342:. He writes, "A different narrative emerged from our recent analysis of U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) data, collected from more than 20,000 entities. According to the DOC data, foreign joint ventures of U.S. companies realized a 5.5 percent average return on assets (ROA), while those companies' wholly owned and controlled affiliates (the vast majority of which are wholly owned) realized a slightly lower 5.2 percent ROA. The same story holds true for investments by foreign companies in the U.S., but the difference is more pronounced. U.S.-based joint ventures realized a 2.2 percent average ROA, while wholly owned and controlled affiliates in the U.S. only realized a 0.7 percent ROA."
1393:, as there is no legal entity form as Joint venture. Protection of the rights of foreign investors is guaranteed by Law of Ukraine "On Foreign Investment". In Ukraine, JV can be established without legal entity formation and act under so called Cooperation Agreement Under the Ukraine civil code, CA can be established by two or more parties; rights and obligations of the parties are regulated by the agreement. Cooperation agreement has been widely spread in Ukraine, mainly in the field of oil and
827:
144:
45:
1246:(Guangzhou Automobile Group), is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer headquartered in Guangzhou. They were the sixth biggest manufacturer in 2017, manufacturing over 2 million vehicles in 2017. GAC sells passenger cars under the Trumpchi brand. In China, they are more known for their foreign joint-venture with Fiat, Honda, Isuzu, Mitsubishi, and Toyota.
660:, China was the recipient of US$ 53.5 billion in direct foreign investment, making it the world's largest recipient of direct foreign investment for the first time, to exceed the US. Also, it approved the establishment of nearly 500,000 foreign-investment enterprises. The US had 45,000 projects by 2004 with an in-place investment of over 48 billion.
86:
1089:, formerly known as Shanghai General Motors Company Ltd., makes numerous cars in China in four factories, especially Buick, but also some Chevrolet and Cadillac models. In November 2018, the company announced new Chevrolet models for the Chinese market, including an extended-wheelbase Malibu XL, a new Chevy SUV concept, and a new Monza.
491:, some issues must be dealt with here as a preamble to the discussion that follows. There are also many issues which are not in the Articles when a company starts up or never ever present. Also, a JV may elect to stay as a JV alone in a "quasi partnership" to avoid any nonessential disclosure to the government or the public.
676:
Joint
Ventures (EJVs), Sino-Foreign Co-operative Joint Ventures (CJVs), Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprises (WFOE), although they do not strictly belong to Joint Ventures, plus foreign investment companies limited by shares (FICLBS), and Investment Companies through Foreign Investors (ICFI). Each category is described below.
1258:, and is a state-owned enterprise. In 2017, the company ranked fourth in terms of output making 2.8 million vehicles in 2017. Changan designs, develops, manufactures and sells passenger cars sold under the Changan brand and commercial vehicles sold under the Chana brand. Foreign joint venture companies include
1316:, is the biggest privately owned automobile manufacturer and seventh biggest manufacturer overall in China. Their flagship brand Geely Auto became the top Chinese car brand in 2017. Currently one of the fastest growing automotive groups in the world, Geely is known for their ownership of Swedish luxury car brand,
1003:
Type A are only to be used by
Chinese nationals and can be traded only in RMB. Type "B" shares are denominated in Renminbi but can be traded in foreign exchange and by Chinese nationals having foreign exchange. Further, State enterprises which have been approved for corporatization can trade in Hong
769:
There is another advantage: the percentage of the CJV owned by each partner can change throughout the JV's life, giving the option to the foreign investor, by holding higher equity, obtains a faster rate of return with the concurrent wish of the
Chinese partner of a later larger role of maintaining
765:
With changes in the law, it becomes possible to merge with a
Chinese company for a quick start. A foreign investor does not need to set up a new corporation in China. Instead, the investor uses the Chinese partner's business license, under a contractual arrangement. However, under the CJV, the land
688:
The JV contract accompanied by the articles of association for the EJV are the two most fundamental legal documents of the project. The
Articles mirror many of the provisions of the JV contract. In case of conflict the JV document has precedence. These documents are prepared at the same time as the
684:
The EJV Law is between a
Chinese partner and a foreign company. It is incorporated in both Chinese (official) and in English (with equal validity), with limited liability. Prior to China's entry into WTO – and thus the WFOEs – EJVs predominated. In the EJV mode, the partners share profits, losses,
671:
Companies with foreign partners can carry out manufacturing and sales operations in China and can sell through their own sales network. Foreign-Sino companies have export rights which are not available to wholly
Chinese companies, as China desires to import foreign technology by encouraging JVs and
542:
The other basic document which must be articulated is the
Articles, which is a published document and known to members. This repeats the shareholders agreement as to the number of directors each founder can appoint to the board of directors; whether the board controls or the founders; the taking of
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The CJVs may have a limited structure or unlimited – therefore, there are two versions. The limited-liability version is similar to the EJVs in status of permissions – the foreign investor provides the majority of funds and technology and the
Chinese party provides land, buildings, equipment, etc.
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outlined above. It is a non-binding document – the parties are still free to choose not to proceed with the project. The feasibility study must cover the fundamental technical and commercial aspects of the project, before the parties can proceed to formalize the necessary legal documentation. The
675:
Under
Chinese law, foreign enterprises are divided into several basic categories. Of these, five will be described or mentioned here: three relate to industry and services and two as vehicles for foreign investment. Those five categories of Chinese foreign enterprises are: the Sino-Foreign Equity
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Through capital market operations, foreign companies can transact on the two exchanges without prior permission of RBI but they cannot own more than 10 percent equity in paid-up capital of Indian enterprises, while aggregate foreign institutional investment (FII) in an enterprise is capped at 24
728:
The other format of the CJV is similar to a partnership where the parties jointly incur unlimited liability for the debts of the enterprise with no separate legal person being created. In both the cases, the status of the formed enterprise is that of a legal Chinese person which can hire labor
1376:
It is expected that in a JV, the foreign partner supplies technical collaboration and the pricing includes the foreign exchange component, while the Indian partner makes available the factory or building site and locally made machinery and product parts. Many JVs are formed as public limited
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The total amount of the investor's assets during the year preceding the application to do business in China has to be no less than US$ 400 million within the territory of China. The paid-in capital contribution has to exceed $ 10 million. Furthermore, more than 3 project proposals of the
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The registered capital of the company the share of the paid-in capital. The minimum amount of the registered capital of the company should be RMB 30 million. These companies can be listed on the only two PRC Stock Exchanges – the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. Shares of two types are
550:
Often, the most successful JVs are those with 50:50 partnership with each party having the same number of directors but rotating control over the firm, or rights to appoint the Chairperson and Vice-chair of the company. Sometimes a party may give a separate trusted person to vote in its place
1007:"A" shares are issued to and traded by Chinese nationals. They are issued and traded in Renminbi. "B" shares are denominated in Renminbi but are traded in foreign currency. From March 2001, in addition to foreign investors, Chinese nationals with foreign currency can also trade "B" shares.
421:
The articles of association regulate the interaction between shareholders and the directors of a company and can be a lengthy document of up to 700,000 or so pages. It deals with the powers relegated by the stockholders to the directors and those withheld by them, requiring the passing of
1298:, is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer based in Shenyang. They were the ninth biggest manufacturer in 2017. They have a foreign joint venture with BMW and also sells passenger vehicles under their own brand Brilliance and are expected to make 520,000 cars in China during 2019.
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These enterprises are formed under the Sino-Foreign Investment Act. The capital is composed of value of stock in exchange for the value of the property given to the enterprise. The liability of the shareholders, including debt, is equal to the number of shares purchased by each partner.
1851:
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Promoter shareholder of an existing Indian company and a third party, who/which may be individual/company, one of them non-resident or both residents, collaborate to jointly carry on the business of that company and its shares are taken by the said third party through payment in
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The WFOE is a Chinese legal person and has to obey all Chinese laws. As such, it is allowed to enter into contracts with appropriate government authorities to acquire land use rights, rent buildings, and receive utility services. In this it is more similar to a CJV than an EJV.
810:
WFOEs are typically limited liability enterprises. Like with EJVs, but the liability of the directors, managers, advisers, and suppliers depends on the rules which govern the Departments or Ministries which control product liability, worker safety or environmental protection.
445:
is a document required to form a corporation in the U.S. (in actuality, the state where it is incorporated) and in countries following the practice. In the US, the "constitution" is a single document. The Articles of Incorporation is again a regulation of the directors by the
1348:
Two parties, (individuals or companies), incorporate a company in India. Business of one party is transferred to the company and as consideration for such transfer, shares are issued by the company and subscribed by that party. The other party subscribes for the shares in
1365:
The establishment of wholly owned subsidiaries (WOS) and project offices and branch offices, incorporated in India or not. Sometimes, it is understood, that branches are started to test the market and get its flavor. Equity transfer from residents to non-residents in
1357:
Private companies (only about $ 2500 is the lower limit of capital, no upper limit) are allowed in India together with and public companies, limited or not, likewise with partnerships. sole proprietorship too are allowed. However, the latter are reserved for NRIs.
302:
The venture can be a business JV (for example, Dow Corning), a project/asset JV intended to pursue one specific project only, or a JV aimed at defining standards or serving as an "industry utility" that provides a narrow set of services to industry participants.
627:(FAR) in the United States, may specify how joint ventures are to be approached as suppliers or confirm that a joint venture or other form of contractor partnering is seen as a "desirable" arrangement for supplying to government. The FAR states that
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The foreign investment in the total project must be at least 25%. No minimum investment is set for the Chinese partner. The timing of investments must be mentioned in the Agreement and failure to invest in the indicated time, draws a penalty.
1862:
667:
in 1976, initiatives in foreign trade began to be applied, and law applicable to foreign direct investment was made clear in 1979, while the first Sino-foreign equity venture took place in 2001. The corpus of the law has improved since then.
547:); the deployment of funds of the firm; extent of debt; the proportion of profit that can be declared as dividends; etc. Also significant is what will happen if the firm is dissolved, if one of the partners dies, or if the firm is sold.
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WFOEs are expected by PRC to use the most modern technologies and to export at least 50% of their production, with all of the investment is to be wholly provided by the foreign investor and the enterprise is within his total control.
1370:(M&A) is usually permitted under the automatic route. However, if the M&As are in sectors and activities requiring prior government permission (Appendix 1 of the Policy) then transfer can proceed only after permission.
1677:
Barden, Jeffrey Q; Steensma, H Kevin; Lyles, Marjorie A (2005). "The influence of parent control structure on parent conflict in Vietnamese international joint ventures: an organizational justice-based contingency approach".
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investor's intended investment projects must have been approved. The shares subscribed and held by foreign Investment Companies by Foreign Investors (ICFI) should be 25%. The investment firm can be established as an EJV.
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A CJV could allow negotiated levels of management and financial control, as well as methods of recourse associated with equipment leases and service contracts. In an EJV management control is through allocation of Board
753:
During the term of the venture, the foreign participant can recover his investment, provided the contract prescribes that and all fixed assets will become the property of the Chinese participant on termination of the
1015:
Investment companies are those established in China by sole foreign-funded business or jointly with Chinese partners who engage in direct investment. It has to be incorporated as a company with limited liability.
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or, for arrangements entered into after submission of an offer, before the arrangement becomes effective. The Government will not normally require or encourage the dissolution of contractor team arrangements.
757:
Foreign partners can often obtain the desired level of control by negotiating management, voting, and staffing rights into a CJV's articles; since control does not have to be allocated according to equity
482:
This is a legal area and is fraught with difficulty as the laws of countries differ, particularly on the enforceability of "heads of" or shareholder agreements. For some legal reasons, it may be called a
338:
According to Gerard Baynham of Water Street Partners, there has been much negative press about joint ventures, but objective data indicate that they may actually outperform wholly owned and controlled
539:
There are many features which have to be incorporated into the shareholders' agreement which is quite private to the parties as they start off. Normally, it requires no submission to any authority.
1341:
JV companies are the preferred form of corporate investment but there are no separate laws for joint ventures. Companies which are incorporated in India are treated on par as domestic companies.
1282:, a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer based in Anhui. They were the tenth biggest manufacturer in 2017. They have a foreign joint venture with Jaguar Land Rover for the production of
1024:
1055:(上海汽车集团股份有限公司), also known as SAIC (上汽) and SAIC-GM (上汽通用), is a Chinese state-owned automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Shanghai, operating in joint venture with US owned
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and risk in equal proportion to their respective contributions to the venture's registered capital. These escalate upwardly in the same proportion as the increase in registered capital.
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The Government will recognize the integrity and validity of contractor team arrangements , provided the arrangements are identified and company relationships are fully disclosed in an
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Co-operative Joint Ventures (CJVs) are permitted under the Sino-Foreign Co-operative Joint Ventures. Co-operative enterprises are also called Contractual Operative Enterprises.
657:
663:
Until recently, no guidelines existed on how foreign investment was to be handled due to the restrictive nature of China toward foreign investors. Following the death of
1773:
Directive 2014/24/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on public procurement and repealing Directive 2004/18/EC (Text with EEA relevance)
643:, public bodies may insist that suppliers intending to provide goods and services through a joint partnership accept joint liability for the execution of the contract.
1186:. In 2017, the company ranked third in terms of output making 3.3 million vehicles. FAW sells products under at least ten different brands including its own and
1129:. The company was the second-largest Chinese vehicle maker in 2017, by production volume, manufacturing over 4.1 million vehicles that year. Its own brands are
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has held that Memorandums of Understanding (whose details are not in the articles of association) are "unconstitutional" giving more transparency to undertakings.
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Convenience and flexibility are the characteristics of this type of investment. It is therefore easier to find co-operative partners and to reach an agreement.
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feasibility report. There are also the ancillary documents (termed "offsets" in the US) covering know-how and trademarks and supply-of-equipment agreements.
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To implement WTO commitments, China publishes from time to time updated versions of its "Catalogs Investments" (affecting ventures) prohibited, restricted.
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The number of directors and the rights of the founders to their appoint directors which shows as to whether a shareholder dominates or shares equality.
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2004:
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796:(WTO) around 2001 has had profound effects on foreign investment. Not being a JV, they are considered here only in comparison or contrast.
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107:
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document which informs the public of its existence. It may be viewed by the public at the office in which it is filed. Together with the
289:, are "unincorporated" joint ventures that mimic a corporate entity. With individuals, when two or more persons come together to form a
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Cars company has been owned by the Chinese company Geely since 2010 and manufactures most of the XC60 vehicles in China for export.
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directly as, for example, a Chinese national contactor. The minimum of the capital is registered at various levels of investment.
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293:
for the purpose of carrying out a particular project, such partnership can also be called a joint venture where the parties are "
274:, and shared governance. Companies typically pursue joint ventures for one of four reasons: to access a new market, particularly
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decisions by simple majority (50%+1) of those present or a 51% or 75% majority with all directors present (their alternates/
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it is officially separate from its founders, who might otherwise be giant corporations, even amongst the emerging countries
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There is basic law of the PRC concerning enterprises with sole foreign investment controls, WFOEs. China's entry into the
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180:
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The above two parties subscribe to the shares of the JV company in agreed proportion, in cash, and start a new business.
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in joint ventures, in particular the influence of parent control structure, ownership change, and volatile environment.
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Between US$ 3 million and US$ 10 million, minimum equity must be US$ 2.1 million and at least 50% of the investment;
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Between US$ 10 million and US$ 30 million, minimum equity must be US$ 5 million and at least 40% of the investment;
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study should contain details referred to earlier under Feasibility Study (submissions by the Chinese partner).
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1117:. As of November 22, 2018, a full two million Mercedes-Benz vehicles had been built in China by this alliance.
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2102:
1452:
Roos, Alexander; Khanna, Dinesh; Verma, Sharad; Lang, Nikolaus; Dolya, Alex; Nath, Gaurav; Hammoud, Tawfik.
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Joint ventures with trading companies are allowed together with imports of secondhand plants and machinery.
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However, there are no minimum limits on the foreign partner which allows him to be a minority shareholder.
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The minimum equity is prescribed for investment truncated, where the foreign equity and debt levels are:
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that states a Knowledge (XXG) editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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1182:(第一汽车集团, abbreviated to 一汽) is a Chinese state-owned automotive manufacturing company headquartered in
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and operations; to share risk for major investments or projects; or to access skills and capabilities.
2064:
2015:
1935:
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Luo, Yadong (2007). "Are joint venture partners more opportunistic in a more volatile environment?".
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1097:- The numerous VW and Audi cars manufactured in China are made under two joint-venture partnerships:
743:. This proportion also determines the control and the risks of the enterprise in the same proportion.
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339:
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More than US$ 30 million, minimum equity must be US$ 12 million and at least 1/3 of the investment.
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the JV can contract in its own name, acquire rights (such as the right to buy new companies), and
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64:
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608:. Literature in business and management has paid attention to different factors of conflict and
487:. It is done in parallel with other activities in forming a JV. Though dealt with briefly for a
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1125:(东风汽车公司, abbreviated to 东风) is a Chinese state-owned automobile manufacturer headquartered in
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countries, a joint-venture (or else a company formed by a group of individuals) must file its
517:
Transferability of shares – assignment rights of the founders to other members of the company
1730:
1687:
1191:
834:
Parts of this article (those related to Distribution Analysis of JV in Industry) need to be
354:, the term "joint venture" is an exclusive legal concept, better defined under the rules of
267:
201:
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On the receipt of the Certificate of Incorporation, a company can commence its business.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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but a principal disadvantage is absence of an interested and influential Chinese party.
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Evolving market conditions mean that joint venture is no longer appropriate or relevant
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1960:
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1059:. Products produced by SAIC joint venture companies are sold under marques including
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266:) is a business entity created by two or more parties, generally characterized by
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1254:(重庆长安汽车股份有限公司, abbreviated to 长安) is an automobile manufacturer headquartered in
470:
it can sue (and be sued) in courts in defense or its pursuance of its objectives.
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Confidentiality of know-how and founders' agreement and penalties for disclosure
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An advantage the WFOE enjoys over its alternates is enhanced protection of its
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The control of the company either by the number of directors or its "funding"
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As of the 3rd Quarter of 2004, WFOEs had replaced EJVs and CJVs as follows:
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By its formation, the JV becomes a new entity with the implications that:
1808:"Law of the People's Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Joint Ventures"
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Both the foreign and local entrepreneurs jointly forming a new enterprise
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On March 15, 2019, China's National People's Congress adopted a unified
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1588:"Legal Information for U.S. Organizations (Businesses and Nonprofits)"
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The partners in a CJV are allowed to share profit on an agreed basis,
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Less than US$ 3 million, equity must constitute 70% of the investment;
1259:
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364:"association d'entreprises", "entreprise conjointe", "coentreprise"
1775:, Article 63.1, accessed via legislation.gov.uk on 24 November 2023
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1541:"Memorandum of Association of Wiki Educational Resources Limited"
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companies (LLCs) because of the advantages of limited liability.
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has a joint venture with Guangzhou Automobile Group (GAC Group)
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permitted on these Exchanges – Types "A" and Type "B" shares.
773:
The parties in any of the ventures, EJV, CJV or WFOE prepare a
418:, it forms the "constitution" of a company in these countries.
285:
Most joint ventures are incorporated, although some, as in the
820:
583:
Either or both parties no longer agree with joint venture aims
137:
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38:
1983:"Home-Page – Institut français des relations internationales"
570:
A JV is not a permanent structure. It can be dissolved when:
498:
Valuation of intellectual rights, say, the valuations of the
384:
Local firm acquiring an interest in an existing foreign firm
1320:. In China, their passenger car brands include Geely Auto,
746:
It may be possible to operate in a CJV in a restricted area
523:– percentage of profits to be declared when there is profit
97:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
1936:"Foreign Investment Law of the People's Republic of China"
1885:
1883:
1852:"THE 2010 DECHERT GUIDE TO FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN CHINA"
1786:"China statistics, China data, China facts and figures"
1493:"Learn Why Joint Ventures Are Staging a Quiet Comeback"
991:
Foreign investment companies limited by shares (FICLBS)
987:(*)=Financial Vventures by EJVs/CJVs (**)=Approved JVs
377:
A JV can be brought about in the following major ways:
103:
1982:
1566:"Articles of Incorporation Law & Legal Definition"
511:
Management decisions – whether the board manages or a
464:
from that of its founders, except for invested capital
381:
Foreign investor buying an interest in a local company
362:, the term "joint venture" is variously translated as
1389:, most of joint ventures are operated in the form of
741:
not necessarily in proportion to capital contribution
736:
A Co-operative JV does not have to be a legal entity.
502:
of one partner and, say, the real estate of the other
494:
Some of the issues in a shareholders' agreement are:
1409:, also known as a "joint enterprise" (criminal law)
168:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
658:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
1011:Investment companies by foreign investors (ICFI)
766:stays in the possession of the Chinese partner.
732:Other differences from the EJV are to be noted:
1891:"Cooperative Joint Ventures – CBR Jan–Feb 2005"
1137:, and Dongfen Fengshen. Joint ventures include
629:
535:– purchase rights and counter-bid by a founder.
1027:, which comes into effect on January 1, 2020.
861:Distribution Analysis of JV in Industry – PRC
526:Winding up – the conditions, notice to members
1515:"Joint ventures in Lebanese and European law"
390:Together with public capital and/or bank debt
8:
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1893:. Chinabusinessreview.com. January 2, 2005
1760:Subpart 9.6 - Contractor Team Arrangements
1113:is a joint venture between BAIC Motor and
434:to bring the directors' decision to bear.
410:with the appropriate authority. This is a
278:; to gain scale efficiencies by combining
1680:Journal of International Business Studies
1031:List of prominent joint ventures in China
1004:Kong in "H" share and in NYSE exchanges.
647:Joint ventures in different jurisdictions
586:Time agreed for joint venture has expired
246:Learn how and when to remove this message
228:Learn how and when to remove this message
126:Learn how and when to remove this message
1454:"Getting More Value from Joint Ventures"
1052:Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation
859:
782:Wholly foreign-owned enterprises (WFOEs)
641:public procurement in the European Union
580:Either or both parties develop new goals
2065:"Formation of Joint venture in Ukraine"
1444:
1658:from the original on November 29, 2007
1830:"The Pros and Cons of Joint Ventures"
7:
1651:. Government of the United Kingdom.
1590:. Managementhelp.org. Archived from
709:There are also intermediary levels.
166:adding citations to reliable sources
1619:. Airportsindia.org. Archived from
1491:Baynham, Gerard (October 6, 2017).
656:According to a 2003 report of the
604:Joint ventures are risky forms of
555:of the Founder at board meetings.
306:Some major joint ventures include
25:
1788:. Chinatoday.com. October 8, 2008
54:This article has multiple issues.
1111:Beijing Benz Automotive Co., Ltd
825:
577:Aims of original venture not met
142:
84:
43:
1756:General Services Administration
788:Wholly Foreign-Owned Enterprise
153:needs additional citations for
62:or discuss these issues on the
1087:General Motors with SAIC Motor
639:Under the rules applicable to
625:Federal Acquisition Regulation
558:Recently, in a major case the
432:Extraordinary General Meetings
32:Joint Venture (disambiguation)
1:
1692:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400121
2042:"LLC legislation in Ukraine"
1723:Strategic Management Journal
1517:. Mallat.com. Archived from
595:One party acquires the other
574:Aims of original venture met
439:Certificate of Incorporation
1762:, accessed 24 November 2023
1418:International joint venture
485:Memorandum of Understanding
2124:
1218:. FAW joint ventures sell
1122:Dongfeng Motor Corporation
785:
717:Cooperative joint ventures
29:
2005:"JOINT VENTURES IN INDIA"
1568:. Definitions.uslegal.com
1391:Limited liability company
1251:Chang'an Automobile Group
672:the latest technologies.
623:regulations, such as the
589:Legal or financial issues
443:Articles of Incorporation
408:memorandum of association
2108:Types of business entity
1614:"Shareholders Agreement"
1368:mergers and acquisitions
794:World Trade Organization
477:
1916:. shanghai-attorney.com
1832:. IFLR. August 31, 2006
1212:Jie Fang and Yuan Zheng
616:Supplying to government
489:shareholders' agreement
478:Shareholders' agreement
416:articles of association
27:Type of business entity
1094:Volkswagen Group China
1025:Foreign Investment Law
637:
621:Government procurement
533:First right of refusal
308:United Launch Alliance
106:by rewriting it in an
1868:on September 28, 2011
1626:on September 17, 2010
680:Equity joint ventures
606:business partnerships
373:Company incorporation
368:"entreprise commune".
291:temporary partnership
270:, shared returns and
1495:. ChiefExecutive.net
1458:Transaction Advisors
1423:Joint venture broker
560:Indian Supreme Court
424:ordinary resolutions
324:Penske Truck Leasing
287:oil and gas industry
162:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2098:Strategic alliances
1961:"Business in India"
1646:"Ukpga_20060046_en"
1594:on February 8, 2010
1521:on January 26, 2012
1413:Division (business)
1272:PSA Peugeot Citroën
1159:PSA Peugeot Citroën
862:
770:long-term control.
430:and the holding of
428:special resolutions
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108:encyclopedic style
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173:Find sources:
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151:This article
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2093:Business law
2071:December 17,
2069:. Retrieved
2058:
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2023:. Retrieved
2016:the original
2011:
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1977:
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1955:
1945:November 29,
1943:. Retrieved
1939:
1930:
1920:November 15,
1918:. Retrieved
1914:"WFOE Guide"
1907:
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1872:December 17,
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1858:
1846:
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1824:
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1548:. Retrieved
1546:. Upload.org
1535:
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295:
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160:Please help
155:verification
152:
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1859:Dechert.com
1476:November 3,
1428:Partnership
1308:Geely-Volvo
1180:Corporation
1038:AMD-Chinese
881:2004 (3Qr)
610:opportunism
566:Dissolution
356:company law
2087:Categories
1989:January 1,
1967:January 1,
1897:January 1,
1836:January 1,
1814:January 1,
1792:January 1,
1662:January 1,
1630:January 1,
1598:January 1,
1572:January 1,
1525:January 1,
1439:References
1433:Subsidiary
1322:Volvo Cars
1288:Land Rover
1236:Volkswagen
1115:Daimler AG
1081:Volkswagen
665:Mao Zedong
553:proxy vote
404:common law
340:affiliates
218:March 2022
188:newspapers
116:April 2010
59:improve it
1743:1097-0266
1708:167908679
1700:1478-6990
1466:2329-9134
1362:percent.
1256:Chongqing
1184:Changchun
1178:FAW Group
1069:Chevrolet
946:Misc JV*
412:statutory
334:Bad press
65:talk page
1653:Archived
1401:See also
1210:, Oley,
1204:Jie Fang
1155:Infiniti
1131:Dongfeng
866:Type JV
816:know-how
1499:May 19,
1387:Ukraine
1381:Ukraine
1200:Jiaxing
1188:Besturn
1163:Renault
1139:Cummins
1135:Venucia
836:updated
758:stakes.
513:founder
441:or the
394:In the
202:scholar
102:Please
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1324:, and
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1169:, and
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1079:, and
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360:France
326:, and
280:assets
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190:
183:
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2008:(PDF)
1866:(PDF)
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1704:S2CID
1656:(PDF)
1649:(PDF)
1624:(PDF)
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1353:cash.
1349:cash.
1337:India
1330:Volvo
1318:Volvo
1313:Geely
1279:Chery
1268:Mazda
1228:Mazda
1208:Jilin
1192:Haima
1171:Yulon
1147:Honda
1127:Wuhan
1077:Škoda
1073:Iveco
1065:Buick
978:1547
975:1595
972:1589
969:1735
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929:15.9
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909:35.8
901:66.8
898:62.4
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892:50.3
889:46.9
886:WFOE
878:2003
875:2002
872:2001
869:2000
652:China
633:offer
600:Risks
545:proxy
400:India
358:. In
272:risks
209:JSTOR
195:books
2073:2017
2050:2017
2027:2017
1991:2012
1969:2012
1947:2019
1922:2013
1899:2012
1874:2017
1838:2012
1816:2012
1794:2012
1739:ISSN
1696:ISSN
1664:2012
1632:2012
1600:2012
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1552:2017
1527:2012
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1478:2015
1462:ISSN
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1270:and
1264:Ford
1234:and
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316:Hulu
312:Vevo
181:news
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