523:, but he was compelled by his opponent to modify his position so as to concede that the grace of God and free will work in harmony toward the common end. Karlstadt then proceeded to argue that good works are to be ascribed to the agency of God alone, whereupon Eck yielded so far as to admit that free will is passive in the beginning of conversion, although he maintained that in the course of time it enters into its rights; so that while the entirety of good works originates in God, their accomplishment is not entirely the work of God.
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496:, on condition that Luther abstain from all participation in the discussion. In December 1518, Eck published the twelve theses which he was prepared to uphold against Karlstadt, but since they were aimed at Luther rather than at the ostensible opponent, Luther addressed an open letter to Karlstadt, in which he declared himself ready to meet Eck in debate.
410:
1285:
730:. In return for this action of the duke, who had at first been opposed to the policy of repression, Eck obtained for him, during a third visit to Rome in 1523, valuable ecclesiastical concessions. He continued unabated in his zeal against the reformers, publishing eight major works from 1522 to 1526.
526:
Despite the fact that Eck was thus virtually forced to abandon his position, he succeeded in confusing
Karlstadt and carried off the victory. He was less successful against Luther, who, according to Eck, was his superior in memory, acumen, and learning. After a disputation on the supremacy of the
904:
and
Stollanus: "The renowned Father John of Eck of Ingolstadt, in a sermon on St. Anne (published at Paris in 1579), pretends to know even the names of the parents St. Anne. He calls them Stollanus and Emerentia. He says that St. Anne was born after Stollanus and Emerentia had been childless for
163:
560:
to have Luther's works burned in public, and during the year 1519 he published no less than eight writings against the new movement. He failed, however, to obtain a condemnatory decision from the universities appointed to pronounce on the outcome of the
676:", but also his humanist critics. The effect of the publication of the bull, however, made this difficult. Universities and humanists were at one in denunciation of the outrage; and, due the attitude of the people, Eck was barely able to escape from
312:
and also proved himself a brilliant and subtle orator, although obsessed by an untamable controversial spirit and unrestrained powers of invective. At odds with his colleagues, he was glad to accept a call to a theological chair at
866:
in 1540 where he showed some signs of a willingness to compromise. In
January 1541 he renewed these efforts and succeeded in impressing Melanchthon as being prepared to give his assent to the main principles of the reformers, e.g.
395:
and lesser scientific works of
Aristotle, which became the textbooks of the university. During these early years, Eck was considered a modern theologian, and his commentaries are inspired with much of the scientific spirit of the
535:, penance, etc., lasting twenty-three days (4 Julyâ27 July), the arbitrators declined to give a verdict. Eck did succeed in making Luther admit that there was some truth in the Hussite opinions and declare himself against the
741:
court to obtain sanction for the establishment of a court of inquisition against the
Lutheran teachings at Ingolstadt. The first of these journeys, late in the autumn of 1521, was fruitless on account of the death of
543:
were sometimes errant, as in the case when
Constance (1414â1418) condemned Hus (1415). Luther effectively denied the authority of both pope and council. Eck was greeted as victor by the theologians of the
887:
Special mention should be made, among Eck's many writings, of his German translation of the Bible (the New
Testament, a revision of H. Emser's rendering) which was first published at Ingolstadt in 1537.
672:
directed against Luther's writings, in which forty-one propositions of Luther were condemned as heretical or erroneous. He now believed himself in a position to crush not only the "Lutheran
1300:
746:, but his second journey two years later, in 1523, was successful. Eck was the prime mover in many heresy trials, including that of Leonhard Kaser, whose history was published by Luther.
218:) and derived his additional surname from his birthplace, which he himself, after 1523, always modified into Eckius or Eccius, i.e. "of Eck". His father, Michael Maier, was a peasant and
2917:
972:: Werke katholischer Schriftsteller im Zeitalter der Glaubensspaltung. Works of Catholic authors in the Time of the Splitting of the Faith (in Latin), vol. 34, pp. 1525â2543
936:
Host, and poisoning wells. Eck accused
Osiander of being a "Jew-protector" and "Jew-father", and no fewer than nineteen times reviled the Jews, and called them "a blasphemous race".
1487:
317:
in
November 1510, receiving at the same time the honors and income of a canon at Eichstadt. In 1512 he became prochancellor at the university and made the institution a bulwark of
2897:
722:
On his return from his second visit he was the prime mover in the promulgation of the
Bavarian religious edict of 1522, which practically established the senate of the
247:. After taking his master's degree in 1501, he began the study of theology under Johann Jakob Lempp, and studied the elements of Hebrew and political economy with
1505:
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that at Leipzig he had first become distinctly aware of the difference between what he considered to be true Christian theology and the scholasticism of the
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1198:
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1480:
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A ducal commission, appointed to find a way of ending the interminable strife between rival academic parties, asked Eck to prepare fresh commentaries on
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A mutual desire for a public disputation led to a compact between Eck and Luther by which the former pledged himself to meet Karlstadt in debate at
947:
797:. The affair ended decidedly in favor of Eck, who induced the authorities to enter on a course of active persecution of Zwingli and his followers (
847:, embodying the Catholic reaction to the reformers. He also was involved in the fruitless negotiations with the Protestant theologians, including
843:, which had been delivered to the emperor on 25 June 1530, but he had to rewrite it five times before it suited the emperor. It was known as the
2907:
832:, while still at Ingolstadt, Eck compiled what he considered to be 404 heretical propositions from the writings of the reformers as an aid to
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1473:
998:
274:
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the students tore the bull down and threw it into the water, while in other places the papal decree was subjected to still greater insults.
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639:
Eck was more highly esteemed as "the dauntless champion of the true faith" at Rome than in Germany, where he induced the universities of
770:(Landshut, 1525) went through forty-six editions before 1576. As its title indicates, it was directed primarily against Melanchthon's
863:
45:
78:
2518:
1349:
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1806:
1524:
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to condemn Luther's writings, but failed to enlist the German princes. In January 1520, he visited Italy at the invitation of
2468:
1519:
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At Augsburg he was charged by the Emperor to draw up, in concert with twenty other theologians, a refutation of the Lutheran
425:
ran through 46 editions between 1525 and 1576. From 1530 to 1535 he published a collection of his writings against Luther,
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2488:
2168:
1565:
833:
1543:
969:
763:
2443:
2533:
2594:
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277:, at first as a student of theology and law and later as a successful teacher where he was mentor to the prominent
356:
he defended the lawfulness of putting out capital at interest and successfully argued his view at disputations at
244:
569:, after repeated urging, gave an ambiguous decision limited to "the doctrine of Luther so far as investigated".
49:
2508:
1701:
1593:
1536:
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723:
539:, but this success only embittered his animosity against his opponents. Eck also forced Luther to declare that
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240:
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932:
wanted to quash medieval suspicion that Jews were responsible for killing Christian children, desecrating the
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In addition to his inquisitorial duties, every year witnessed the publication of one or more writings against
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872:
380:
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2538:
2503:
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1623:
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616:
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573:
565:. Erfurt returned the proceedings of the meeting to the Saxon duke without signifying its approval, while
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808:(January 1528), where the propositions advanced by the Reformers were debated in the absence of Eck, and
714:(18 February 1521) called on the emperor to take measures against Luther, an appeal soon answered by the
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2417:
2412:
1839:
1682:
1531:
1369:
1077:
1031:
737:, while he relegated its duties to a vicar. Twice he visited Rome as a diplomatic representative of the
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Wealth and power were included in the aspirations of Eck. He appropriated the revenues of his parish of
620:
545:
462:
270:
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Eck, irritated all the more because early in the year he had induced Erasmus to caution, retorted that
457:, who had regarded him as in harmony with his own views, but this relationship was short-lived. In his
248:
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2724:
2402:
2322:
2287:
2217:
2007:
1982:
1962:
1942:
1904:
1899:
1864:
1746:
1640:
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1112:
964:
Enchiridion (i.e., handbook or manual) of Commonplaces against Luther and other Enemies of the Church
794:
719:
321:. His wide knowledge found expression in numerous writings. In the theological field he produced his
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2714:
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2163:
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1977:
1786:
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589:
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353:
229:
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228:, of the village. The boy's education was undertaken by his uncle, Martin Maier, parish priest at
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1992:
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1736:
1731:
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786:
782:
623:, angered Eck who pushed for the public burning of the entire literature in the market-place at
605:
540:
290:
2589:
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2148:
119:
1295:
383:. Between 1516 and 1520, in addition to all his other duties, he published commentaries on the
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2332:
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2143:
2101:
2081:
1997:
1957:
1932:
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1726:
1102:
1072:
1026:
994:
656:
478:
466:
1435:
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2237:
2153:
2037:
2022:
2002:
1947:
1927:
1914:
1859:
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1583:
1183:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1087:
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990:
922:
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in the spring and summer of 1541, he reasserted his opposition. Afterwards Eck clashed with
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he was the object of the ridicule of the student body and was compelled to flee by night to
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282:
1422:, 1984), 37; cf. also pp. 4â5, 17, 36â37, 42, 46â47, 58, 72â73, 87, 91, 101, 121, 135.
417:
He championed the cause of the papacy. The result of this new resolve were his chief work,
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2017:
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Whether It Be True and Credible That the Jews Secretly Strangulate Christian Children and
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597:
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1972:
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983:
897:
668:
504:
326:
162:
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2086:
1987:
1967:
1952:
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1411:
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1289:
1189:
1184:
1127:
1097:
1056:
790:
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430:
364:(1515), where he also disputed about predestination. These triumphs were repeated at
199:
187:
718:(May 1521). In 1521 and 1522 Eck was again in Rome, reporting on the results of his
588:. Luther returned Eck's assaults with more than equal vehemence and about this time
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2473:
2133:
1937:
1776:
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1132:
1062:
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876:
612:
397:
60:
2739:
2528:
1344:, Second Series, Volume II, pp. 21â81, G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London,
655:(Ingolstadt, 1520) for which he was rewarded with the nomination to the office of
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2719:
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2012:
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688:
318:
266:
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1465:
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2128:
1796:
1656:
1213:
755:
743:
648:
624:
520:
482:
442:
298:
278:
137:
1384:
2371:
2057:
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933:
901:
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759:
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532:
516:
453:
As early as the spring of 1517 Eck had entered into friendly relations with
402:
376:
338:
215:
175:
17:
515:
on 27 June 1519. In the first four sessions Eck maintained the thesis that
985:
Enchiridion of Commonplaces against Luther and other Enemies of the Church
820:(1530), Eck played the leading part among the Roman Catholic theologians.
695:, he succeeded in giving the papal measure due official publicity, but at
102:
2271:
1849:
1801:
1706:
1696:
1666:
1646:
1610:
960:
Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum et alios hostes ecclesiae
949:
Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum et alios hostes ecclesiae
774:, although it also concerned itself to some extent with the teachings of
768:
Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum et alios hostes ecclesiae
700:
608:
knew nothing of theology, a claim Melanchthon responded to in his reply.
357:
611:
Eck fared still worse in October of the same year when he sought to aid
2303:
2192:
2042:
1781:
1756:
1671:
1599:
1553:
852:
785:
from 21 May until 18 June 1526 a public disputation on the doctrine of
738:
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684:
640:
581:
556:
Soon after his return to Ingolstadt, Eck attempted to persuade Elector
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434:
409:
361:
286:
224:
219:
191:
1884:
1766:
1661:
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585:
528:
489:
369:
365:
233:
1288: This article incorporates text from a publication in the
1416:
The Roots of Antisemitism in the Age of Renaissance and Reformation
816:, and other places were definitely won for the Reformation. At the
804:
The effect of his victory at Baden was dissipated, however, at the
663:
to decisive action against Luther were unsuccessful for some time.
813:
660:
615:
with a strongly worded tirade against Luther. Two satires, one by
566:
498:
429:, in 4 vols. He verbally assailed his friend, humanist and jurist
408:
1362:
293:, and later retaining this relationship during their move to the
1854:
809:
536:
368:
in 1516. Through these successes he gained the patronage of the
1469:
1011:, ed., Bernhard Walde, 1928, MĂŒnster in Westfalen: Aschendorff.
580:, together with the allied authorities of the universities of
461:, Eck attacked Luther's theses, which had been sent to him by
56:
29:
703:, where he was again prevented from proclaiming the bull. At
921:). In it he opposes the position of the Nuremberg reformer
202:'s most important interlocutors and theological opponents.
1202:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
148:
German Scholastic theologian, Catholic prelate, and early
1304:(third ed.). London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
958:
Eck, Johannes; Smeling, Tilmann, Fraenkel, Pierre (ed.),
469:", fostering anarchy within the Church and branded him a
301:
and two years later obtained his doctorate in theology.
627:, an act from which he was restrained by his colleague
1314:
Heiko Oberman, "Masters of the Reformation", , pp. 129
1301:
New SchaffâHerzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge
896:
Eck made a sermon on the genealogy of Christ, naming
269:
in 1501 on account of the plague and after a year at
329:, while he obtained some fame as commentator on the
325:(Augsburg, 1514), in which he developed a theory of
2763:
2572:
2431:
2301:
2177:
2056:
1913:
1820:
1680:
1574:
1512:
1323:
Walter I. Brandt, "Luther's Works", v. 45 , p. 305.
511:The disputation between Eck and Karlstadt began at
155:
144:
126:
112:
93:
982:
572:Eck's only followers were the aged heretic-hunter
465:, and accused him of promoting the "heresy of the
433:, for a doctrine proclaimed ten years before, and
1418:, translated by James I. Porter, (Philadelphia:
1342:Papers of the American Society of Church History
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
879:over the latter's published report of the diet.
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
485:and engaged in a violent controversy with Eck.
423:Enchiridion locorum communium adversus Lutherum
2918:Academic staff of the University of Ingolstadt
2869:https://www.prdl.org/author_view.php?a_id=726
1481:
758:and in defense of the doctrines of the Mass,
666:In July he returned to Germany with the bull
174:(13 November 1486 â 13 February 1543), often
8:
710:In his anger he appealed to force, and his
1488:
1474:
1466:
243:, which he left in the following year for
101:
90:
59:. Please do not remove this message until
2867:Eck at post reformation digital library:
1171:
1169:
1167:
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
2898:16th-century German Catholic theologians
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
851:, that took place at Augsburg; Eck with
55:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1143:
966:: with the additions by Tilmann Smeling
651:, to whom he presented his latest work
519:is the active agent in the creation of
400:. His aim, however, had been to find a
297:. In 1508 he entered the priesthood in
2489:Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler
1294:Jackson, Samuel Macauley, ed. (1914).
981:Battles, Ford Lewis (transl.) (1979),
449:Disputations with Luther and Karlstadt
372:, but they scandalized Martin Luther.
27:German Catholic theologian (1486â1543)
503:A depiction of Luther and Eck at the
308:in 1506 he published his first work,
7:
1373:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
882:
1214:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Johann Eck"
659:, although his efforts to urge the
653:De primate Petri adversus Ludderum
475:Asterisci adversus obeliscos Eccii
25:
2903:German Roman Catholic theologians
1449:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920).
1385:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Anne"
1361:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1340:. Samuel Macauley Jackson, ed.,
1032:Bartholomaeus Arnoldi von Usingen
552:Attacks on Luther and Melanchthon
439:Annotationes in Novum Testamentum
2928:16th-century German male writers
2849:
1283:
1176:
239:At the age of 12 he entered the
161:
34:
2923:German male non-fiction writers
1807:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
915:Against the Defense of the Jews
892:Eck and the genealogy of Christ
387:of Petrus Hispanus, and on the
1520:History of the Catholic Church
1408:Ains Juden-bĂŒechlins Verlegung
919:Ains Juden-bĂŒechlins Verlegung
1:
2908:University of Freiburg alumni
2169:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
1566:History of Christian theology
1452:"Eck, Johann Maier von"
859:met the Lutherans in August.
834:Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
635:Papal emissary and inquisitor
413:Portrait of Johann Eck (1717)
310:Ludicra logices exercitamenta
2913:Heidelberg University alumni
1497:History of Catholic theology
789:was held, in which Eck and
481:defended Luther's views of
61:conditions to do so are met
2944:
2595:Pierre Teilhard de Chardin
2585:Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange
1870:Transubstantiation dispute
1009:Explanatio Psalmi vigesimi
913:In 1541 Eck published his
883:Eck's German New Testament
2844:
1503:
750:Zwingli and his followers
160:
100:
2893:Writers from UnterallgÀu
2509:Matthias Joseph Scheeben
1702:Athanasius of Alexandria
1594:First Epistle of Clement
946:Eckius, Joannes (1536),
724:University of Ingolstadt
473:. Luther replied in his
295:University of Ingolstadt
241:University of Heidelberg
214:at Eck (later Egg, near
2620:Dietrich von Hildebrand
2484:Giovanni Maria Cornoldi
2358:Jacques-BĂ©nigne Bossuet
2338:Mary of Jesus of Ăgreda
1880:Paulinus II of Aquileia
1875:Predestination disputes
1410:, fol. J 3r, quoted in
1332:Text of Dr. John Eck's
1199:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
929:Make Use of Their Blood
194:, and a pioneer of the
2856:Catholicism portal
2705:Hans Urs von Balthasar
2504:Tommaso Maria Zigliara
2444:Félicité de La Mennais
2123:The Cloud of Unknowing
1624:The Shepherd of Hermas
1458:Encyclopedia Americana
993:(Twin Brooks Series),
925:, who in the pamphlet
869:justification by faith
508:
414:
2630:Marie-Dominique Chenu
2549:Marie-Joseph Lagrange
2534:Désiré-Joseph Mercier
2418:Clement Mary Hofbauer
2413:Johann Michael Sailer
1840:Maximus the Confessor
1532:History of the papacy
1434:"Jodocus Trutfetter"
1370:Catholic Encyclopedia
1078:Jacob van Hoogstraten
845:Confutatio pontificia
726:as a tribunal of the
712:Epistola ad Carolum V
621:Willibald Pirckheimer
546:University of Leipzig
502:
463:Christoph von Scheurl
445:on 10 February 1543.
427:Opera contra Ludderum
412:
406:between old and new.
2806:Raniero Cantalamessa
2776:Alice von Hildebrand
2725:Edward Schillebeeckx
2403:Maria Gaetana Agnesi
2288:Lawrence of Brindisi
2218:Francisco de Vitoria
2008:Beatrice of Nazareth
1983:Hugh of Saint Victor
1963:Bernard of Clairvaux
1943:Anselm of Canterbury
1905:John Scotus Eriugena
1900:Paschasius Radbertus
1747:Gregory of Nazianzus
1641:Epistle to Diognetus
1113:Johannes Pfefferkorn
1007:Eck, Johann (1538),
989:, Grand Rapids, MI:
900:mother's parents as
795:Johann Oecolampadius
793:were pitted against
764:auricular confession
210:Johann Eck was born
172:Johann Maier von Eck
107:Johann Maier von Eck
95:Johann Maier von Eck
2781:Carlo Maria Martini
2745:Johann Baptist Metz
2715:Frederick Copleston
2539:Friedrich von HĂŒgel
2499:Joseph Hergenröther
2479:Gaetano Sanseverino
2459:Ignaz von Döllinger
2383:Nicolas Malebranche
2223:Thomas of Villanova
2184:Counter-Reformation
2164:Girolamo Savonarola
1978:Hildegard of Bingen
1787:Cyril of Alexandria
1630:Aristides of Athens
1617:Epistle of Barnabas
1606:Ignatius of Antioch
1544:Ecumenical councils
1445:(Regensburg, 1865).
1346:Knickerbocker Press
970:Corpus Catholicorum
849:Philipp Melanchthon
841:Augsburg Confession
799:Conference of Baden
590:Philipp Melanchthon
563:Leipzig disputation
558:Frederick of Saxony
541:Ecumenical Councils
354:political economist
275:Freiburg University
273:finally settled at
196:Counter-Reformation
184:Catholic theologian
48:of this article is
2796:Alasdair MacIntyre
2675:Nouvelle théologie
2564:ThérÚse of Lisieux
2408:Alfonso Muzzarelli
2348:Jean-Jacques Olier
2318:Tommaso Campanella
2233:Francisco de Osuna
2228:Ignatius of Loyola
2097:Catherine of Siena
1993:Robert Grosseteste
1890:Benedict of Aniane
1830:Isidore of Seville
1772:Augustine of Hippo
1737:Cyril of Jerusalem
1732:Hilary of Poitiers
1436:Jodocus Trutfetter
1364:"Johann Eck"
1123:Caspar Schatzgeyer
873:diet of Regensburg
787:transubstantiation
509:
415:
291:Balthasar Hubmaier
2864:
2863:
2791:Gustavo Gutiérrez
2786:Pope Benedict XVI
2771:Pope John Paul II
2670:JosemarĂa EscrivĂĄ
2660:Henri Daniel-Rops
2544:Vladimir Solovyov
2524:Neo-scholasticism
2464:John Henry Newman
2398:Louis de Montfort
2393:Alphonsus Liguori
2388:Giambattista Vico
2323:Pierre de BĂ©rulle
2309:French Revolution
2278:Robert Bellarmine
2258:John of the Cross
2144:Julian of Norwich
2102:Bridget of Sweden
2092:John of Ruusbroec
2082:William of Ockham
1998:Francis of Assisi
1988:Dominic de GuzmĂĄn
1958:Decretum Gratiani
1933:Berengar of Tours
1822:Early Middle Ages
1792:Peter Chrysologus
1742:Basil of Caesarea
1727:Ephrem the Syrian
1667:Antipope Novatian
1389:www.newadvent.org
1218:www.newadvent.org
1194:Eck, Johann Maier
1103:William of Ockham
1073:Hochstratus Ovans
1059:(Crotus Rubianus)
1027:Girolamo Aleandro
1000:978-0-8010-3352-0
864:Colloquy of Worms
657:papal protonotary
619:and the other by
479:Andreas Karlstadt
467:Bohemian Brethren
249:Konrad Summenhart
216:Memmingen, Swabia
169:
168:
89:
88:
81:
16:(Redirected from
2935:
2854:
2853:
2695:Emmanuel Mounier
2690:Bernard Lonergan
2615:Georges Bernanos
2600:Jacques Maritain
2580:G. K. Chesterton
2469:Henri Lacordaire
2368:Cornelius Jansen
2363:François Fénelon
2293:Francis de Sales
2283:Francisco SuĂĄrez
2154:Nicholas of Cusa
2038:Siger of Brabant
2023:Boetius of Dacia
2003:Anthony of Padua
1948:Joachim of Fiore
1928:Gregory of Narek
1915:High Middle Ages
1860:John of Damascus
1752:Gregory of Nyssa
1490:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1423:
1412:Heiko A. Oberman
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1352:
1350:Books.Google.com
1330:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1088:Karl von Miltitz
1052:Johann Cochlaeus
1003:
991:Baker Book House
988:
974:
953:
923:Andreas Osiander
909:Eck and the Jews
830:Diet of Augsburg
818:Diet of Augsburg
806:Bern Disputation
776:Huldrych Zwingli
600:doctors. In his
578:Emser of Leipzig
421:(1519), and his
419:De primatu Petri
261:
165:
133:
130:10 February 1543
116:13 November 1486
105:
91:
84:
77:
73:
70:
64:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2873:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2848:
2840:
2821:Jean-Luc Marion
2759:
2710:Marcel Lefebvre
2635:Romano Guardini
2590:Joseph Maréchal
2568:
2559:Maurice Blondel
2454:Antonio Rosmini
2449:Luigi Taparelli
2427:
2353:Louis Thomassin
2328:Pierre Gassendi
2311:
2307:
2297:
2248:Teresa of Ăvila
2186:
2182:
2173:
2159:Marsilio Ficino
2149:Thomas Ă Kempis
2139:Devotio Moderna
2112:Johannes Tauler
2107:Meister Eckhart
2077:Dante Alighieri
2052:
2018:Albertus Magnus
1909:
1816:
1762:John Chrysostom
1690:
1686:
1676:
1589:Clement of Rome
1570:
1508:
1499:
1494:
1448:
1431:
1429:Further reading
1426:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1192:, ed. (1911). "
1188:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1145:
1141:
1118:Johann Reuchlin
1022:Albert of Mainz
1018:
1001:
980:
957:
945:
942:
911:
905:twenty years".
894:
885:
826:
824:Peace overtures
783:Baden-in-Aargau
752:
637:
554:
451:
251:
208:
182:, was a German
150:counterreformer
140:
135:
131:
122:
117:
108:
96:
85:
74:
68:
65:
54:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2941:
2939:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:Henri de Lubac
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2625:Gabriel Marcel
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:Ătienne Gilson
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:George Tyrrell
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Ămile Boutroux
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2494:Giuseppe Pecci
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:AntĂłnio Vieira
2340:
2335:
2333:René Descartes
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2304:Baroque period
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2268:Luis de Molina
2265:
2263:Peter Canisius
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Francis Xavier
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Thomas Cajetan
2195:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2129:Heinrich Seuse
2126:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2033:Thomas Aquinas
2030:
2028:Henry of Ghent
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Anselm of Laon
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Rabanus Maurus
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1812:Pope Gregory I
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1688:Pope Gregory I
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1559:Biblical canon
1556:
1549:Catholic Bible
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1446:
1441:T. Wiedemann,
1439:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:Fortress Press
1400:
1376:
1353:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1229:
1205:
1190:Chisholm, Hugh
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1047:Peter Canisius
1044:
1042:Thomas Cajetan
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1005:
999:
978:
955:
941:
938:
910:
907:
893:
890:
884:
881:
862:He was at the
825:
822:
751:
748:
716:Edict of Worms
669:Exsurge Domine
636:
633:
553:
550:
507:from the 1860s
505:Leipzig Debate
450:
447:
441:. Eck died at
381:Peter of Spain
335:Peter of Spain
327:predestination
207:
204:
198:who was among
167:
166:
158:
157:
153:
152:
146:
142:
141:
136:
134:(aged 56)
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
110:
109:
106:
98:
97:
94:
87:
86:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2940:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Aidan Nichols
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:MichaĆ Heller
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Walter Kasper
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2730:Thomas Merton
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:Jean Daniélou
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
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2641:
2638:
2636:
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2628:
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2623:
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2611:
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2598:
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2578:
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2571:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
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2550:
2547:
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2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2439:Joseph Görres
2437:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2423:Bruno Lanteri
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2378:Blaise Pascal
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:John of Ăvila
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:Walter Hilton
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2087:Richard Rolle
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1968:Peter Lombard
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:Peter Abelard
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Monothelitism
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:John Climacus
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1808:
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1803:
1800:
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1773:
1770:
1768:
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1763:
1760:
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1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:Monophysitism
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
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1673:
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1665:
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1660:
1658:
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1653:
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1648:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1636:
1635:Justin Martyr
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
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1601:
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1564:
1560:
1557:
1555:
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1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1537:Papal primacy
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1443:Dr Johann Eck
1440:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1390:
1386:
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1377:
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1371:
1365:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1296:"Eck, Johann"
1291:
1290:public domain
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
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1236:
1234:
1230:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1185:public domain
1172:
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1168:
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1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1150:
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1144:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:Johann Tetzel
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1098:Thomas Murner
1096:
1094:
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1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
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1071:
1069:
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1061:
1058:
1057:Johann Crotus
1055:
1053:
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1048:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
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2573:20th century
2474:Jaime Balmes
2432:19th century
2253:Luis de LeĂłn
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2134:Geert Groote
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1938:Peter Damian
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2888:1543 deaths
2883:1486 births
2826:TomĂĄĆĄ HalĂk
2750:Jean Vanier
2735:René Girard
2720:Alfred Delp
2685:Yves Congar
2680:Karl Rahner
2655:Dorothy Day
2640:Edith Stein
2610:Ronald Knox
2208:John Fisher
2203:Thomas More
2180:Reformation
2072:Duns Scotus
2067:Ramon Llull
2060:and reforms
2048:Roger Bacon
2013:Bonaventure
1923:Roscellinus
1712:Pelagianism
1683:Constantine
1506:Key figures
1093:Thomas More
1068:John Fisher
934:eucharistic
728:Inquisition
720:nunciature.
689:Brandenburg
606:Melanchthon
574:Hoogstraten
483:indulgences
360:(1514) and
319:Catholicism
252: [
2877:Categories
2836:Scott Hahn
2213:Johann Eck
1865:Iconoclasm
1797:Pope Leo I
1657:Tertullian
1394:2020-09-11
1334:404 Theses
1223:2021-01-15
1139:References
952:(in Latin)
756:iconoclasm
649:Pope Leo X
625:Ingolstadt
521:good works
443:Ingolstadt
389:Dialectics
315:Ingolstadt
299:Strasbourg
287:Nikolsburg
281:leader of
279:Anabaptist
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188:scholastic
176:anglicized
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2519:Modernism
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2058:Mysticism
1652:Montanism
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902:Emerentia
760:purgatory
693:Merseburg
602:Excusatio
592:wrote to
533:purgatory
517:free will
403:via media
377:Aristotle
339:Aristotle
156:Signature
57:talk page
2272:Molinism
1850:Ecthesis
1802:Boethius
1707:Arianism
1697:Eusebius
1647:Irenaeus
1611:Polycarp
1525:Timeline
1348:, 1910.
1016:See also
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828:For the
739:Bavarian
735:GĂŒnzburg
701:Freiberg
674:heretics
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477:, while
459:Obelisci
385:Summulae
358:Augsburg
347:De anima
343:De caelo
331:Summulae
306:Freiburg
283:Waldshut
267:TĂŒbingen
265:He left
245:TĂŒbingen
180:John Eck
50:disputed
2193:Erasmus
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1600:Didache
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362:Bologna
337:and on
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