353:, Union Army commissary general of prisoners, who had considerable authority over Union prison camps, after visiting the camp: "Sir, the amount of standing water, unpoliced grounds, of foul sinks, of unventilated and crowded barracks, of general disorder, of soil reeking miasmatic accretions, of rotten bones and emptying of camp kettles, is enough to drive a sanitarian to despair. I hope that no thought will be entertained of mending matters. The absolute abandonment of the spot seems to be the only judicious course. I do not believe that any amount of drainage would purge that soil loaded with accumulated filth or those barracks fetid with two stories of vermin and animal exhalations. Nothing but fire can cleanse them." Hoffman already had made requests for improvements in the camp, but he kept the report secret because he did not want to take a position contrary to that taken by any superior such as Quartermaster General Meigs, who opposed costly improvements to the camp. The camp was such an unhealthy place that one of Colonel Tucker's sons who served with him at the camp, Captain Lansing Tucker, became ill and died in the summer of 1862.
398:
136:
103:
338:
escaped on July 23, 1862, Tucker arrested several citizens who he believed aided the escapees. In addition, he brought in
Chicago police to search the camp. This action caused much lasting animosity from the prisoners because the police confiscated many of the prisoners' valuables. The police also confiscated five pistols and many bullets. Twenty of the escapees were recaptured within two weeks.
381:
occupancy by the prisoners. The paroled soldiers were fortunate to have only about a two-month stay. They were able to tolerate the conditions somewhat better than the previous
Confederate prisoners could because the Union parolees were more warmly dressed and in better physical condition. The damp conditions and bad food still took their toll on the parolees. By November, forty soldiers of the
297:
army sent sick prisoners to the camp, where there were no medical facilities at the time, even though army staff were specifically warned not to do so. On
February 23, 1862, the Union troops vacated the camp except for an inadequate force of about 40 officers and 469 enlisted men left to guard the prisoners. About 77 escapes were recorded at Camp Douglas by June 1862.
376:, Virginia (later West Virginia) on September 15, 1862, were sent to Camp Douglas for temporary detention. Under the terms of the prisoner cartel, they had to await formal exchange before they could leave the camp. These 8,000 paroled Union soldiers began to arrive at Camp Douglas on September 28, 1862. Brigadier General
264:
February 1862. Colonel Tucker's job as camp commander was not easy even before the camp was converted to a prison camp. He had to use increasingly hard measures to curb considerable drunk and disorderly conduct by recruits in camp and in the city of
Chicago, where the soldiers abused pass privileges.
356:
Conditions at the camp improved that summer as almost all the prisoners left by
September 1862. About one thousand prisoners took an oath of allegiance to the United States and were freed. All prisoners who were not too ill to travel were exchanged due to implementation of the July 22, 1862 Dix–Hill
337:
Even though he remained in the
Illinois militia and was not taken into federal service, Colonel Tucker returned to command the camp on June 19, 1862. To deal with local civilian sympathizers who might be aiding escapes, Colonel Tucker declared martial law on July 12, 1862. When twenty–five prisoners
259:
Governor Yates put
Colonel Joseph H. Tucker, commanding the 60th Regiment, Illinois State Militia, in charge of building the camp and appointed Tucker as the camp's first commander. State militia troops called the Mechanics Fusiliers, who were apprentice and journeyman carpenters, built the barracks
171:
prisoners captured by the Union Army. Tucker was commander of the camp from the start of its construction in
October 1861 until September 28, 1862, except between February 26, 1862, and June 19, 1862. During this time, the camp was used as a training facility and had its initial use as a prisoner of
357:
prisoner cartel between the Union and
Confederate armies. By October 6, 1862, the few remaining prisoners who had been too ill to leave earlier also were gone. Through September 1862, 980 Confederate prisoners and 240 Union Army trainees and guards had died at Camp Douglas, almost all from disease.
380:
relieved
Colonel Tucker of command of the camp. Under Tyler's command these Union soldiers had to live under similar conditions to those endured by the Confederate prisoners from Fort Donelson. In fact, the conditions were worse because the camp had become filthy and even more run down during its
296:
The first Confederate prisoners of war arrived at Camp Douglas on February 20, 1862, to find a camp but no real prison. They were housed for their first few days at the camp in the White Oak Square section along with newly–trained Union soldiers about to depart for service at the front. The
255:
ran within a few hundred yards of the site. Fuller was not an engineer and did not realize that the site was a poor choice for a large camp because of its wet, low–lying location. The camp initially lacked adequate medical facilities, sewers, latrines and drainage and when the camp opened, it had
941:
Despite its name, the United States Sanitary Commission was a volunteer civilian charity, not a government agency, and except for its actions in assisting the army to improve sanitary conditions at camps, hospitals and prisons, its role was only advisory. Faust, Patricia L. "Sanitary Commission,
811:
Kelly, 1989, p. 20 says that Tucker was ordered to Springfield on January 28, 1862 and that Colonel Walter G. Brackett, 9th Illinois Cavalry, was camp commander between January 28, 1862 and February 14, 1862 when Colonel Mulligan took command. Kelly says that Tucker took command for several days
316:
The first group of prisoners was treated reasonably well under the circumstances and despite the inadequacy of the grounds, barracks and sewer and water systems, they were given clothing and enough to eat, although not a balanced diet. They received enough to eat, cooking stoves and utensils and
215:
retroactively approved Lincoln's actions and authorized another one million three–year volunteers in July 1861. The states and localities had to organize and equip the volunteer regiments until late in 1861 when the federal government became sufficiently organized to take over the project.
328:
in the spring of 1862, Camp Douglas housed 8,962 Confederate prisoners. Conditions at the camp further deteriorated with the overcrowding. Escapes increased. Some escapes were aided by Southern sympathizers in Chicago and others were facilitated by lax administration by Colonel Mulligan and the
263:
By November 15, 1861, Camp Douglas housed about 4,222 volunteer soldiers from 11 regiments. In an ominous preview of the effects of living at the camp on the future prisoners, the recruits, who were in better physical condition than the later prisoners, suffered forty-two deaths from disease by
293:, that Camp Douglas could accommodate 8,000 or 9,000 prisoners, which was about the same number of recruits that the camp was supposed to be able to accommodate. As it turned out, the camp and its staff could not even easily handle the 4,459 prisoners who were sent to it.
251:, to select the site for a permanent army camp at Chicago. Judge Fuller selected the site that was already in use for the makeshift camps because it was only four miles from downtown Chicago, prairie surrounded the site, nearby Lake Michigan could provide water and the
260:
in October and November 1861. Regular troops had to suppress rioting construction troops and restore order to the camp when the State tried to convert them to infantry and reneged on a promise of extra pay. This was only the beginning of Tucker's problems.
317:
clothing. Nonetheless, sickness and death among the prisoners, and even among some guards, reached epidemic levels. Frozen hydrants led to a water shortage. One in eight of the prisoners from Fort Donelson died of pneumonia or various diseases.
1246:
Heidler, David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler. "Camp Douglas." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
219:
Soon after President Lincoln's calls for volunteers, many volunteers from Illinois gathered in various large public and private buildings in Chicago and then overflowed into camps on the prairie on the southeast edge of the city.
286:, Tennessee and with it about 12,000 to 15,000 Confederate prisoners. The army was unprepared to handle this large group of prisoners and scrambled to find places to house them. Colonel Tucker told General Grant's superior,
405:
Having lost two of his sons in the war, Tucker left Chicago in 1865, never to return. He became a businessman and Member of New York and Consolidated Stock Exchanges in New York City until he became an invalid by 1887.
530:
McPherson, 1988, p. 323; In February 1862, Captain John Christopher, U.S. Army recruiting officer, assumed most of the construction costs of Camp Douglas for the federal government. Eisendrath Jr., Joseph L.
1178:
The obituary gives Tucker's age as 74 but Levy gives Tucker's age as 75 at his death. The obituary notice stated that Tucker had been born in New York and had daughters living in Chicago.
1165:
obituary notice for Tucker was published on October 25, 1894, but referred to his death on "Monday." October 25, 1894 was a Thursday, making Tucker's date of death October 22, 1894.
1071:
Levy, 1999, p. 106. Levy characterizes these figures as the best effort at accurately calculating the deaths at Camp Douglas up to this date from the sources, which are available.
1347:
1337:
1342:
1357:
360:
In the fall of 1862, Camp Douglas again briefly became a training camp for Union army volunteers. The Union Army then used the camp for its most unusual purpose.
397:
1094:
Colonel Tucker resigned his commission in the Illinois militia on January 1, 1863, having never officially entered federal service. Levy, 1999, p. 119
172:
war camp. Tucker was never mustered into the Union Army, remaining a colonel in the Illinois militia during the term of his service in the Civil War.
208:
240:
300:
On February 26, 1862, General Halleck ordered Colonel Tucker to report to Springfield, Illinois and a Union Army officer from Illinois, Colonel
1291:
1276:
1240:
1225:
1036:
951:
781:
440:
385:
were dead and about another sixty were ill with fevers. Soon after Tucker's resignation from the Illinois militia, Brigadier General
211:
into federal service for ninety days to put down the insurrection. Lincoln made further calls for volunteers on May 3, 1861, and the
1306:
1252:
1203:
985:
617:
553:
510:
382:
346:
268:
180:
Joseph H. Tucker was born in New York in about 1819, the son of a Baptist minister. Tucker had been a banker and businessman in
202:
620:. Combines into one volume the original 5 volume work published by ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California in 2000. pp. 344–346.
135:
287:
1332:
501:
248:
350:
1352:
252:
228:
1233:'Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners'
1029:'Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners'
373:
168:
148:
106:
184:, before he moved to Chicago, Illinois, in 1858. He was a successful businessman, banker and stock trader.
156:
458:
305:
1322:
342:
198:
1166:
1327:
221:
181:
102:
1259:
592:
535:
Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, (Springfield, IL), LIII:1 (Spring 1960), p. 38.
496:
413:
224:
152:
116:
60:
1302:
1287:
1272:
1248:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1199:
1032:
1028:
981:
947:
777:
613:
549:
506:
436:
369:
301:
160:
1283:
773:
1271:
Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, revised edition 1999, original edition 1994.
435:
Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Publishing Company, revised edition 1999, original edition 1994.
321:
290:
283:
279:
271:
83:
1191:
973:
304:, took command of the camp until June 14, 1862. Between June 14 and June 19, 1862 Colonel
244:
205:
612:, p. 344. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY, 10110, 2000.
368:
Union soldiers who were paroled after their capture by Confederate Lieutenant General
1316:
275:
227:
owned land next to this location and had donated land just south of the camps to the
212:
71:
49:
33:
595:. National Park Service, Southeast Region, 1989. Retrieved September 17, 2010. p. 3.
377:
147:(c. 1819 – October 22, 1894) was a banker, businessman and Illinois militia
610:
Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social and Military History
386:
1264:. National Park Service, Southeast Region, 1989. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
164:
167:
recruits, in 1862 and 1863 Camp Douglas was converted into a prison camp for
409:
Joseph H. Tucker died in New York City on October 22, 1894, aged 74 or 75.
163:, and was the first commander of the camp. Originally a training camp for
1301:
Mechanicsburg, PA: Pelican Publishing Company Stackpole Books, 1997.
325:
1284:'While In The Hands Of The Enemy: Military Prisons Of The Civil War'
774:'While In The Hands Of The Enemy: Military Prisons Of The Civil War'
197:
On April 15, 1861, the day after the U.S. Army garrison surrendered
1269:
To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas 1862–1865.
433:
To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas 1862–1865.
396:
1220:, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
946:, edited by Patricia L. Faust. New York: Harper & Row, 1986.
1209:
Eisendrath Jr., Joseph L. "Chicago's Camp Douglas, 1861–1865,"
593:'A History of Camp Douglas, Illinois, Union Prison, 1861–1865'
155:(Civil War). He was given initial responsibility for building
505:, p. 187. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, 1988.
1261:
A History of Camp Douglas, Illinois, Union Prison, 1861–1865
1216:
Faust, Patricia L. "Sanitary Commission, United States" In
1286:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005.
776:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005.
1235:. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2008.
1218:
Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War
1031:. Denton, TX: University of North Texas Press, 2008.
944:
Historical Times Illustrated History of the Civil War
1104:
1102:
1100:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1299:
Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War.
1049:
1047:
1045:
885:
883:
812:
starting February 21 when Mulligan was unavailable.
548:, p. 71. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, PA, 1997.
130:
122:
112:
97:
89:
77:
67:
55:
39:
27:
20:
608:In Heidler, David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler, eds.,
546:Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War
1198:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
980:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.
1211:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society
267:On February 16, 1862, the Union Army under then
864:
862:
860:
820:
818:
8:
1348:Military personnel from Cumberland, Maryland
1338:People of Illinois in the American Civil War
349:, wrote the following to Lieutenant Colonel
235:Building Camp Douglas, First Tucker command
1148:
1146:
1144:
1116:
1114:
1014:
1012:
641:
639:
637:
635:
383:126th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment
249:adjutant general for the State of Illinois
17:
1213:(Springfield, IL), LIII:1 (Spring 1960).
1108:Heidler, 2000, p. 345; Levy, 1999, p. 110
1085:Heidler, 2000, p. 345; Levy, 1999, p. 109
914:Heidler, 2000, p. 345; Levy, 1999, p. 87.
901:
899:
897:
895:
850:
848:
714:
712:
710:
682:
680:
678:
604:Heidler, David S. and Jeanne T. Heidler,
453:
451:
449:
1343:Businesspeople from Cumberland, Maryland
889:Heidler, 2000, p. 345; Levy, 1999, p. 63
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
1358:Burials at Graceland Cemetery (Chicago)
424:
7:
1039:. Retrieved August 19, 2012. p. 119.
401:Tucker's grave at Graceland Cemetery
320:After the Union Army victory at the
606:Camp Douglas, Illinois Union Prison
1053:Heidler, 2000, p. 345; Levy, p. 91
564:Senator Douglas died June 3, 1861.
533:Chicago's Camp Douglas, 1861–1865,
151:during the first two years of the
14:
134:
101:
824:Levy, 1999, pp. 50–51, 76
229:original University of Chicago
209:called 75,000 state militiamen
1:
370:Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson
1243:. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
695:Kelly, 1989, pp. 9–11.
573:Levy, 1999, pp. 29–30.
763:Levy, 1999, pp. 41, 43, 50.
389:became the camp commander.
1374:
1169:Retrieved August 20, 2012.
1167:Day of the week calculator
312:Colonel Mulligan's command
188:American Civil War service
253:Illinois Central Railroad
364:Final service with Tyler
347:U.S. Sanitary Commission
256:only one water hydrant.
126:Businessman, stockbroker
1196:Civil War High Commands
978:Civil War High Commands
842:Levy, 1999, pp. 51, 55.
727:Levy, 1999, pp. 39, 47.
704:Levy, 1999, pp. 21, 36.
663:Levy, 1999, pp. 29, 33.
521:McPherson, 1988, p. 322
459:"Col. Joseph H. Tucker"
374:Battle of Harpers Ferry
341:In the summer of 1862,
311:
201:to Confederate forces,
169:Confederate States Army
997:Levy, 1999, pp. 80–81.
582:Levy, 1999, p. 29, 40.
402:
1190:Eicher, John H., and
972:Eicher, John H., and
877:Sanders, 2005, p. 95.
868:Heidler, 2000, p. 345
833:Sanders, 2005, p. 94.
502:Battle Cry of Freedom
400:
343:Henry Whitney Bellows
333:Second Tucker command
90:Years of service
1282:Sanders, Charles W.
1231:Gillispie, James M.
1027:Gillispie, James M.
772:Sanders, Charles W.
182:Cumberland, Maryland
1333:Union Army colonels
1152:Levy, 1999, p. 366.
645:Speer, 1997, p. 72.
544:Speer, Lonnie, R.,
497:McPherson, James M.
468:. October 25, 1894.
345:, president of the
306:Daniel Cameron, Jr.
1297:Speer, Lonnie, R.
1138:Levy, 1999, p. 119
1129:Kelly, 1989, p. 35
1120:Levy, 1999, p. 115
1062:Speer, 1997, p. 88
1018:Levy, 1999, p. 100
1006:Levy, 1999, p. 85.
963:Levy, 1999, p. 81.
942:United States" In
932:Levy, 1999, p. 92.
923:Levy, 1999, p. 77.
905:Levy, 1999, p. 76.
854:Levy, 1999, p. 58.
793:Levy, 1999, p. 47.
754:Levy, 1999, p. 45.
745:Levy, 1999, p. 39.
736:Levy, 1999, p. 41.
718:Levy, 1999, p. 37.
686:Levy, 1999, p. 34.
672:Levy, 1999, p. 31.
654:Levy, 1999, p. 43.
629:Levy, 1999, p. 33.
487:Levy, 1999, p. 29.
414:Graceland Cemetery
403:
239:Illinois Governor
225:Stephen A. Douglas
153:American Civil War
117:American Civil War
61:Graceland Cemetery
1292:978-0-8071-3061-2
1277:978-1-56554-331-7
1241:978-1-57441-255-0
1226:978-0-06-273116-6
1037:978-1-57441-255-0
952:978-0-06-273116-6
802:Levy, 1999, p. 50
782:978-0-8071-3061-2
441:978-1-56554-331-7
412:He was buried at
302:James A. Mulligan
269:Brigadier General
161:Chicago, Illinois
142:
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47:(aged 74–75)
1365:
1353:American bankers
1192:Eicher, David J.
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280:Cumberland River
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145:Joseph H. Tucker
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84:Illinois militia
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43:October 22, 1894
22:Joseph H. Tucker
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1078:
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1034:
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1015:
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987:
986:0-8047-3641-3
983:
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953:
949:
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827:
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769:
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748:
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733:
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724:
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623:
619:
618:0-393-04758-X
615:
611:
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579:
576:
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567:
561:
558:
555:
554:0-8117-0334-7
551:
547:
541:
538:
534:
527:
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512:
511:0-19-503863-0
508:
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326:Island No. 10
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288:Major General
285:
281:
277:
276:Fort Donelson
273:
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261:
257:
254:
250:
247:, soon to be
246:
242:
241:Richard Yates
234:
232:
230:
226:
223:
217:
214:
213:U.S. Congress
210:
207:
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200:
192:
187:
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175:
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72:United States
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
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50:New York City
42:
38:
35:
30:
26:
19:
16:
1323:1810s births
1298:
1268:
1260:
1217:
1210:
1195:
1174:
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1134:
1125:
1090:
1067:
1058:
1023:
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993:
977:
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959:
943:
937:
928:
919:
910:
873:
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829:
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741:
732:
723:
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691:
668:
659:
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609:
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587:
578:
569:
560:
545:
540:
532:
526:
517:
500:
492:
465:
432:
427:
416:in Chicago.
411:
408:
404:
378:Daniel Tyler
367:
359:
355:
340:
336:
319:
315:
299:
295:
266:
262:
258:
238:
218:
196:
179:
157:Camp Douglas
144:
143:
113:Battles/wars
45:(1894-10-22)
15:
1328:1894 deaths
387:Jacob Ammen
199:Fort Sumter
1317:Categories
1185:References
393:Later life
193:Background
176:Early life
165:Union Army
68:Allegiance
988:. p. 300.
443:. p. 119.
274:captured
203:President
131:Signature
93:1861–1862
784:. p. 93.
329:guards.
78:Service/
34:New York
372:at the
278:on the
222:Senator
149:colonel
107:Colonel
31:c. 1819
1305:
1290:
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80:branch
56:Buried
462:(PDF)
420:Notes
284:Dover
282:near
1303:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1200:ISBN
1161:The
1033:ISBN
982:ISBN
948:ISBN
778:ISBN
614:ISBN
550:ISBN
507:ISBN
437:ISBN
98:Rank
40:Died
28:Born
159:at
1319::
1194:,
1143:^
1113:^
1099:^
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894:^
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464:.
448:^
231:.
1309:.
1294:.
1279:.
1255:.
1228:.
1206:.
954:.
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