm 1990,
825:
The following publications are some of Christaller's literary works:
703:
that a letter written in English from the then British Governor, Sir
553:
362:
177:
1795:
Mitteilungen der Geographischen gesellschaft (fĂĽr ThĂĽringen) zu Jena
987:(ADB). Volume 47, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1903, pp. 480-483.
878:“A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Languages Called Tshi (Twi),”
380:, Jonathan Palmer Bekoe, and Paul Keteku in the translation of the
876:
Basel, 2nd rev. ed., edited by J. Schweizer in 1893, published as
765:
738:
537:
483:
425:
381:
358:
2047:
Academic staff of the Presbyterian College of Education, Akropong
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Friedrich Agster, Winfried Maier-Revoredo, Margarete Henninger: "
1880:"Clerk, Nicholas Timothy (1862 to 1961), Basel Mission, Ghana".
961:. Protestant church community and city Winnenden, Winnenden 1995
1251:"Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb 1827-1895 Basel Mission, Ghana"
1152:"Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb 1827-1895 Basel Mission, Ghana"
723:
Christaller did not have a high opinion on the literary work,
350:
18:
1987:
Akrofi-Christaller Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture
939:
is a postgraduate research and training Institute located at
937:
Akrofi-Christaller Institute of Theology, Mission and Culture
1813:
Jena, Geographische Gesellschaft (fĂĽr ThĂĽringen) zu (1891).
1792:
Jena, Geographische gesellschaft (fĂĽr ThĂĽringen) zu (1890).
1666:
The History of the Presbyterian Church in Ghana, 1835 - 1960
976:, Sp. 1001-1002. (Biographical Bibliographic Church Lexicon)
673:
Dictionary of the "Asante and the Fante Language—called Twi"
964:
Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz: Christaller, Johann Gottlieb. In:
513:
He justified this selection in one of his published books,
1882:
The Encyclopaedia Africana Dictionary of African Biography
494:, 50 miles (80 km) north of Accra. He again lived in
1420:
Jungraithmayr, Hermann & Wilhelm J.G. Möhlig (1983).
912:
Missionar J. G.Christaller: Erinnerungen aus seinem Leben
787:
A Dictionary of the Asante and Fante Language Called Twi
466:
In 1853, Johann Christaller was posted to Ghana by the
458:“deeply influenced by the sociohistorical theories of
998:(NDB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957,
655:
After the death of his wife in 1866, he relocated to
515:
Grammar of the Asante and Fante Language Called Tschi
388:
of Twi. Christaller was also the first editor of the
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106:
82:
1531:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 86.
1048:"Akan Teleteaching Course - Annex 8: Christaller"
1328:History of the Gold Coast and Asante 2nd edition
1838:"Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission"
1496:Knispel, Martin and Kwakye, Nana Opare (2006).
807:Twi Proverbs, a Collection of 3600 Twi Proverbs
504:Elemente des Akwapim Dialects de Odschi Sprache
1603:. Centre for Global Christianity and Mission.
552:became publicly available in 1863 followed by
966:Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon
8:
1901:. Watervile Publishing House. Archived from
1510:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
322:(19 November 1827 – 16 December 1895) was a
1391:. New York, NY: Reference Publications Inc.
1777:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1693:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1681:The Presbyterian Church of Ghana 1835-1960
1369:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1340:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1311:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
842:, Asante, David, Opoku, Theophilus (1871)
168:Basel Mission Seminary, Basel, Switzerland
95:
79:
1867:The Christian Messenger, Basel, 1883-1917
1601:Dictionary of African Christian Biography
560:in 1866. The Twi translations of several
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
1299:Geschichte der Basler Mission, 1815-1915
852:., Locher, C. W., Zimmermann, J. (1874)
214:
1982:Bibliography for "Who was Christaller?"
1651:The Christian Messenger, Basel, 1883-94
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1426:. berlin: Dietrich Reimer. p. 63.
1032:
719:Fante literary work by English scholars
456:According to scholars, Christaller was
392:, the official news publication of the
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751:, a fellow missionary and a native of
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1884:. One (Ethiopia-Ghana edition). 1997.
1564:Owusu-Gyamfi, Clifford (2018-11-02).
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781:His best known publications include
361:. He was instrumental, together with
349:. He was devoted to the study of the
7:
1948:"Akrofi-Christaller Institute (ACI)"
1920:History of the Gold Coast and Asante
1802:from the original on 23 August 2017.
1597:"Christaller, Johannes Gottlieb (A)"
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284:Basel Evangelical Missionary Society
2037:Gold Coast (British colony) people
1848:from the original on 28 March 2016
1500:. Accra: Akuapem Presbytery Press.
1357:A History of Christianity in Ghana
14:
1819:(in German). G. Fischer. p.
1730:from the original on 6 April 2018
1607:from the original on 6 April 2018
1545:from the original on 6 April 2018
1525:Harries, Patrick (30 June 2012).
1326:Reindorf, Carl Christian (1895).
948:and Johann Gottlieb Christaller.
2042:Protestant missionaries in Ghana
1923:. Basler Afrika Bibliographien.
1430:from the original on 15 May 2018
1058:from the original on 15 May 2018
23:
1261:from the original on 2018-05-15
1162:from the original on 2018-05-15
698:Translation as a mediation tool
452:Literary work on the Gold Coast
408:Johann Christaller was born in
238:
210:
2027:German Protestant missionaries
1708:de:Johann Gottlieb Christaller
1668:. Waterville Publishing House.
985:Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
883:Clerk, N. T. with foreword by
564:were also published in Basel:
353:language in what was then the
16:German missionary and linguist
1:
2022:Clergy from Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1825:nicholas timothy clerk basel.
990:Diedrich Hermann Westermann:
758:Erdmann Gottreich Christaller
992:Christaller, Johann Gottlieb
931:Akrofi-Christaller Institute
468:Basel Mission Home Committee
2052:German missionary linguists
1895:Debrunner, Hans W. (1965).
1387:L. H. Ofosu-Appiah (1997).
1297:Schlatter, Wilhelm (1916).
809:(1879). He was awarded the
747:Johann Christaller married
320:Johann Gottlieb Christaller
101:Johann Gottlieb Christaller
89:Johann Gottlieb Christaller
43:. The specific problem is:
2068:
1763:Warren, Dennis M. (1976).
981:Christaller, Joh. Gottlieb
39:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
1798:(in German). G. Fischer.
1355:Debrunner, H. W. (1967).
749:Christiane Emilie Ziegler
743:Christiane Emilie Ziegler
478:. Christaller arrived at
313:
293:
289:
265:
199:Christiane Emilie Ziegler
94:
1720:"Christiane Christaller"
1423:Lexicon der Afrikanistik
996:Neue Deutsche Biographie
404:Early life and education
1767:. Bloomington, Indiana.
1405:Danquah, J. B. (1944).
946:Clement Anderson Akrofi
902:“Die Sprechen Afrikas,”
777:Publications and awards
460:Johann Gottfried Herder
1916:Jenkins, Paul (1998).
1282:Kwame Bediako (1965).
785:published in 1875 and
744:
2017:People from Winnenden
1631:internationalbulletin
742:
1664:Smith, Noel (1965).
1249:Ofosu-Appiah, L. H.
566:Letter to the Romans
542:Acts of the Apostles
345:who served with the
259:Theodor Benjamin and
217:; died
50:improve this article
2032:German philologists
1726:. My Heritage Ltd.
1679:Noel Smith (1966).
914:Stuttgart and Basel
678:Christian Messenger
498:from 1867 to 1868.
390:Christian Messenger
885:Christaller, J. G.
840:Christaller, J. G.
830:Christaller, J. G.
817:in 1876 and 1882.
815:Institut de France
801:(1857) as well as
745:
482:, now a suburb of
908:Christaller, J. G
898:Christaller, J. G
870:Christaller, J. G
860:Christaller, J. G
850:Christaller, J. G
317:
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306:7 November 1852,
255:Erdmann Gottreich
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1006:, p. 219 (
919:Death and legacy
805:(1878–1891) and
665:Theophilus Opoku
562:Pauline epistles
378:Theophilus Opoku
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117:19 November 1827
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711:, Otumfuo Nana
705:Garnet Wolseley
695:
630:2 Thessalonians
470:, stationed at
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767:
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735:Personal life
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550:New Testament
547:
543:
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492:Akyem Abuakwa
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253:10 including
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1952:the original
1918:
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1897:
1890:
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1866:
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1850:. Retrieved
1842:www.dacb.org
1841:
1832:
1824:
1816:Mitteilungen
1815:
1808:
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1723:
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1630:
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1600:
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1527:
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1422:
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1051:
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806:
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654:
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535:
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522:
518:
514:
512:
507:
503:
500:
467:
465:
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455:
434:Andreas Riis
422:
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374:David Asante
365:colleagues,
319:
318:
274:Christianity
137:(1895-12-16)
85:The Reverend
64:
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48:Please help
44:
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2012:1895 deaths
2007:1827 births
693:Other views
618:Philippians
506:(1853) and
430:Switzerland
398:West Africa
343:philologist
182:Philologist
154:Nationality
58:August 2021
52:if you can.
2001:Categories
1852:2017-03-29
1636:2018-05-19
1575:2019-01-30
1265:2018-05-15
1166:2018-05-15
1027:References
952:Literature
900:. (1892),
872:., (1881)
862:., (1879)
753:Waiblingen
729:Cape Coast
709:Asantehene
669:Schorndorf
622:Colossians
598:Revelation
355:Gold Coast
339:translator
327:missionary
303:Ordination
113:1827-11-19
1773:cite book
1689:cite book
1506:cite book
1365:cite book
1336:cite book
1307:cite book
1008:digitized
910:. (1929)
904:Stuttgart
803:Hymnbooks
799:Catechism
638:2 Timothy
614:Ephesians
610:Galatians
414:Stuttgart
410:Winnenden
384:into the
370:linguists
331:clergyman
143:Stuttgart
121:Winnenden
1846:Archived
1800:Archived
1728:Archived
1683:. Accra.
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1543:Archived
1428:Archived
1359:. Accra.
1330:. Accra.
1301:. Basel.
1259:Archived
1255:dacb.org
1160:Archived
1156:dacb.org
1056:Archived
1052:Akan.org
1015:See also
941:Akropong
832:(1875)
762:Cameroon
657:Akropong
652:(1863).
646:Philemon
632:(1862);
600:(1861);
558:Proverbs
544:and the
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472:Akropong
270:Religion
250:Children
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