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1547:
the prevailing allegorical tendency is to attribute Jonah's recalcitrance to his abiding love for his own people and his insistence that God's promises to Israel not be overridden by a lenient policy toward the
Ninevites. For the glossator, Jonah's pro-Israel motivations correspond to Christ's demurral in the Garden of Gethsemane ("My Father, if it be possible, let this chalice pass from me") and the Gospel of Matthew's and Paul's insistence that "salvation is from the Jews" (John 4:22). While in the Gloss the plot of Jonah prefigures how God will extend salvation to the nations, it also makes abundantly clear—as some medieval commentaries on the Gospel of John do not—that Jonah and Jesus are Jews, and that they make decisions of salvation-historical consequence as Jews.
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thing is utterly improbable and incredible, that a man swallowed with his clothes on should have existed in the inside of a fish. If, however, the story is figurative, be pleased to explain it. Again, what is meant by the story that a gourd sprang up above the head of Jonah after he was vomited by the fish? What was the cause of this gourd's growth?" Questions such as these I have seen discussed by Pagans amidst loud laughter, and with great scorn.
1508:, so Christ passed from the cross to the sepulchre, or into the abyss of death. And as Jonah suffered this for the sake of those who were endangered by the storm, so Christ suffered for the sake of those who are tossed on the waves of this world." Augustine credits his allegorical interpretation to the interpretation of Christ himself (Matthew 12:39–40), and he allows for other interpretations as long as they are in line with Christ's.
31:
1434:
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1332:, displeased by the Ninevites' repentance, Jonah refers to his earlier flight to Tarshish while asserting that, since God is merciful, it was inevitable that God would turn from the threatened calamities. He then leaves the city on its eastern side, and makes himself a shelter, waiting to see whether or not the city will be destroyed. God causes a plant, in Hebrew a
1543:), so its Latin often has a tone of urbane classicism. But the Gloss also chops up, compresses, and rearranges Jerome with a carnivalesque glee and scholastic directness that renders the Latin authentically medieval." "The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah" has been translated into English and printed in a format that emulates the first printing of the Gloss.
1244:
2736:
1320:, God once again commands Jonah to travel to Nineveh and to prophesy to its inhabitants. This time he obeys God's command, and goes into the city, crying, "In forty days Nineveh shall be overthrown." After Jonah has walked across Nineveh, the people of Nineveh begin to believe his word and proclaim a fast. The king of Nineveh then puts on
2050:, including 4Q76 (4QXII; 150–125 BCE) with extant verses 1:1–5, 1:7–10, 1:15–17 (1:17 = 2:1 in Hebrew Bible), 2:6 (verses 2:1,7 in Masoretic Text), and 3:2; 4Q81 (4QXII; 175–50 BCE) with extant verses 1:6–8, 1:10–16; 4Q82 (4QXII; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1:1–9, 2:2–10 (verses 2:3–11 in Masoretic Text), 3:1–3, and 4:5–11; and
1173:, the book of Jonah is almost entirely narrative (with the exception of the poem in the second chapter). The actual prophetic word against Nineveh is given only in passing through the narrative. The story of Jonah has a setting, characters, a plot, and themes; it also relies heavily on such literary devices as irony.
1581:
sees Jonah as a thoughtful prophet who comes to religion out of a search for theological truth and is constantly disappointed by those who come to religion to provide mere comfort in the face of adversity inherent to the human condition. "If religion is only a blanket to provide warmth from the cold,
1294:
and discover that Jonah is to blame. Jonah admits this and states that if he is thrown overboard, the storm will cease. The sailors refuse to do this and continue rowing, but all their efforts fail and they are eventually forced to throw Jonah overboard. As a result, the storm calms and the sailors
1546:
The relationship between Jonah and his fellow Jews is ambivalent, and complicated by the Gloss's tendency to read Jonah as an allegorical prefiguration of Jesus Christ. While some glosses in isolation seem crudely supersessionist ("The foreskin believes while the circumcision remains unfaithful"),
1503:
Augustine responds that if one is to question one miracle, then one should question all miracles as well (section 31). Nevertheless, despite his apologetic, Augustine views the story of Jonah as a figure for Christ. For example, he writes: "As, therefore, Jonah passed from the ship to the belly of
1468:
found in Jonah's prayer. While Jonah metaphorically declared, "Out of the belly of Sheol I cried," Jesus will literally be in the belly of Sheol. Finally, Jesus compares his generation to the people of
Nineveh. Jesus fulfills his role as a type of Jonah, however his generation fails to fulfill its
1492:
The last question proposed is concerning Jonah, and it is put as if it were not from
Porphyry, but as being a standing subject of ridicule among the Pagans; for his words are: "In the next place, what are we to believe concerning Jonah, who is said to have been three days in a whale's belly? The
1582:
harsh realities of life," Bashevkin imagines Jonah asking, "did concerns of theological truth and creed even matter?" The lesson taught by the episode of the tree at the end of the book is that comfort is a deep human need that religion provides, but that this need not obscure the role of God.
1263:
Jonah in four scenes: bottom left Jonah thrown into the sea by the crew of the boat which was to take him to Tarsis, bottom right, Jonah praying in the mouth of the whale, top left, Jonah preaching to the people of
Nineveh outside the city gates, and top right, Jonah praying to God on a rock.
1344:, to grow over Jonah's shelter to give him some shade from the sun. Later, God causes a worm to bite the plant's root and it withers. Jonah, now being exposed to the full force of the sun, becomes faint and pleads for God to kill him. In response, God offers Jonah one final rebuke:
1324:
and sits in ashes, making a proclamation which decrees fasting, the wearing of sackcloth, prayer, and repentance. God sees their repentant hearts and spares the city at that time. The entire city is humbled and broken, with the people (and even the animals) in sackcloth and ashes.
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1469:
role as a type of
Nineveh. Nineveh repented, but Jesus' generation, which has seen and heard one even greater than Jonah, fails to repent. Through his typological interpretation of the Book of Jonah, Jesus has weighed his generation and found it wanting.
2919:
1161:, though later versions "usually taken as a late composition, propagandistic fairy tale or historical romance can now, on the basis of new discoveries of earlier sources, be shown to be based on a serious and reliable historical record".
1248:
2916:
1126:, (786–746 BC), but the book of Jonah itself does not name a king or give any other details that would give the story a firm date. The majority of scholars date the book much later, to the
1536:, was the most important Christian commentary on the Bible in the later Middle Ages. Ryan McDermott comments that "The Gloss on Jonah relies almost exclusively on Jerome's commentary on Jonah (
4046:
1477:
The debate over the credibility of the miracle of Jonah is not simply a modern one. The credibility of a human being surviving in the belly of a great fish has long been questioned. In
1365:
and I should not have pity over the great city of
Nineveh, within which are more than twelve myriads of man, whom do not know between their right and their left, and much livestock?"
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2009:
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Minor
Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75–100 CE) with extant verses 1:1–17 (1:1–16, 2:1 in Hebrew Bible), 2:1–10 (verses 2:1–11 in Masoretic Text), 3:1–10, and 4:1–11., and
1457:. Both Matthew and Luke record a tradition of Jesus' interpretation of the Book of Jonah (notably, Matthew includes two very similar traditions in chapters 12 and 16).
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1464:. Jonah becomes a "type" for Jesus. Jonah spent three days in the belly of the fish; Jesus will spend three days in the tomb. Here, Jesus plays on the imagery of
1516:
1400:
closely and with Mur XII reproducing a large portion of the text. As for the non-canonical writings, the majority of references to biblical texts were made as
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3731:
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2997:
citing Peter W. Parshall, "Albrecht Dürer's Saint Jerome in his Study: A Philological
Reference," from The Art Bulletin 53 (September 1971), pp. 303–5 at
1717:, masculine) for Jonah, and it swallowed him, and Jonah sat in the belly of the fish (still male) for three days and nights; then, from the belly of the (
2804:
Anderson, Joel Edmund. "Jonah in Mark and
Matthew: Creation, Covenant, Christ, and the Kingdom of God." Biblical theology bulletin 42.4 (2012): 172-186.
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then offer sacrifices to God. Jonah is miraculously saved by being swallowed by a "great fish", in whose belly he spends three days and three nights.
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are divided differently in the Hebrew and
English versions: verse 2:1 in the Hebrew version is equivalent to Jonah 1:17 in the English version.
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1404:. The Book of Jonah appears to have served less purpose in the Qumran community than other texts, as the writings make no references to it.
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takes issue with the idea that the story is late (or a parable). Among other arguments he mentions that the "Legends of Agade" (see
1877:(cumulatively covering the whole book), including 4Q82 (4QXII; 25 BCE) with extant verses 1:1‑9, 2:3‑11, 3:1, 3:3, and 4:5‑11; and
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to prophesy against it for their great wickedness against God. However, Jonah instead attempts to run from God by going to
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As with most Old Testament interpretations found in the New Testament, the interpretation ascribed to Jesus is primarily
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Minor Prophets (Mur88; MurXIIProph; 75–100 CE) with extant verses 1:14‑16, 2:1‑7; 3:2‑5, 3:7‑10; 4:1‑2, and 4:5.
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wrote to Deogratias concerning the challenge of some to the miracle recorded in the Book of Jonah. He writes:
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1699:, "great fish", in the masculine. However, in chapter 2 verse 1, the word which refers to fish is written as
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to instill reflection on God's willingness to forgive those who repent, and it remains a popular story among
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The story has a long interpretive history and has become well known through popular children's stories. In
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1640:), "huge whale/sea monster"; and in Greek mythology the term was closely associated with sea monsters.
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1686:(Latin) in Matthew as "whale". Tyndale's translation was later followed by the translators of the
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While inside the great fish, Jonah prays to God in thanksgiving and commits to paying what he has
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3213:, JPS Scholar of Distinction Series, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: The Jewish Publication Society,
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2012:
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trope of a fast-growing vine present in Persian narratives, and popularized in fables such as
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2199:, p. unpaginated: "Despite the modern scholarly consensus that the book is fictional, "
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with extant verses 2:1–6 (verses 2:1–7 in Masoretic Text), 3:2–5, 3:7–10, 4:1–2, and 4:5.
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3369:. The Library of Hebrew Bible/Old Testament Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 30.
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The 18th century Lithuanian master scholar and kabbalist, Elijah of Vilna, known as the
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1705:, meaning female fish. The verses therefore read: "And the lord provided a great fish (
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An English translation of the most important medieval Christian commentary on Jonah,
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2297:
Lecture "Archaeology and the Book of Jonah", delivered in January 1978, published as
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1758:
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1559:, the belly of the whale can be seen as a symbolic death and rebirth, which is also
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period sometime between the late 5th to early 4th century BC; perhaps (along with
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3322:
3251:
2998:
2813:
Ryan McDermott, trans., "The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah," PMLA 128.2 (2013): 424–38.
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translated the phrase in Jonah 2:1 as "greate fyshe", and he translated the word
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4012:
4007:
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1900:
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In the book of Jonah chapter 1 verse 17, the Hebrew bible refers to the fish as
1138:. An even later date is sometimes proposed, with Katherine Dell arguing for the
1119:
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858:
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2348:
1290:. A huge storm arises and the sailors, realizing that it is no ordinary storm,
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2163:
United Jewish Communities (UJC), "Jonah's Path and the Message of Yom Kippur."
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1904:
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2369:
of The Hebrew Bible in Hebrew and English according to the JPS 1917 Edition
1737:
The Book of Jonah closes abruptly, with an epistolary warning based on the
2259:
An Introduction to the Bible, John Drane, Lion publishing, 1990, p.182-183
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2114:. Its exact identity is said to be unknown in the New King James Version.
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Jonah is the central character in the Book of Jonah, in which God ("the L
1072:
971:
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908:
903:
17:
1416:, authored a commentary on the biblical Book of Jonah as an allegory of
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1907:, made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the
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348:
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Fragments containing parts of this book in Greek were found among the
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3844:
3709:
3542:
3433:. Translated by Rhodes, Erroll F. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans.
1816:
memorialized Jerome's decision to use an analogical type of Christ's
1738:
1675:
1629:
1303:
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of 1611 and has enjoyed general acceptance in English translations.
1520:"Jonah outside the city of Nineveh" (1678), from an Armenian hymnal
1437:
Christ rises from the tomb, alongside Jonah spit onto the beach, a
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1670:, which is alcohol derived from whales). In his 1534 translation,
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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The earliest Christian interpretations of Jonah are found in the
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3416:
The Biblical Qumran Scrolls: Transcriptions and Textual Variants
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3713:
3575:
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do any good?" And he said, "My anger does good, even to death!"
1134:) as a counter to the emphasis on racial purity in the time of
3253:
NIV Application Commentary: Jonah, Nahum, Habbakkuk, Zephaniah
3090:
3088:
2729:
Joseph S. Exell; Henry Donald Maurice Spence-Jones (editors),
1780:
1299:
1635:
3327:. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
2733:
on Jonah 4, first published 1890, accessed on 20 June 2024
1850:
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this book in
3230:
The Signs of Jonah: Reading and Rereading in Ancient Yehud
3075:
3073:
3071:
2271:"Reinventing the Wheel: the Shaping of the Book of Jonah"
1761:
in his Latin translation of the plant known in Hebrew as
3464:"The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah," PMLA 128.2 (2013): 424–38
2386:. Nashville, TN: B&H Publishing Group. p. 293.
3511:
Jonah 1 English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
2953:
for more information regarding Greek mythology and the
3396:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press,
3324:
A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature
2754:
A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls
1873:
Fragments of this book in Hebrew were found among the
2025:
1993:
1961:
1925:
1884:
The oldest known complete version of the book is the
3348:. Atlanta, Georgia: Society of Biblical Literature.
3028:, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Gale, pp. 355–362
1892:, which dates to the 3rd century, and is written in
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1302:. Jonah's prayer has been compared with some of the
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Jonah's obedience and Nineveh's repentance (3:1–10)
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Jonah's disobedience, and its consequences (1:1–17)
1118::25, which places Jonah's life during the reign of
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2917:"Jonah and the Varieties of Religious Motivation."
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2003:
1971:
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2317:: 29–52. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12
3233:, Sheffield, England: Sheffield Academic Press,
2334:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3366:Obadiah, Jonah, Micah: A Theological Commentary
3345:Forgiveness in a Wounded World: Jonah's Dilemma
3297:. Baker Publishing Group. p. unpaginated.
2273:. In Barton, John; Reimer, David James (eds.).
2233:Mills, Watson E; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (1990).
1490:
1346:
1313:God then commands the fish to vomit Jonah out.
2999:http://www.oberlin.edu/amam/DurerSt.Jerome.htm
2275:After the exile: essays in honour of Rex Mason
1812:) is derived. The Renaissance humanist artist
3725:
3587:
1349:God said to Jonah, "Does your anger over the
1064:, but attempts to escape his divine mission.
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8:
2148:"Jonah's Path and the Message of Yom Kippur"
1762:
1724:
1712:
1232:Jonah's displeasure at the Lord's salvation.
1214:Jonah's deliverance and thanksgiving (2:2–9)
2859:"The Belly of the Whale | Jungian Analysis"
2277:. Mercer University Press. pp. 86–89.
2123:Since 1947, the whole book is missing from
1784:
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1681:
1661:
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1392:Fragments of the book were found among the
1052:. The book tells of a Hebrew prophet named
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2102:The plant in Jonah 4:6ff is also called a
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2769:(Grand Rapids, Mich: Eerdmans, 1994), 151
2384:Illustrated Bible Survey, An Introduction
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2515:Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges
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1114:(Hebrew: יוֹנָה, Yonā) is mentioned in
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2220:
2139:
2095:
1747:during the Renaissance, for example by
1624:), literally meaning "great fish". The
941:
895:
748:
710:
531:
478:
407:
364:
264:
219:
164:
56:
3178:
3166:
3142:
3038:
3022:P. W. Skehan (2003), "BIBLE (TEXTS)",
2725:
2723:
2603:
2327:
2184:
2172:
1729:, female) fish, Jonah began to pray."
1379:The book ends abruptly at this point.
484:
421:
370:
227:
172:
86:
2377:
2375:
2056:Naḥal Ḥever (8ḤevXII; 1st century CE)
1818:"I am the Vine, you are the branches"
1644:later translated the Greek phrase as
1278:") commands him to go to the city of
1075:portion read during the afternoon of
7:
3499:Jonah 1 Hebrew with Parallel English
2951:http://www.theoi.com/Ther/Ketea.html
2517:on Jonah 2, accessed on 18 June 2024
2501:on Jonah 2, accessed on 18 June 2024
2208:
1864:the Petersburg Codex of the Prophets
4664:Other books referenced in the Bible
4623:New Testament manuscript categories
3210:Studies in Modern Jewish Literature
2382:Hindson, Ed; Towns, Elemer (2013).
2028:
1996:
1964:
1928:
1763:
1725:
1713:
1615:
4194:Testaments of the Three Patriarchs
1666:became synonymous with whale (cf.
1083:. The story is also retold in the
25:
3108:"MS 193 - The Schoyen Collection"
2929:. 9 October 2016. 2 October 2017.
2659:Jerusamem Bible (1966), Jonah 4:6
1899:There is also a translation into
1197:An outline of the book of Jonah:
1181:The original text was written in
3477:
3291:Chisholm, Robert B. Jr. (2009).
2734:
1249:Jonah Preaching to the Ninevites
48:
4679:Biblical and Quranic narratives
2857:Betts, John (19 January 2013).
2036:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
2004:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
1972:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
1936:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {G}}}
1793:," from which the English word
1604:The Hebrew text of Jonah reads
1098:, and often at least partially
3492:The Religion of Islam (2009),
2981:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Jonah"
2887:The Hero with a Thousand Faces
2236:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
1858:tradition, which includes the
1783:") over the more common Latin
1628:translated this into Greek as
1441:allegory. From a 15th-century
1424:Early Christian interpretation
1:
3430:The Text of the Old Testament
3363:Jenson, Philip Peter (2009).
2891:. New World Library. p.
2825:"The Ordinary Gloss on Jonah"
1830:Surviving ancient manuscripts
1537:
1512:Medieval commentary tradition
1478:
1359:said, "You had pity over the
1340:, also called a gourd in the
2823:McDermott, R. (March 2013).
1676:
1630:
1219:Jonah fulfills his mission (
3485:public domain audiobook at
3342:Gaines, Janet Howe (2003).
2239:. Mercer University Press.
1846:, made around 13th century.
1838:The whole Book of Jonah in
1769:
1744:The Gourd and the Palm-tree
1719:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1660:in Matthew. At some point,
1620:
1606:
1563:in comparative mythologist
1396:, most of which follow the
1388:Early Jewish interpretation
1334:
1177:Chapter and verse divisions
4769:
4659:English Bible translations
4047:Song of the Three Children
3256:. Grand Rapids, Michigan:
2883:Campbell, Joseph (2008) .
2767:The Dead Sea Scrolls Today
2684:, accessed on 20 June 2024
2269:Dell, Katherine J (1996).
1779:(from the Greek, meaning "
1636:
1408:Late Jewish interpretation
1157:) date to the time of the
4697:
3694:American Standard Version
3557:
3547:
3540:
3532:
3518:
3390:Kripke, Saul A. (1980) ,
3112:www.schoyencollection.com
3025:New Catholic Encyclopedia
1823:Saint Jerome in His Study
1201:Jonah flees his mission (
3469:A brief introduction to
3294:Handbook on the Prophets
3207:Band, Arnold J. (2003),
3064:Dead sea scrolls - Jonah
2680:New King James Version,
1733:Jonah and the gourd vine
1586:Jonah and the "big fish"
1498:(Letter CII, Section 30)
4521:Intertestamental period
2349:Book of Jonah chapter 1
1808:
1802:
4505:Apocalyptic literature
4142:Paralipomena of Baruch
3227:Ben Zvi, Ehud (2003),
2863:Jungian Psychoanalysis
2037:
2005:
1973:
1937:
1847:
1785:
1775:
1682:
1662:
1656:
1646:
1601:
1577:Director of Education
1530:
1521:
1501:
1446:
1377:
1373:chapter 4, verses 9–11
1271:
1256:
967:Paralipomena of Baruch
42:
38:from the 15th-century
4748:Twelve Minor Prophets
4669:Additional Scriptures
4633:New Testament uncials
3699:World English Version
2731:The Pulpit Commentary
2671:: World English Bible
2038:
2006:
1974:
1938:
1837:
1593:
1519:
1436:
1262:
1246:
1159:Old Babylonian Empire
1038:twelve minor prophets
33:
4743:4th-century BC books
4738:5th-century BC books
4654:Bible version debate
4628:New Testament papyri
4574:Samaritan Pentateuch
4199:Testament of Abraham
4137:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
3393:Naming and Necessity
2765:James C. Vanderkam,
2110:, and a vine in the
2023:
1991:
1959:
1923:
1886:Crosby-Schøyen Codex
1868:Codex Leningradensis
1402:appeals to authority
1383:Interpretive history
1310:in 1 Samuel 2:1-10.
1044:("Prophets") in the
962:1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan
4596:Muratorian fragment
4531:New Testament canon
4526:Old Testament canon
4419:Chapters and verses
4037:Additions to Daniel
4003:Additions to Esther
3319:Fitzmyer, Joseph A.
3181:, pp. 610–611.
3169:, pp. 612–613.
3145:, pp. 611–612.
3097:, pp. 140–141.
2756:(Brill, 2003), 146.
2752:David L. Washburn,
2682:Note a at Jonah 4:6
2211:, pp. 105–107.
2112:World English Bible
2011:; 5th century) and
1595:Jonah and the Whale
888:Additions to Daniel
854:Additions to Esther
4209:Testament of Jacob
4204:Testament of Isaac
4089:Prayer of Manasseh
4052:Bel and the Dragon
4032:Letter of Jeremiah
3689:King James Version
3504:2016-09-13 at the
2922:2016-10-12 at the
2915:Bashevkin, Dovid.
2365:2023-10-02 at the
2354:2023-10-02 at the
2070:the son of Amittai
2033:
2013:Codex Marchalianus
2001:
1981:Codex Alexandrinus
1969:
1933:
1848:
1688:King James Version
1602:
1561:an important stage
1522:
1486:Augustine of Hippo
1482: 409 AD
1473:Augustine of Hippo
1447:
1342:King James Version
1272:
1257:
1140:Hellenistic period
914:Prayer of Manasseh
883:Letter of Jeremiah
43:
4720:
4719:
4689:Textual criticism
4252:
4251:
4176:Psalms of Solomon
4119:Orthodox Tewahedo
3707:
3706:
3570:
3569:
3548:Succeeded by
3376:978-0-567-44289-5
3304:978-1-58558-365-2
3133:, pp. 73–74.
3012:, pp. 35–37.
2985:www.newadvent.org
2499:Benson Commentary
2393:978-1-4336-8221-6
2304:"Jonah's Nineveh"
2223:, pp. 18–19.
1451:Gospel of Matthew
1169:Unlike the other
1030:
1029:
990:
989:
984:
983:
943:Orthodox Tewahedo
869:Wisdom of Solomon
821:
820:
527:
526:
521:
520:
517:
516:
474:
473:
403:
402:
339:
338:
260:
259:
215:
214:
139:
138:
27:Book of the Bible
16:(Redirected from
4760:
4569:Dead Sea Scrolls
4551:Dating the Bible
4429:Historical books
4066:Eastern Orthodox
3979:Eastern Orthodox
3967:
3960:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3711:
3684:Wycliffe Version
3596:
3589:
3582:
3573:
3533:Preceded by
3516:
3489:Various versions
3481:
3480:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3425:Würthwein, Ernst
3420:
3406:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3359:
3338:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3287:
3243:
3223:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3083:
3077:
3066:
3061:
3042:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2957:
2947:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2890:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2854:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2802:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2779:Matthew 12:38–42
2776:
2770:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2727:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2702:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2557:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2535:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2502:
2492:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2459:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2379:
2370:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2311:Tyndale Bulletin
2308:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2284:978-0-86554524-3
2266:
2260:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2150:. Archived from
2144:
2128:
2121:
2115:
2104:castor-oil plant
2100:
2048:Dead Sea Scrolls
2043:; 6th century).
2042:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1979:; 4th century),
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1945:Codex Sinaiticus
1943:; 4th century),
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1911:version include
1875:Dead Sea Scrolls
1811:
1805:
1788:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1685:
1679:
1665:
1659:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1557:Jungian analysis
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:Glossa Ordinaria
1499:
1483:
1480:
1394:Dead Sea Scrolls
1375:
1358:
1339:
1277:
1187:Chapters 1 and 2
1022:
1015:
1008:
838:
834:
832:Deuterocanonical
708:
704:
660:
596:
552:
543:
537:
485:
422:
415:
371:
362:
357:
353:
228:
173:
162:
157:
153:
87:
82:
78:
68:
62:
52:
45:
21:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4693:
4637:
4555:
4546:Christian canon
4509:
4444:Prophetic books
4407:
4338:2 Thessalonians
4333:1 Thessalonians
4248:
4215:
4180:
4151:
4113:
4072:
4058:
3986:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3760:
3756:
3747:
3738:
3708:
3703:
3657:
3631:
3605:
3600:
3562:
3553:
3538:
3528:
3521:
3506:Wayback Machine
3478:
3459:
3454:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3423:
3409:
3404:
3389:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3362:
3356:
3341:
3335:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3290:
3268:
3248:Bruckner, James
3246:
3241:
3226:
3221:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3189:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3086:
3078:
3069:
3062:
3045:
3037:
3033:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2960:
2948:
2944:
2937:
2933:
2924:Wayback Machine
2914:
2910:
2903:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2840:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2747:
2735:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2688:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2643:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2554:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2445:
2438:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2367:Wayback Machine
2356:Wayback Machine
2347:
2343:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2122:
2118:
2108:Jerusalem Bible
2101:
2097:
2092:
2064:
2052:Wadi Murabba'at
2021:
2020:
1989:
1988:
1957:
1956:
1921:
1920:
1913:Codex Vaticanus
1879:Wadi Murabba'at
1860:Codex Cairensis
1832:
1820:in his woodcut
1735:
1672:William Tyndale
1588:
1579:David Bashevkin
1565:Joseph Campbell
1553:
1540:
1514:
1500:
1497:
1481:
1475:
1443:Biblia pauperum
1431:
1426:
1410:
1390:
1385:
1376:
1371:Book of Jonah,
1370:
1367:
1364:
1356:
1354:
1306:, and with the
1286:and sailing to
1275:
1241:
1195:
1183:Hebrew language
1179:
1167:
1151:Sargon of Akkad
1108:
1026:
986:
985:
835:
830:
823:
822:
705:
700:
693:
692:
691:
661:
656:
649:
648:
647:
597:
592:
585:
584:
583:
553:
548:
535:
523:
522:
413:
359:
355:
349:
341:
340:
335:
159:
155:
149:
141:
140:
84:
80:
74:
60:
40:Kennicott Bible
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4766:
4764:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4686:
4684:Synod of Hippo
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4618:Masoretic Text
4615:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4565:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4454:Minor prophets
4451:
4449:Major prophets
4441:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4227:Pseudepigrapha
4223:
4221:
4220:Classification
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4166:Psalms 152–155
4162:
4160:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4034:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3964:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:1–2 Chronicles
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3764:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3525:Minor prophets
3522:
3520:Book of Jonah
3519:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3496:
3490:
3475:
3467:
3458:
3457:External links
3455:
3453:
3452:
3439:
3421:
3413:, ed. (2010).
3411:Ulrich, Eugene
3407:
3402:
3387:
3375:
3360:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3315:
3303:
3288:
3266:
3244:
3239:
3224:
3219:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3193:, p. 127.
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3131:Würthwein 1995
3123:
3099:
3084:
3067:
3043:
3041:, p. 614.
3031:
3014:
3010:Würthwein 1995
3002:
2990:
2972:
2958:
2942:
2931:
2908:
2901:
2875:
2849:
2838:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2786:
2783:Matthew 16:1–4
2771:
2758:
2745:
2719:
2708:
2697:
2686:
2673:
2661:
2652:
2641:
2630:
2619:
2608:
2596:
2585:
2574:
2563:
2552:
2541:
2530:
2519:
2511:Perowne, T. T.
2503:
2487:
2476:
2465:
2454:
2443:
2432:
2421:
2410:
2399:
2392:
2371:
2341:
2300:Donald Wiseman
2290:
2283:
2261:
2252:
2245:
2225:
2213:
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2116:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2063:
2060:
2030:
1998:
1966:
1930:
1888:, part of the
1856:Masoretic Text
1831:
1828:
1814:Albrecht Dürer
1757:differed from
1749:Andrea Alciato
1734:
1731:
1647:piscis grandis
1599:Pieter Lastman
1587:
1584:
1569:hero's journey
1552:
1549:
1526:Ordinary Gloss
1513:
1510:
1495:
1474:
1471:
1455:Gospel of Luke
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1406:
1398:Masoretic Text
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1368:
1347:
1308:Song of Hannah
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1194:
1191:
1178:
1175:
1171:Minor Prophets
1166:
1163:
1147:Donald Wiseman
1145:Assyriologist
1142:(332–167 BC).
1124:King of Israel
1107:
1104:
1092:Bible scholars
1036:is one of the
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1002:
999:
998:
992:
991:
988:
987:
982:
981:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
946:
945:
939:
938:
937:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
898:
897:
893:
892:
891:
890:
885:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
836:
829:
828:
825:
824:
819:
818:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
753:
752:
750:Minor prophets
746:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
715:
714:
712:Major prophets
706:
699:
698:
695:
694:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
663:
662:
655:
654:
651:
650:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
628:1–2 Chronicles
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
599:
598:
591:
590:
587:
586:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
555:
554:
547:
546:
539:
538:
536:(Christianity)
529:
528:
525:
524:
519:
518:
515:
514:
513:Divre Hayyamim
511:
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
481:
480:
476:
475:
472:
471:
468:
462:
461:
458:
452:
451:
448:
442:
441:
438:
432:
431:
428:
418:
417:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
391:
390:
387:
381:
380:
377:
367:
366:
360:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
336:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
272:
269:
268:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
248:
247:
244:
238:
237:
234:
224:
223:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
179:
169:
168:
160:
147:
146:
143:
142:
137:
136:
133:
127:
126:
123:
117:
116:
113:
107:
106:
103:
97:
96:
93:
85:
72:
71:
64:
63:
54:
53:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4765:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4733:Book of Jonah
4731:
4730:
4728:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:2 Corinthians
4299:
4297:
4296:1 Corinthians
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4258:New Testament
4255:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:New Testament
4237:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4147:Broader canon
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Song of Songs
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:Old Testament
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3679:Latin Vulgate
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3603:Book of Jonah
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3566:
3565:
3564:Old Testament
3561:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Prophet Jonah
3491:
3488:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3442:
3440:0-8028-0788-7
3436:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3403:0-674-59846-6
3399:
3395:
3394:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3357:
3355:1-58983-077-6
3351:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3336:
3334:9780802862419
3330:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:0-8264-6268-5
3236:
3232:
3231:
3225:
3222:
3220:0-8276-0762-8
3216:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3191:Fitzmyer 2008
3187:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3160:
3157:, p. 38.
3156:
3155:Fitzmyer 2008
3151:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3127:
3124:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3096:
3095:Fitzmyer 2008
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:, p. 39.
3081:
3080:Fitzmyer 2008
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:Matthew 12:40
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2904:
2902:9781577315933
2898:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2879:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2846:Matthew 26:39
2842:
2839:
2835:(2): 424–438.
2834:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:Luke 11:29–32
2790:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2741:public domain
2732:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2606:, p. 25.
2605:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2462:Jonah 1:15–16
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:Jonah 1:13–15
2447:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2316:
2312:
2305:
2301:
2294:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2246:9780865543737
2242:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:Chisholm 2009
2193:
2190:
2187:, p. 30.
2186:
2181:
2178:
2175:, p. 67.
2174:
2169:
2166:
2154:on 2008-11-18
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2018:
2014:
1986:
1982:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:known as the
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:Bodmer Papyri
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1842:as a part of
1841:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1760:
1759:St. Augustine
1756:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1668:cetyl alcohol
1664:
1658:
1653:
1652:Latin Vulgate
1648:
1643:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1429:New Testament
1428:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1418:reincarnation
1415:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1345:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1269:
1268:
1267:Paris Psalter
1261:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Old Testament
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Book of Jonah
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
978:
977:Broader canon
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
948:
947:
944:
940:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
899:
896:Orthodox only
894:
889:
886:
884:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
839:
833:
827:
826:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:
751:
747:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
717:
716:
713:
709:
703:
697:
696:
688:
687:Song of Songs
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
664:
659:
653:
652:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
595:
589:
588:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
556:
551:
545:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:Old Testament
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4434:Wisdom books
4412:Subdivisions
4325:
4030: /
3955:Deuterocanon
3909:
3875:Lamentations
3855:Ecclesiastes
3762:(protocanon)
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3669:Hebrew Bible
3602:
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3543:Hebrew Bible
3541:
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3444:. Retrieved
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3380:. Retrieved
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3308:. Retrieved
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3200:Bibliography
3186:
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2440:Jonah 1:8–12
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2319:. Retrieved
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2221:Ben Zvi 2003
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2152:the original
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881: /
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731:Lamentations
682:Ecclesiastes
456:Ecclesiastes
446:Lamentations
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58:Hebrew Bible
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34:Illustrated
4712:WikiProject
4590:Diatessaron
4561:Manuscripts
4514:Development
4316:Philippians
4186:Beta Israel
4104:4 Maccabees
4099:3 Maccabees
4013:2 Maccabees
4008:1 Maccabees
3790:Deuteronomy
3446:January 26,
3179:Ulrich 2010
3167:Ulrich 2010
3143:Ulrich 2010
3039:Ulrich 2010
2627:Jonah 4:1–4
2604:Gaines 2003
2571:Jonah 3:6–9
2549:Jonah 3:2–4
2538:Jonah 3:1–2
2484:Jonah 2:1–9
2429:Jonah 1:4–7
2185:Jenson 2009
2173:Kripke 1980
1901:Koine Greek
1866:(916), and
1854:are of the
1844:Codex Gigas
1714:דָּג גּדוֹל
1680:(Greek) or
1637:κῆτος μέγας
1631:kētos megas
1462:typological
1439:typological
1128:post-exilic
1120:Jeroboam II
1090:Mainstream
929:4 Maccabees
924:3 Maccabees
864:2 Maccabees
859:1 Maccabees
579:Deuteronomy
131:Deuteronomy
4727:Categories
4649:Authorship
4579:Septuagint
4424:Pentateuch
4403:Revelation
4327:Laodiceans
4321:Colossians
3810:1–2 Samuel
3674:Septuagint
3382:2023-02-10
3310:2023-02-10
3276:2003022095
3267:0310206375
3117:2024-04-15
2868:25 October
2582:Jonah 3:10
2527:Jonah 2:10
2495:Benson, J.
2473:Jonah 1:17
2321:2023-09-20
2158:2009-08-18
2135:References
1909:Septuagint
1905:Septuagint
1799:Old French
1755:St. Jerome
1739:emblematic
1626:Septuagint
1597:(1621) by
1541: 396
1414:Vilna Gaon
1270:, f. 431v.
1252:(1866) by
1221:chapters 3
1203:chapters 1
1116:2 Kings 14
1081:Christians
1077:Yom Kippur
618:1–2 Samuel
594:Historical
550:Pentateuch
509:Chronicles
479:Historical
356:(Writings)
156:(Prophets)
4488:Johannine
4348:2 Timothy
4343:1 Timothy
4311:Ephesians
4306:Galatians
4094:Psalm 151
3962:apocrypha
3940:Zechariah
3930:Zephaniah
3815:1–2 Kings
3780:Leviticus
3560:Christian
3258:Zondervan
2939:Jonah 2:1
2716:Jonah 4:8
2705:Jonah 4:7
2694:Jonah 4:6
2669:Jonah 4:6
2649:Jonah 4:5
2638:Jonah 4:5
2593:Jonah 3:8
2560:Jonah 3:5
2418:Jonah 1:3
2407:Jonah 1:2
2360:chapter 2
2209:Band 2003
1809:couhourde
1786:cucurbita
1773:), using
1708:dag gadol
1696:dag gadol
1654:, and as
1621:dāḡ gāḏōl
1607:dag gadol
1330:chapter 4
1322:sackcloth
1318:chapter 3
1292:cast lots
1165:Narrative
1100:satirical
1096:fictional
1056:, son of
919:Psalm 151
809:Zechariah
799:Zephaniah
702:Prophetic
623:1–2 Kings
569:Leviticus
414:(Scrolls)
326:Zechariah
316:Zephaniah
256:Yekhezqel
246:Yirmeyahu
236:Yeshayahu
111:Leviticus
61:(Judaism)
18:Jonah 1:1
4702:Category
4601:Peshitta
4498:Catholic
4493:Pastoral
4478:Epistles
4471:Synoptic
4358:Philemon
4171:2 Baruch
4158:Peshitta
4132:Jubilees
4084:2 Esdras
4079:1 Esdras
3974:Catholic
3925:Habakkuk
3870:Jeremiah
3850:Proverbs
3830:Nehemiah
3627:Tarshish
3502:Archived
3487:LibriVox
3427:(1995).
3419:. Brill.
3321:(2008).
3284:53223500
2927:Lehrhaus
2920:Archived
2616:Jonah 3:
2513:(1889),
2363:Archived
2352:Archived
2302:(1979).
2084:Tarshish
2062:See also
1870:(1008).
1496:—
1453:and the
1369:—
1288:Tarshish
1073:Haftarah
972:Josippon
957:Jubilees
909:2 Esdras
904:1 Esdras
794:Habakkuk
726:Jeremiah
677:Proverbs
638:Nehemiah
493:Daniyyel
411:Megillot
385:Proverbs
379:Tehillim
311:Habakkuk
242:Jeremiah
211:Melakhim
191:Shofetim
181:Yehoshua
125:Bemidbar
95:Bereshit
4674:Studies
4642:Related
4613:Vulgate
4483:Pauline
4461:Gospels
4378:2 Peter
4373:1 Peter
4363:Hebrews
4266:Matthew
4156:Syriac
4042:Susanna
3945:Malachi
3905:Obadiah
3880:Ezekiel
3785:Numbers
3770:Genesis
3743:of the
3662:Sources
3643:Amittai
3622:Nineveh
3536:Obadiah
2106:in the
2079:Nineveh
1862:(895),
1770:qīqayōn
1650:in his
1616:דג גדול
1361:kikayon
1351:kikayon
1336:kikayon
1280:Nineveh
1239:Summary
1193:Outline
1069:Judaism
1062:Nineveh
1058:Amittai
1042:Nevi'im
1040:of the
814:Malachi
774:Obadiah
736:Ezekiel
574:Numbers
559:Genesis
460:Qohelet
389:Mishlei
351:Ketuvim
331:Malachi
291:Obadiah
252:Ezekiel
201:Shemuel
151:Nevi'im
135:Devarim
121:Numbers
115:Wayiqra
91:Genesis
4707:Portal
4584:Targum
4393:3 John
4388:2 John
4383:1 John
4291:Romans
4244:Jewish
4069:Others
4028:Baruch
4023:Sirach
4018:Wisdom
3998:Judith
3983:Others
3935:Haggai
3885:Daniel
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1612:Hebrew
1551:Modern
1304:Psalms
1155:Rabisu
879:Baruch
874:Sirach
849:Judith
804:Haggai
741:Daniel
721:Isaiah
672:Psalms
658:Wisdom
643:Esther
608:Judges
603:Joshua
564:Exodus
489:Daniel
466:Esther
450:Eikhah
375:Psalms
365:Poetic
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321:Haggai
266:Minor
232:Isaiah
221:Latter
197:Samuel
187:Judges
177:Joshua
166:Former
154:
105:Shemot
101:Exodus
79:
4753:Jonah
4368:James
4353:Titus
4127:Enoch
3993:Tobit
3920:Nahum
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3910:Jonah
3890:Hosea
3745:Bible
3741:Books
3648:Jonah
3617:Joppa
3610:Place
3551:Micah
3483:Jonah
3472:Jonah
2955:Ketos
2307:(PDF)
2090:Notes
2074:Jaffa
2068:Jonah
1840:Latin
1795:gourd
1791:gourd
1720:dagah
1702:dagah
1683:cētus
1677:kētos
1663:cētus
1657:cētus
1528:, or
1506:whale
1466:Sheol
1355:The L
1300:vowed
1284:Jaffa
1112:Jonah
1085:Quran
1054:Jonah
952:Enoch
844:Tobit
789:Nahum
784:Micah
779:Jonah
759:Hosea
470:Ester
409:Five
306:Nahum
301:Micah
296:Jonah
276:Hosea
207:Kings
76:Torah
36:Jonah
4466:List
4398:Jude
4286:Acts
4281:John
4276:Luke
4271:Mark
4232:list
4109:Odes
3900:Amos
3895:Joel
3825:Ezra
3805:Ruth
3653:YHWH
3448:2019
3435:ISBN
3398:ISBN
3371:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3329:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3280:OCLC
3272:LCCN
3262:ISBN
3235:ISBN
3215:ISBN
2949:See
2897:ISBN
2870:2019
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