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927:, despite knowing that they were not long-lasting, and against the advice of contemporary experts to use more durable pigments. As a result, many of his colours have now faded. Ruskin complained at how quickly his work decayed; Turner was indifferent to posterity and chose materials that looked good when freshly applied. By 1930, there was concern that both his oils and his watercolours were fading.
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840:, had been a huge publishing success. Turner's plates were meant to be widely disseminated, and categorised the genre into six types: Marine, Mountainous, Pastoral, Historical, Architectural, and Elevated or Epic Pastoral. His printmaking was a major part of his output, and a museum is devoted to it, the Turner Museum in
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915:'s watercolours, some of which were present in Monro's house, went far further than the neat renderings of topography. The solemn grandeur of his Alpine views were an early revelation to the young Turner and showed him the true potential of the watercolour medium, conveying mood instead of information.
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As Turner grew older, he became more eccentric. He had few close friends except for his father, who lived with him for 30 years and worked as his studio assistant. His father's death in 1829 had a profound effect on him, and thereafter he was subject to bouts of depression. He never married but had a
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from 1789, enrolling when he was 14, and exhibited his first work there at 15. During this period, he also served as an architectural draftsman. He earned a steady income from commissions and sales, which he often only begrudgingly accepted owing to his troubled and contrary nature. He opened his own
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Selby
Whittingham founded The Turner Society at London and Manchester in 1975. After the society endorsed the Tate Gallery's Clore Gallery wing (on the lines of the Duveen wing of 1910), as the solution to the controversy of what should be done with the Turner Bequest, Selby Whittingham resigned and
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wrote of him that, "He adored Turner, when I and others doubted, and taught me to see & to distinguish his beauties over that of others ... the old man really had a fond & personal regard for this young clergyman, which I doubt he ever evinced for the other". Daniell may have supplied Turner
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and twenty-three drawings connected with it. It was an unparalleled collection that comprehensively represented the diversity, imagination and technical inventiveness of Turner's work throughout his sixty-year career. Vaughan bequeathed the most of his Turner collection to
British and Irish public
728:, the son of his old tutor, was in charge of making the funeral arrangements and wrote to those who knew Turner to tell them at the time of his death that, "I must inform you, we have lost him." Other executors were his cousin and chief mourner at the funeral, Henry Harpur IV (benefactor of
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Intensely private, eccentric, and reclusive, Turner was a controversial figure throughout his career. He did not marry, but fathered two daughters, Evelina (1801–1874) and
Georgiana (1811–1843), by the widow Sarah Danby. He became more pessimistic and morose as he got older, especially after the
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in
Yorkshire, who became a close friend of the artist. Turner first visited Otley in 1797, aged 22, when commissioned to paint watercolours of the area. He was so attracted to Otley and the surrounding area that he returned to it throughout his career. The stormy backdrop of
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in 1834, an event which Turner witnessed first-hand, and transcribed in a series of watercolour sketches), and natural phenomena such as sunlight, storm, rain, and fog. He was fascinated by the violent power of the sea, as seen at the 1840 Royal
Academy of Arts exhibition, where
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1604:, but this claim has never been verified. The first verifiable date is that Turner was baptised on 14 May, and some authors doubt the 23 April date on the grounds that high infant mortality rates meant that parents usually baptised their children shortly after birth.
691:. Turner had previously refused to sit for the artist, and it was difficult to get his agreement to be portrayed. Daniell positioned the two men opposite each other at dinner, so that Linnell could observe his subject carefully and portray his likeness from memory.
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491:, in his obituary of Turner, wrote that it was: "recognised by the wiser few as a noble attempt at lifting landscape art out of the tame insipidities ... evinced for the first time that mastery of effect for which he is now justly celebrated".
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galleries and museums, stipulating that the collections of Turner's watercolours should be 'exhibited to the public all at one time, free of charge and only in
January', demonstrating an awareness of conservation which was unusual at the time.
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Turner's talent was recognised early in his life. Financial independence allowed Turner to innovate freely; his mature work is characterized by a chromatic palette and broadly applied atmospheric washes of paint. According to David Piper's
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Together with a number of young artists, Turner was able, in Monro's London house, to copy works of the major topographical draughtsmen of his time and perfect his skills in drawing. But the curious atmospherical effects and illusions of
859:(1812), an emphasis on the destructive power of nature has already come into play. His distinctive style of painting, in which he used watercolour technique with oil paints, created lightness, fluency, and ephemeral atmospheric effects.
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As an academy probationer, Turner was taught drawing from plaster casts of antique sculptures. From July 1790 to
October 1793, his name appears in the registry of the academy over a hundred times. In June 1792, he was admitted to the
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At the turn of the 18th century, history painting was the highest purpose art could serve, and Turner would attempt those heights all his life. But his real achievement would be to make landscape the equal of history
317:, Covent Garden, in London, England. His father was a barber and wig maker. His mother, Mary Marshall, came from a family of butchers. A younger sister, Mary Ann, was born in September 1778 but died in August 1783.
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coast. There he produced a series of drawings of the town and surrounding area that foreshadowed his later work. By this time, Turner's drawings were being exhibited in his father's shop window and sold for a few
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in contravention of Turner's condition that they be kept and shown together. Increasingly paintings are lent abroad, ignoring Turner's provision that they remain constantly and permanently in Turner's
Gallery.
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to learn to draw the human body from nude models. Turner exhibited watercolours each year at the academy while painting in the winter and travelling in the summer widely throughout
Britain, particularly to
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His true master was Dr Monro; to the practical teaching of that first patron and the wise simplicity of method of watercolour study, in which he was disciplined by him and companioned by his friend
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In Turner's later years, he used oils ever more transparently and turned to an evocation of almost pure light by use of shimmering colour. A prime example of his mature style can be seen in
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Turner formed a relationship with Sophia
Caroline Booth after her second husband died, and from 1846 he lived with her as "Mr Booth" or "Admiral Booth" in her house at 6 Davis's Place (now
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west of London, where Turner attended school. The earliest known artistic exercise by Turner is from this period—a series of simple colourings of engraved plates from Henry Boswell's
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with the spiritual comfort he needed after the deaths of his father and friends, and to "ease the fears of a naturally reflective man approaching old age". After Daniell's death in
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Web site of the Tate Turner Collection, includes the "Turner Bequest" of over 300 Oil paintings and over 30,000 sketches. The catalogue holds records of over 40,000 works by Turner
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In 1910, the main part of the Turner Bequest, which includes unfinished paintings and drawings, was rehoused in the Duveen Turner Wing at the National Gallery of British Art (now
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relationship with an older widow, his housekeeper Sarah Danby. He is believed to have been the father of her two daughters Evelina Dupuis and Georgiana Thompson. Evelina married
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Her illness was possibly due in part to the early death of Turner's younger sister. Hamilton suggests that this "fit of illness" may have been an early sign of her madness.
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and silver example bears Turner's name, and another, made of wood, was collected along with his spectacles, magnifying glass and card case by an associate housekeeper.
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death of his father in 1829; when his outlook deteriorated, his gallery fell into disrepair and neglect, and his art intensified. In 1841, Turner rowed a boat into the
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384:. The use of pencil sketches on location, as the foundation for later finished paintings, formed the basis of Turner's essential working style for his whole career.
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paintings. He left behind more than 550 oil paintings, 2,000 watercolours, and 30,000 works on paper. He was championed by the leading English art critic
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Although Turner was known by his middle name, William, he is now generally referred to by his initials, in order to avoid confusion with the artist
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in West Sussex, and painted scenes that Egremont funded taken from the grounds of the house and of the Sussex countryside, including a view of the
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at the academy in 1807, where he lectured until 1828. He travelled around Europe from 1802, typically returning with voluminous sketchbooks.
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in west London with a gallery for some of his works. His will was contested and in 1856, after a court battle, his first cousins, including
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541:. The image was praised by contemporary critics and founded Turner's reputation as both an oil painter and a painter of maritime scenes.
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3259:"Wallace explores the stylistic and aesthetic affinities of English landscape painter J. M. W. Turner (1775-1851) and American novelist
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415:. He would later call Malton "My real master". Topography was a thriving industry by which a young artist could pay for his studies.
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Turner left a small fortune, which he hoped would be used to support what he called "decayed artists". He planned an almshouse at
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Turner's work drew criticism from contemporaries. An anonymous review of the 1840 Royal Academy exhibition, later identified as
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836:(Book of Truth), where Claude had recorded his completed paintings; a series of print copies of these drawings, by then at
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1904:"] M W Turner – Connections with Brentford by Carolyn Hammond | Brentford & Chiswick Local History Society"
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Herrmann, L. (23 September 2004). Vaughan, Henry (1809–1899), art collector. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
2272:"Settlement and building: Artists and Chelsea Pages 102–106 A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 12, Chelsea"
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The Life of J. M. W. Turner, R. A.: Founded on Letters and Papers Furnished by His Friends and Fellow Academicians
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332:, where she died in 1804. Turner was sent to his maternal uncle, Joseph Mallord William Marshall, a butcher in
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that: "My son, sir, is going to be a painter". In 1789, Turner again stayed with his uncle who had retired to
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on 31 October 1817. It was recorded that her mother, Sarah Danby, was a witness along with Charles Thompson.
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unveiled a memorial plaque at the site of his birthplace at 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, on 2 June 1999.
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2541:. New Haven London Williamstown (Mass.): Yale university press Sterling and Francine Clark art institute.
2516:. New Haven London Williamstown (Mass.): Yale university press Sterling and Francine Clark art institute.
2320:"Georgian Silver and Agate Pocket Snuff Box Inscribed 'Joseph Mallord William Turner' and the date '1785'"
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Chapel, Cambridge, from the Banks of the River Cam, 1793, watercolour (note that this is the present-day
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described him as the artist who could most "stirringly and truthfully measure the moods of Nature".
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Portrait of J. M. W. Turner, making his sketch for the celebrated picture of 'Mercury & Argus'
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Turner's father William Turner (1745–1829) moved to London around 1770 from South Molton, Devon.
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as Turner, Dorothy Atkinson, Marion Bailey and Paul Jesson, and premiered in competition for the
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Turner travelled widely in Europe, starting with France and Switzerland in 1802 and studying in
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from 1840, and is today regarded as having elevated landscape painting to an eminence rivalling
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1508:. The programme aired on 17 December 1974, during the Turner Bicentenary Exhibition in London.
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Joseph Mallord William Turner was born on 23 April 1775 and baptised on 14 May. He was born in
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suggested these two paintings were pendants, due in part to their similar content and size.
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Turner Watercolour Award. A major exhibition, "Turner's Britain", with material (including
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was an expression of his intentions for landscape art. The idea was loosely based on
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all hold statues representing him. A portrait by Cornelius Varley with his patent
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Turner's mother showed signs of mental disturbance from 1785 and was admitted to
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3812:
3467:
3386:
1770:
1455:
founded the Independent Turner Society. The Tate created the prestigious annual
1035:
1019:, 1801, oil on canvas. For his painting Turner drew inspiration from the art of
806:
759:
710:
687:
Before leaving for the Middle East, Daniell commissioned Turner’s portrait from
638:
514:
396:
377:
369:
365:
242:
226:
222:
179:
1827:
923:
Turner experimented with a wide variety of pigments. He used formulations like
684:
at the age of 38, he told Roberts he would never form such a friendship again.
5662:
4981:
4961:
4951:
4600:
4437:
4222:
3445:
3094:
2895:
1812:
1517:
1512:
1493:
1388:
591:
564:
538:
487:(now lost), which foreshadowed his later climatic effects. The British writer
475:
373:
238:
2668:
6323:
5652:
5534:
4866:
4585:
4575:
3456:
for Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1839, with a poetical illustration by
3324:
3265:
3263:, establishing Turner as a decisive influence on the creation of Melville's
661:
333:
196:
822:(Book of Studies), seventy prints that he worked on from 1806 to 1819. The
458:
of Art in 1789, aged 14, and was accepted into the academy a year later by
2811:
1481:
was voted Britain's "greatest painting" in a public poll organised by the
513:, his first oil painting for the academy, of a nocturnal moonlit scene of
6463:
4078:
4070:
2780:
2603:
Townsend, Joyce H. (1993). "The Materials of J. M. W. Turner: Pigments".
1684:
796:
Rockets and Blue Lights (Close at Hand) to Warn Steamboats of Shoal Water
770:
Rockets and Blue Lights (Close at Hand) to Warn Steamboats of Shoal Water
387:
Many early sketches by Turner were architectural studies or exercises in
357:
217:(23 April 1775 – 19 December 1851), known in his time as
6135:
4886:
4477:
2624:
1552:
924:
706:
348:
1547:, would appear on the £20 note beginning in 2020. It is the first £20
4580:
3330:
Turner & the 1834 Parliament Fire – UK Parliament Living Heritage
3318:
2899:
1521:, a biopic of Turner's later years, released in 2014. The film stars
783:
Turner's imagination was sparked by shipwrecks, fires (including the
568:
381:
270:
2616:
1459:
art award in 1984, named in Turner's honour, and 20 years later the
3026:
Turner: The Extraordinary Life and Momentous Times of J.M.W. Turner
1634:
4002:
The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834
3491:
2669:"Colors That Fade: Turner's Masterpieces: Can his works be saved?"
1893:
Turner in his Time, Andrew Wilton, H. N. Abrams Books, 1987, p. 45
1155:
The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16th October, 1834
764:
693:
681:
665:
624:
580:
543:
493:
480:
440:
422:
412:
293:
1596:
Turner claimed to have been born on 23 April 1775, which is both
485:
The Rising Squall – Hot Wells from St Vincent's Rock Bristol
4536:
3646:
Buttermere Lake, with Part of Cromackwater, Cumberland, a Shower
3423:"In Turner Paintings at the Met, the Bloody Business of Whaling"
3190:. Winchester, UK; Washington, DC: Zero Books. pp. 129–152.
2220:
2054:
2052:
1847:
1845:
730:
Westminster – now Chelsea & Westminster – Hospital
352:
4272:
3738:
View in Wales: Mountain Scene with Village and Castle – Evening
3495:
1136:
The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons, 16 October 1834
1097:
Dort or Dordrecht: The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed
4268:
3405:
A Brief History of Abstract Art with Turner, Mondrian and More
2581:
2580:. The Turner Museum and Thomas Moran Galleries. Archived from
2369:
2367:
2346:"Spectacles, glass, snuffbox and cardcase of Turner 1775–1851"
1482:
2252:"Turner Biography & Chronology – The Turner Society"
853:(1795), stay true to the traditions of English landscape. In
671:
Turner formed a short but intense friendship with the artist
2121:
Cunningham, Peter (27 December 1851). "Obituary of Turner".
3474:, Washington, D.C., October 1, 2007 – January 6, 2008; the
3165:
Joll, Evelyn; Butlin, Martin; Herrmann, Luke, eds. (2001).
1477:
from 7 November 2003 to 8 February 2004. In 2005, Turner's
403:. By the end of 1789, he had also begun to study under the
2384:
2382:
1374:
The Departure of the Fleet, 1850, National Gallery, London
376:
of work from this time in Berkshire survives as well as a
3129:
J. M. W. Turner, 1775–1851: The World of Light and Colour
3057:
An Historical Account of the Will of J. M. W. Turner, R.A
2192:(New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 28.
2167:(New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 27.
2100:(New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 20.
2075:(New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 17.
1949:(New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 15.
1924:(New ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. p. 14.
1555:. It came into circulation on Thursday 20 February 2020.
273:
so he could not be counted as present at any property in
1543:
announced that a portrait of Turner, with a backdrop of
342:
Picturesque View of the Antiquities of England and Wales
233:. He is known for his expressive colouring, imaginative
4053:(Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying,
3914:
England: Richmond Hill, on the Prince Regent's Birthday
2869:"Timothy Spall to play JMW Turner in Mike Leigh biopic"
609:. Petworth House still displays a number of paintings.
1197:
Valley of Aosta: Snowstorm, Avalanche and Thunderstorm
3844:
Two Captured Danish Ships Entering Portsmouth Harbour
1736:
J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours
970:, formerly named Clare Hall, and not the present-day
6570:
6462:
6209:
6031:
5976:
5945:
5869:
5818:
5767:
5726:
5635:
5579:
5543:
5497:
5488:
5333:
5277:
5226:
5185:
5144:
5098:
5040:
4910:
4789:
4711:
4630:
4621:
4507:
4375:
4306:
4206:
4190:
4171:
3898:The Dort packet-boat from Rotterdam becalmed
3529:
2644:. Random House Trade Paperbacks. pp. 134–135.
2142:(Rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press.
1077:
Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps
587:
Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army Crossing the Alps
189:
175:
148:
140:
130:
120:
101:
78:
41:
3099:. Ackroyd's Brief Lives. New York: Nan A. Talese.
2030:
1811:
879:High levels of volcanic ash (from the eruption of
798:(1840) were first shown. A 2003 exhibition at the
567:in Paris in the same year. He made many visits to
4115:Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway
3245:Melville & Turner: Spheres of Love and Fright
3186:Singh, Iona (2012). "J.M.W. Turner as Producer".
3068:(revised ed.). London: Thames & Hudson.
1323:Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway
865:Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway
713:in Chelsea, on 19 December 1851. He is buried in
590:is reputed to have been inspired by a storm over
4033:The Fighting Temeraire Tugged to Her Last Berth
3783:A Beech Wood with Gypsies Seated in the Distance
1184:1836, oil on canvas, Yale Center for British Art
816:Turner's major venture into printmaking was the
324:in Old Street in 1799. She was moved in 1800 to
1398:One of the greatest collectors of his work was
1326:, 1844, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London
1220:, 1838, oil on canvas, National Gallery, London
594:in Otley while he was staying at Farnley Hall.
4018:Venice, from the Porch of Madonna della Salute
3669:Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, Cumberland
3059:. London: J. M. W. Turner, R.A., Publications.
2958:Standing in the Sun: A Life of J. M. W. Turner
2446:(01 ed.). London: Thames and Hudson Ltd.
1712:p. 468: London; Chapman & Hall, Ltd; 1909.
1537:, with Spall taking the award for Best Actor.
4284:
3507:
1473:) on loan from around the globe, was held at
698:Turners House, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, 1887 by
8:
4063:Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth
2348:. Philip Mould & Company. Archived from
1867:Standing in the sun: a life of J.M.W. Turner
1822:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1765:
1763:
1526:
1461:Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours
1279:Snow Storm: Steam-Boat off a Harbour's Mouth
3994:Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore
3370:The condition of Modern Rome, Campo Vaccino
3116:"Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775–1851)"
2702:New York: Scribner and Welford. p. 121
1915:
1913:
1777:(4th ed.). New York: Parkstone Press.
1234:Venice: The Dogana and San Giorgio Maggiore
571:. Important support for his work came from
5494:
4627:
4291:
4277:
4269:
3888:The Rise of the Carthaginian Empire
3768:A Beech Wood with Gypsies round a Campfire
3514:
3500:
3492:
2836:Leo 'Rumpole' McKern: The Accidental Actor
1001:Morning amongst the Coniston Fells, 1798,
464:A View of the Archbishop's Palace, Lambeth
56:
38:
6767:Deaths from cholera in the United Kingdom
3482:, New York, June 24 – September 21, 2008.
1775:The life and masterworks of J.M.W. Turner
1731:"Joseph Mallord William Turner 1775–1851"
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
709:at the home of Sophia Caroline Booth, in
4107:Moses Writing the Book of Genesis
3315:400 artworks by or after J. M. W. Turner
2482:
2480:
2388:
2373:
2058:
1851:
1797:
1416:). In 1987, a new wing at the Tate, the
1218:tugged to her last berth to be broken up
437:), Aberdeen Archives Gallery and Museums
336:, then a small town on the banks of the
261:gallery in 1804 and became professor of
3470:of J.M.W. Turner: an exhibition at the
3414:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
3168:The Oxford Companion to J. M. W. Turner
2641:Color: A Natural History of the Palette
1819:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1626:
1576:
937:
890:John Ruskin said that an early patron,
4105:The Morning after the Deluge –
3478:, February 10 – May 18, 2008; and the
3301:"Turner, Joseph Mallord William"
2266:
2264:
1729:Brown, David Blayney (December 2012).
883:) in the atmosphere during 1816, the "
6638:Romanticism and the French Revolution
4103:Light and Colour (Goethe's Theory) –
3047:. Lytham St Annes: Stanley Warburton.
2752:. City of Westminster. Archived from
2699:The Great Artists: J.M.W. Turner R.A.
2213:Roberts, Miquette (5 December 2012).
2138:Butlin, Martin; Joll, Evelyn (1984).
717:, where he lies near the painter Sir
7:
1565:List of paintings by J. M. W. Turner
1443:) was compared with his death mask (
664:to him. Of two other snuffboxes, an
645:, until his death in December 1851.
599:George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont
537:, who was admired for his moonlight
30:Not to be confused with the painter
3798:Landscape with Lake and Fallen Tree
3555:Landscape with Windmill and Rainbow
3277:. London: Bristol Book Publishing.
3247:. The University of Georgia Press.
3014:Turner and Leeds: Image of Industry
2776:"Turner wins 'great painting' vote"
1708:"Memorials of St Paul's Cathedral"
1655:Lacayo, Richard (11 October 2007).
360:. His father boasted to the artist
4095:War. The Exile and the Rock Limpet
3970:Childe Harold's Pilgrimage - Italy
3876:Snow Storm: Hannibal and his Army
3631:Aeneas and the Sibyl, Lake Avernus
2979:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2733:"St. Mary's Church Parish website"
2473:. Hurst and Blackett. p. 418.
2442:Wilton, Andrew (6 November 2006).
2401:Davies, Norman (20 January 1998).
2298:"Collection Online: Snuff Box/box"
25:
6737:19th-century English male artists
6732:18th-century English male artists
3396:Works by or about J. M. W. Turner
3377:J.M.W. Turner exhibition catalogs
3359:Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA
3357:The Temple of Jupiter Panellenius
3343:Joseph Mallord William Turner, RA
3122:. The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
3120:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
2696:Monkhouse, William Cosmo (1879).
2012:Thornbury, George Walter (1862).
1970:Thornbury, George Walter (1862).
1733:. In Brown, David Blayney (ed.).
1475:Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery
1441:Sheffield Museums & Galleries
1429:St. Mary's Church, Battersea
1347:1845, oil on canvas, Tate Britain
1286:1842, oil on canvas, Tate Britain
947:Fisherman's Cottage, Dover, 1790
6691:
6690:
4253:
4252:
3444:
3188:Color, Facture, Art & Design
2977:The Life of J. M. W. Turner, R.A
2322:. Finch & Co. Archived from
1367:
1352:
1331:
1314:
1291:
1270:
1250:
1225:
1207:
1189:
1178:Wreckers Coast of Northumberland
1170:
1146:
1128:
1108:
1088:
1068:
1048:
1027:
1009:
994:
979:
955:
940:
447:Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino
347:Around 1786, Turner was sent to
195:
3540:Interior of a Romanesque Church
3337:Giudecca, La Donna della Salute
3275:A Year of Turner and the Thames
3269:". (Quotation from dust jacket)
3228:. Berlin: Phaidon Verlag GmbH.
2750:"Joseph Mallord William Turner"
2566:. London: Barrie & Jenkins.
2278:. Victoria County History, 2004
1813:"Joseph Mallord William Turner"
1810:Herrmann, Luke (October 2006).
1021:Willem van de Velde the Younger
724:Turner's friend, the architect
629:Turner, painted from memory by
597:Turner was a frequent guest of
468:Royal Academy summer exhibition
322:St Luke's Hospital for Lunatics
6762:Burials at St Paul's Cathedral
3962:Funeral of Sir Thomas Lawrence
3623:Moonlight, a Study at Millbank
3486:Turner's poems and other texts
3450:Rocks at Colgong on the Ganges
3171:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2867:Child, Ben (23 October 2012).
2737:St Mary's Modern Stained Glass
2489:The Illustrated History of Art
2140:The paintings of J.M.W. Turner
2033:The Life of J.M.W. Turner, R.A
1870:. London: Pimlico. p. 8.
1739:. Tate Research Publications.
756:The Illustrated History of Art
732:), Revd. Henry Scott Trimmer,
648:Turner was a habitual user of
1:
6747:19th-century English painters
6742:18th-century English painters
6661:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
4150:
4135:
4022:
3825:
3802:
3787:
3772:
3757:
3742:
3727:
3704:
3689:
3685:Tivoli and the Roman Campagna
3658:
3635:
3612:
3597:
3574:
3559:
3544:
3416:, v. 73, no. 4 (Spring, 2016)
3045:Discovering Turner's Lakeland
2938:Turner £20 enters circulation
2491:. Bounty Books. p. 321.
1987:Hamilton, James (1997). "1".
1600:and the supposed birthday of
1344:
1302:
1283:
1238:
1181:
1159:
552:
431:
303:
237:and turbulent, often violent
210:Joseph Mallord William Turner
83:Joseph Mallord William Turner
68:
18:Joseph Mallord William Turner
3886:Dido building Carthage, or,
3420:Johnson, Ken (3 June 2016).
3207:Turner's Painting Techniques
3127:Bockemühl, Michael (2015) .
1836:UK public library membership
1433:Victoria & Albert Museum
527:Philip James de Loutherbourg
470:of 1790 when Turner was 15.
4043:Modern Rome – Campo Vaccino
3954:Ulysses Deriding Polyphemus
3593:Interior of a Gothic Church
3410:"Turner's Whaling Pictures"
3243:Wallace, Robert K. (1992).
3209:. London: Tate Publishing.
3150:. London: Tate Publishing.
3043:Warburton, Stanley (2008).
3007:. Oxford: Ashmolean Museum.
2839:. UNSW Press. p. 181.
2677:. 9 January 1930. p. 2
2564:The Sketches of Turner, R.A
2539:Turner: the late seascapes
2514:Turner: the late seascapes
2407:. London: Pimlico. p.
1264:Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
1102:Yale Center for British Art
988:Yale Center for British Art
949:Yale Center for British Art
778:Williamstown, Massachusetts
27:English painter (1775–1851)
6833:
6772:English landscape painters
6757:British landscape painters
6578:Coleridge's theory of life
3852:London from Greenwich Park
3480:Metropolitan Museum of Art
3016:. Jeremy Mills Publishing.
2988:. New York: Random House.
2562:Wilkinson, Gerald (1974).
2467:Thornbury, Walter (1862).
1199:, 1836–37, oil on canvas,
1164:Philadelphia Museum of Art
1057:London from Greenwich Park
856:Hannibal Crossing the Alps
507:In 1796, Turner exhibited
254:Maiden Lane, Covent Garden
29:
6797:People from Covent Garden
6787:English romantic painters
6670:
6633:Romanticism and economics
4648:Manuel Antônio de Almeida
4248:
4123:Sunrise with Sea Monsters
4055:Typhoon Coming On)
4010:Rome, From Mount Aventine
3978:The Fountain of Indolence
3860:The Fifth Plague of Egypt
3608:Limekiln at Coalbrookdale
3366:Modern Rome Campo Vaccino
3148:Turner and the Scientists
2947:General and cited sources
2638:Finlay, Victoria (2004).
2015:The life of J.M.W. Turner
1973:The life of J.M.W. Turner
1635:"Turner Society Homepage"
1445:National Portrait Gallery
1359:The Wreck Buoy, c. 1849,
1299:The Evening of the Deluge
894:, Principal Physician of
847:His early works, such as
203:
194:
185:
55:
4413:German historical school
3878:Crossing the Alps
3753:Welsh Mountain Landscape
3677:Shipping by a Breakwater
3458:Letitia Elizabeth Landon
3387:Works by J. M. W. Turner
3273:Williams, Roger (2018).
3205:Townsend, Joyce (1993).
3146:Hamilton, James (1998).
3028:. Penguin/Random House.
3003:Harrison, Colin (2000).
2984:Hamilton, James (2007).
2975:Finberg, A. J. (1961) .
2657:(Subscription required.)
2537:Hamilton, James (2003).
2512:Hamilton, James (2003).
2431:(Subscription required.)
1883:(Subscription required.)
1864:Bailey, Anthony (1998).
1201:Art Institute of Chicago
6792:English watercolourists
5060:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
3930:The Battle of Trafalgar
3488:(Bibliotheca Augustana)
3472:National Gallery of Art
3224:Venning, Barry (2003).
3064:Wilton, Andrew (2006).
2833:Whaley, George (2009).
2804:"The Sun Is God (1974)"
2605:Studies in Conservation
2188:Wilton, Andrew (2006).
2163:Wilton, Andrew (2006).
2096:Wilton, Andrew (2006).
2071:Wilton, Andrew (2006).
2029:Finberg, A. J. (1961).
1945:Wilton, Andrew (2006).
1920:Wilton, Andrew (2006).
1504:production directed by
1307:National Gallery of Art
1262:, 1840, oil on canvas,
1243:National Gallery of Art
1140:Cleveland Museum of Art
1100:, 1818, oil on canvas,
1080:, 1812, oil on canvas,
1060:, 1809, oil on canvas,
1039:, 1803, oil on canvas,
738:Charles Turner ARA
466:, was accepted for the
401:Joseph Bonomi the Elder
302:where Turner was born,
6817:British erotic artists
6752:British marine artists
6643:Romanticism in science
6598:Middle Ages in history
6593:List of Romantic poets
5305:Josiah Gilbert Holland
4131:Norham Castle, Sunrise
4035:to Be Broken up
3922:Rome, from the Vatican
3821:View on Clapham Common
3307:Encyclopedia Americana
2808:British Film Institute
2276:British History Online
1828:10.1093/ref:odnb/27854
1545:The Fighting Temeraire
1527:
1479:The Fighting Temeraire
1470:The Fighting Temeraire
1340:Norham Castle, Sunrise
1216:The Fighting Temeraire
908:
780:
702:
634:
560:
504:
451:
438:
307:
159:The Fighting Temeraire
6802:Rother Valley artists
6777:English male painters
6613:Romantic epistemology
6603:Opium and Romanticism
5172:Stojadinović-Srpkinja
4398:Counter-Enlightenment
4087:Peace – Burial at Sea
3906:The Field of Waterloo
3114:Barker, Elizabeth E.
2487:Piper, David (2004).
1162:1835, oil on canvas,
1117:The Field of Waterloo
1017:Dutch Boats in a Gale
900:
885:Year Without a Summer
785:burning of Parliament
768:
697:
673:Edward Thomas Daniell
628:
573:Walter Ramsden Fawkes
547:
497:
444:
426:
297:
258:Royal Academy of Arts
166:Rain, Steam and Speed
135:Royal Academy of Arts
6677:Age of Enlightenment
4319:England (literature)
3476:Dallas Museum of Art
3335:Christie's Videos –
3012:Hill, David (2008).
2326:on 29 September 2015
1989:Turner : a life
1669:on 12 October 2007.
1535:Cannes Film Festival
734:George Jones RA
523:Claude Joseph Vernet
6782:English printmakers
6628:Romantic psychology
4423:Hudson River School
4367:Sweden (literature)
4352:Russia (literature)
4240:Turner Contemporary
4230:Thomas Price Turner
3896:Dort or Dordrecht:
3868:High Street, Oxford
3372:J. M. W. Turner, RA
3364:Sotheby's Videos –
3355:Sotheby's Videos –
3348:31 May 2013 at the
2960:. London: Pimlico.
2814:on 21 November 2014
2584:on 16 February 2010
2578:"The Turner Museum"
2376:, pp. 319–320.
1991:. London: Sceptre.
1602:William Shakespeare
1541:The Bank of England
1515:wrote and directed
1465:Winsor & Newton
1449:City of Westminster
1393:Thomas Price Turner
811:Sir George Beaumont
800:Clark Art Institute
774:Clark Art Institute
715:St Paul's Cathedral
660:, presented a gold
559:(exhibited in 1836)
460:Sir Joshua Reynolds
454:Turner entered the
428:Caerlaverock Castle
279:St Paul's Cathedral
252:Turner was born in
125:St Paul's Cathedral
6807:Royal Academicians
4613:White Mountain art
4554:Historical fiction
4362:Spain (literature)
3570:Diana and Callisto
3429:The New York Times
3325:The Turner Society
3066:Turner in His Time
3053:Whittingham, Selby
2921:"Polymer £20 note"
2784:. 5 September 2005
2756:on 3 December 2013
2444:Turner in his Time
2352:on 4 December 2014
2257:. 2 December 2022.
2216:The Unknown Turner
2190:Turner in his time
2165:Turner in his time
2098:Turner in his time
2073:Turner in his time
1947:Turner in his time
1922:Turner in his time
1657:"The Sunshine Boy"
1598:Saint George's Day
1511:British filmmaker
986:The Angler, 1794,
913:John Robert Cozens
781:
703:
658:King of the French
635:
561:
505:
452:
439:
351:on the north-east
308:
275:that year's census
6704:
6703:
6618:Romantic medicine
6588:List of romantics
6027:
6026:
5678:Felix Mendelssohn
5673:Fanny Mendelssohn
5484:
5483:
5198:Rosalía de Castro
5136:Soares dos Passos
4484:Transcendentalism
4448:Nazarene movement
4408:Düsseldorf School
4266:
4265:
3654:Caernarvon Castle
3391:Project Gutenberg
3284:978-0-9928466-9-5
3216:978-1-85437-202-4
3197:978-1-78099-629-5
3157:978-1-85437-255-0
3138:978-3-8228-6325-1
3131:. Köln: Taschen.
3075:978-0-500-23830-1
3035:978-0-241-96456-9
2995:978-0-8129-6791-3
2846:978-1-921410-89-5
2548:978-0-300-09900-3
2523:978-0-300-09900-3
2453:978-0-500-23830-1
2418:978-0-06-097468-8
2404:Europe: A History
2308:on 14 April 2013.
2230:978-1-84976-386-8
2199:978-0-500-23830-1
2174:978-0-500-23830-1
2149:978-0-300-03276-5
2127:. pp. 17–18.
2107:978-0-500-23830-1
2082:978-0-500-23830-1
1956:978-0-500-23830-1
1931:978-0-500-23830-1
1834:(Subscription or
1784:978-1-85995-681-6
1746:978-1-84976-386-8
1571:Explanatory notes
1502:Thames Television
1496:played Turner in
1437:graphic telescope
1309:, Washington D.C.
1245:, Washington D.C.
1138:, oil on canvas,
221:, was an English
207:
206:
67:, oil on canvas,
16:(Redirected from
6824:
6694:
6693:
6653:Evolution theory
5495:
4628:
4489:Ukrainian school
4293:
4286:
4279:
4270:
4256:
4255:
4198:Sandycombe Lodge
4161:The Beacon Light
4155:
4152:
4140:
4137:
4106:
4104:
4054:
4052:
4034:
4027:
4024:
3986:The Golden Bough
3946:Chichester Canal
3897:
3887:
3877:
3830:
3827:
3807:
3804:
3792:
3789:
3777:
3774:
3762:
3759:
3747:
3744:
3732:
3729:
3715:Dolbadarn Castle
3709:
3706:
3694:
3691:
3663:
3660:
3640:
3637:
3617:
3614:
3602:
3599:
3585:Fishermen at Sea
3579:
3576:
3564:
3561:
3549:
3546:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3493:
3448:
3441:
3432:. pp. C23.
3425:
3400:Internet Archive
3311:
3303:
3288:
3258:
3239:
3220:
3201:
3182:
3161:
3142:
3123:
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3060:
3048:
3039:
3017:
3008:
2999:
2980:
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2911:
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2906:
2892:
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2883:
2881:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2810:. Archived from
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2746:
2740:
2739:
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2723:
2718:
2712:
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2707:
2693:
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2600:
2594:
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2568:
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2503:
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2484:
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2398:
2392:
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2371:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2304:. Archived from
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2268:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1815:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1767:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1726:
1713:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1665:. Archived from
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1549:British banknote
1532:
1422:National Gallery
1371:
1356:
1346:
1335:
1318:
1304:
1295:
1285:
1274:
1254:
1240:
1229:
1211:
1193:
1183:
1174:
1161:
1150:
1132:
1112:
1092:
1072:
1052:
1041:National Gallery
1031:
1013:
998:
983:
959:
944:
838:Devonshire House
654:Louis Philippe I
607:Chichester Canal
554:
539:marine paintings
510:Fishermen at Sea
500:Fishermen at Sea
489:Peter Cunningham
436:
433:
326:Bethlem Hospital
305:
247:history painting
216:
199:
151:
108:
105:19 December 1851
92:
90:
73:
70:
60:
50:
39:
21:
6832:
6831:
6827:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6717:J. M. W. Turner
6707:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6699:
6688:
6680:
6666:
6623:Romantic poetry
6608:Romantic ballet
6583:German idealism
6566:
6532:Lacoue-Labarthe
6458:
6205:
6023:
5972:
5941:
5922:Rimsky-Korsakov
5865:
5814:
5763:
5722:
5631:
5575:
5539:
5480:
5329:
5273:
5222:
5181:
5140:
5094:
5036:
4977:Maria Edgeworth
4913:
4906:
4785:
4707:
4617:
4596:Romantic genius
4526:Gesamtkunstwerk
4503:
4464:Sturm und Drang
4371:
4302:
4297:
4267:
4262:
4244:
4202:
4186:
4180:Liber Studiorum
4167:
4153:
4138:
4025:
3828:
3805:
3790:
3775:
3760:
3745:
3730:
3707:
3692:
3661:
3638:
3615:
3600:
3577:
3562:
3547:
3525:
3523:J. M. W. Turner
3520:
3464:"Splendid Lies"
3452:., engraved by
3419:
3350:Wayback Machine
3298:
3295:
3285:
3272:
3261:Herman Melville
3255:
3242:
3236:
3223:
3217:
3204:
3198:
3185:
3179:
3164:
3158:
3145:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3107:
3096:J. M. W. Turner
3089:
3086:
3084:Further reading
3076:
3063:
3051:
3042:
3036:
3020:
3011:
3005:Turner's Oxford
3002:
2996:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2954:Bailey, Anthony
2952:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2925:Bank of England
2919:
2918:
2914:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2877:
2866:
2865:
2861:
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2817:
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2802:
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2797:
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2759:
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2726:
2719:
2715:
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2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2617:10.2307/1506368
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
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2556:
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2436:
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2400:
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2387:
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2372:
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2339:
2329:
2327:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2296:
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2291:
2281:
2279:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2150:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2057:
2050:
2039:Clarendon Press
2028:
2027:
2023:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1878:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1850:
1843:
1833:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1707:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1561:
1491:
1405:Liber Studiorum
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1363:
1357:
1348:
1336:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1296:
1287:
1275:
1266:
1255:
1246:
1230:
1221:
1212:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1175:
1166:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1124:
1113:
1104:
1093:
1084:
1073:
1064:
1053:
1044:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1005:
999:
990:
984:
975:
962:Clare Hall and
960:
951:
945:
933:
921:
872:, particularly
833:Liber Veritatis
824:Liber Studiorum
819:Liber Studiorum
751:
746:
726:Philip Hardwick
719:Joshua Reynolds
705:Turner died of
615:
434:
421:
393:Thomas Hardwick
362:Thomas Stothard
292:
287:
212:
171:
149:
116:
113:Chelsea, London
110:
106:
97:
96:London, England
94:
88:
86:
85:
84:
74:
71:
51:
46:
44:
43:J. M. W. Turner
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6830:
6828:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6812:Tate galleries
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6709:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6681:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6668:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6571:Related topics
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6299:Gallen-Kallela
6296:
6291:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6274:David d'Angers
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6215:
6213:
6211:Visual artists
6207:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6171:Schleiermacher
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6037:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5949:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5501:
5499:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5436:Oehlenschläger
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5189:
5187:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5106:Castelo Branco
5102:
5100:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4918:
4916:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4832:Brothers Grimm
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4534:
4532:Gothic fiction
4529:
4522:
4520:British Marine
4517:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4468:
4467:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:Gothic revival
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4219:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4194:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4157:
4142:
4127:
4119:
4111:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4047:
4039:
4029:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3982:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3926:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3817:
3809:
3794:
3779:
3764:
3749:
3734:
3719:
3711:
3700:View of a Town
3696:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3650:
3642:
3627:
3619:
3604:
3589:
3581:
3566:
3551:
3535:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3461:
3454:Edward Goodall
3442:
3417:
3407:
3402:
3393:
3384:
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3293:External links
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2674:The Daily News
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2611:(4): 231–254.
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1506:Michael Darlow
1498:The Sun Is God
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870:Impressionists
828:Claude Lorrain
791:The Slave Ship
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675:. The painter
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603:Petworth House
549:Charles Turner
535:Francis Swaine
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5022:P. B. Shelley
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5002:Mary Robinson
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4560:Mal du siècle
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4071:The Blue Rigi
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3938:Port Ruysdael
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3836:The Shipwreck
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3723:Self-Portrait
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3254:0-8203-1366-1
3250:
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3231:
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3178:0-19-860025-9
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3106:0-385-50798-4
3102:
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3058:
3055:(1993–1996).
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:Moyle, Franny
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2967:0-7126-6604-4
2963:
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2653:
2651:0-8129-7142-6
2647:
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2445:
2438:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2389:Hamilton 2007
2385:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2374:Hamilton 2007
2370:
2368:
2364:
2351:
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2176:
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2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2124:The Athenaeum
2117:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2059:Hamilton 2007
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2025:
2022:
2018:. p. 27.
2017:
2016:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1998:0-340-62811-1
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1879:
1877:0-7126-6604-4
1873:
1869:
1868:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1852:Hamilton 2007
1848:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:Hamilton 2007
1794:
1791:
1786:
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1558:
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1531:
1530:
1524:
1523:Timothy Spall
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
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1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1418:Clore Gallery
1415:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:Henry Vaughan
1396:
1394:
1390:
1382:
1370:
1365:
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1123:
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1071:
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1058:
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1037:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1007:
1004:
997:
992:
989:
982:
977:
973:
969:
968:Clare College
965:
958:
953:
950:
943:
938:
930:
928:
926:
918:
916:
914:
907:
905:
899:
897:
893:
888:
886:
882:
881:Mount Tambora
877:
875:
871:
867:
866:
860:
858:
857:
852:
851:
850:Tintern Abbey
845:
843:
839:
835:
834:
829:
825:
821:
820:
814:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
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786:
779:
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763:
761:
757:
748:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
701:
700:Philip Norman
696:
692:
690:
685:
683:
678:
677:David Roberts
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
632:
627:
623:
621:
620:Joseph Dupuis
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
588:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
550:
546:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:Isle of Wight
516:
512:
511:
502:
501:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Royal Academy
449:
448:
443:
429:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
409:Thomas Malton
406:
405:topographical
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
368:(now part of
367:
363:
359:
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
330:mental asylum
327:
323:
318:
316:
311:
301:
298:The house in
296:
289:
284:
282:
280:
276:
272:
266:
264:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
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215:
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198:
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188:
184:
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163:
161:
160:
156:
155:
153:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:Resting place
119:
114:
104:
100:
93:23 April 1775
81:
77:
66:
65:
64:Self-Portrait
59:
54:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6659:
6438:
6379:Porto-Alegre
6033:Philosophers
5917:Rachmaninoff
5366:Chavchavadze
5356:Baratashvili
5116:João de Deus
5085:Wincenty Pol
4877:Küchelbecker
4605:
4571:Noble savage
4558:
4524:
4499:Wallenrodism
4476:
4462:
4393:Coppet group
4327:(literature)
4235:Turner Prize
4221:
4213:
4178:
4159:
4144:
4129:
4121:
4113:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4079:The Red Rigi
4077:
4069:
4061:
4049:
4041:
4031:
4016:
4008:
4000:
3992:
3984:
3976:
3968:
3960:
3952:
3944:
3936:
3929:
3920:
3912:
3904:
3894:
3884:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3850:
3842:
3834:
3819:
3811:
3796:
3781:
3766:
3751:
3736:
3721:
3713:
3698:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3652:
3644:
3629:
3621:
3606:
3591:
3583:
3568:
3553:
3538:
3522:
3427:
3413:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3340:
3336:
3317: at the
3305:
3274:
3264:
3244:
3225:
3206:
3187:
3167:
3147:
3128:
3119:
3095:
3065:
3056:
3044:
3025:
3013:
3004:
2985:
2976:
2957:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2903:. Retrieved
2896:"Mr. Turner"
2890:
2878:. Retrieved
2874:The Guardian
2872:
2862:
2850:. Retrieved
2835:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:the original
2807:
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2754:the original
2744:
2736:
2727:
2716:
2704:. Retrieved
2698:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2672:
2663:
2640:
2633:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2586:. Retrieved
2582:the original
2572:
2563:
2557:
2538:
2532:
2513:
2507:
2488:
2469:
2462:
2443:
2437:
2422:. Retrieved
2403:
2396:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:the original
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2324:the original
2314:
2306:the original
2292:
2280:. Retrieved
2275:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2215:
2208:
2189:
2183:
2164:
2158:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2097:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2061:, Chapter 2.
2032:
2024:
2014:
2007:
1988:
1982:
1976:. p. 8.
1972:
1965:
1946:
1940:
1921:
1898:
1889:
1866:
1859:
1854:, Chapter 1.
1817:
1805:
1800:, p. 8.
1793:
1774:
1771:Shanes, Eric
1750:. Retrieved
1735:
1710:Sinclair, W.
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1670:
1667:the original
1660:
1650:
1638:. Retrieved
1629:
1609:
1592:
1587:(1789–1862).
1579:
1544:
1539:
1533:at the 2014
1516:
1510:
1497:
1492:
1478:
1468:
1463:founded the
1457:Turner Prize
1453:
1427:
1414:Tate Britain
1411:
1403:
1397:
1386:
1361:Sudley House
1338:
1321:
1298:
1277:
1257:
1232:
1214:
1196:
1177:
1153:
1135:
1122:Tate Britain
1115:
1095:
1082:Tate Britain
1075:
1062:Tate Britain
1055:
1034:
1016:
1003:Tate Britain
922:
909:
901:
892:Thomas Monro
889:
878:
874:Claude Monet
863:
861:
854:
848:
846:
831:
823:
817:
815:
804:
795:
794:(1840), and
789:
782:
769:
755:
752:
723:
704:
689:John Linnell
686:
670:
647:
636:
616:
596:
585:
577:Farnley Hall
562:
556:
531:Peter Monamy
508:
506:
498:
484:
472:
463:
453:
445:
427:
407:draughtsman
386:
346:
341:
338:River Thames
319:
312:
309:
267:
251:
218:
209:
208:
164:
157:
150:Notable work
107:(1851-12-19)
62:
36:
6727:1851 deaths
6722:1775 births
6369:Michałowski
6201:Wackenroder
6166:F. Schlegel
6161:A. Schlegel
5937:Tchaikovsky
5826:Bortkiewicz
5698:R. Schumann
5693:C. Schumann
5658:Kalkbrenner
5627:Saint-Saëns
4932:Anne Brontë
4817:Eichendorff
4802:B. v. Arnim
4797:A. v. Arnim
4607:Weltschmerz
4566:Medievalism
4515:Blue flower
4443:Nationalist
4388:Bohemianism
4300:Romanticism
4226:(2014 film)
4218:(2011 play)
4215:The Painter
4183:(1807–1819)
4154: 1845
4139: 1845
4051:Slave Ship
4026: 1835
3829: 1800
3813:Calais Pier
3806: 1800
3791: 1800
3776: 1800
3761: 1799
3746: 1799
3731: 1799
3718:(1798–1799)
3708: 1798
3693: 1798
3662: 1798
3639: 1798
3616: 1797
3601: 1797
3578: 1796
3563: 1795
3548: 1795
3468:John Updike
3341:San Giorgio
2905:3 September
2880:3 September
2788:3 September
2760:3 September
2706:3 September
2424:3 September
2356:3 September
2330:3 September
2282:21 December
1694:14 February
1640:27 November
1551:printed on
1036:Calais Pier
807:John Eagles
760:John Ruskin
711:Cheyne Walk
652:; in 1838,
639:Cheyne Walk
515:the Needles
435: 1832
397:James Wyatt
389:perspective
378:watercolour
372:). A whole
370:Oxfordshire
366:Sunningwell
315:Maiden Lane
300:Maiden Lane
263:perspective
243:John Ruskin
180:Romanticism
72: 1799
6711:Categories
6244:Chassériau
6219:Aivazovsky
5927:Rubinstein
5912:Mussorgsky
5861:Wieniawski
5846:Paderewski
5688:Moszkowski
5471:Vörösmarty
5461:Shevchenko
5315:Longfellow
5239:Batyushkov
5234:Baratynsky
5203:Espronceda
5070:Mickiewicz
5065:Malczewski
5032:Wordsworth
5017:M. Shelley
4972:de Quincey
4837:Günderrode
4721:Baudelaire
4601:Wanderlust
4438:Lake Poets
4223:Mr. Turner
3466:review by
3438:2310050465
2041:. p.
1838:required.)
1529:Palme d'Or
1518:Mr. Turner
1513:Mike Leigh
1494:Leo McKern
1389:Twickenham
972:Clare Hall
613:Later life
592:the Chevin
565:the Louvre
476:life class
374:sketchbook
281:, London.
235:landscapes
227:printmaker
89:1775-04-23
34:of Oxford.
6684:Modernism
6344:Kiprensky
6304:Géricault
6289:Friedrich
6279:Delacroix
6254:Constable
6234:Bonington
6224:Bierstadt
6176:Senancour
6151:Schelling
6106:Lamennais
6101:Khomyakov
6066:Coleridge
6061:Chaadayev
5968:Stanković
5963:Mokranjac
5882:Balakirev
5841:Moniuszko
5790:Donizetti
5785:Cherubini
5683:Meyerbeer
5668:Marschner
5643:Beethoven
5556:Moscheles
5490:Musicians
5476:Wergeland
5441:Orbeliani
5396:Grundtvig
5300:Hawthorne
5269:Zhukovsky
5264:Vyazemsky
5249:Lermontov
5208:Gutiérrez
5167:Radičević
5131:Herculano
5055:Krasiński
4997:Radcliffe
4967:Coleridge
4942:E. Brontë
4937:C. Brontë
4867:Jean Paul
4862:Hölderlin
4751:Lamartine
4688:Magalhães
4678:Guimarães
4586:Pantheism
4576:Nostalgia
4428:Indianism
4376:Movements
4307:Countries
4164:(unknown)
3531:Paintings
3266:Moby-Dick
2588:30 August
1672:painting.
1621:Citations
1500:, a 1974
1489:Portrayal
919:Materials
662:snuff box
358:shillings
334:Brentford
290:Childhood
285:Biography
225:painter,
190:Signature
144:Paintings
131:Education
115:, England
6696:Category
6512:Dahlhaus
6497:Blanning
6464:Scholars
6434:Tropinin
6429:Tidemand
6419:Stattler
6414:Scheffer
6314:Głowacki
6284:Edelfelt
6239:Bryullov
6181:Snellman
6156:Schiller
6146:Rousseau
6126:Michelet
6071:Constant
6041:Belinsky
6014:Sibelius
5958:Konjović
5932:Scriabin
5902:Lyapunov
5836:Lipiński
5805:Spontini
5795:Paganini
5739:Goldmark
5530:Thalberg
5525:Schubert
5505:Bruckner
5466:Topelius
5456:Runeberg
5446:Prešeren
5416:Leopardi
5381:Frashëri
5371:Eminescu
5351:Andersen
5259:Tyutchev
5244:Karamzin
5218:Zorrilla
5213:Saavedra
5111:Castilho
5099:Portugal
5090:Słowacki
4992:Polidori
4922:Barbauld
4857:Hoffmann
4812:Brentano
4726:Bertrand
4547:Romantic
4383:Ancients
4357:Scotland
4258:Category
3434:ProQuest
3346:Archived
3093:(2005).
3024:(2016).
2956:(1998).
2852:31 March
2818:31 March
2781:BBC News
1773:(2008).
1752:10 March
1685:"census"
1559:See also
1120:, 1818,
1043:, London
842:Sarasota
772:, 1840,
517:off the
223:Romantic
176:Movement
6537:Lovejoy
6472:Abraham
6394:Richard
6384:Préault
6309:Girodet
6191:Thoreau
6136:Novalis
6121:Mazzini
6116:Maistre
6091:Hazlitt
6076:Emerson
6056:Carlyle
6046:Berchet
5989:Berwald
5984:Bennett
5953:Hristić
5907:Medtner
5887:Borodin
5877:Arensky
5800:Rossini
5775:Bellini
5754:Joachim
5727:Hungary
5708:Strauss
5636:Germany
5602:Berlioz
5571:Voříšek
5566:Smetana
5544:Czechia
5498:Austria
5431:Maturin
5426:Manzoni
5401:Heliade
5376:Foscolo
5346:Alfieri
5341:Abovian
5295:Emerson
5254:Pushkin
5193:Bécquer
5126:Garrett
5080:Potocki
5027:Southey
4987:Maturin
4957:Carlyle
4914:Britain
4887:Novalis
4842:Gutzkow
4790:Germany
4756:Mérimée
4741:Gautier
4668:Barreto
4663:Azevedo
4643:Alencar
4623:Writers
4542:Byronic
4478:Purismo
4332:Germany
4314:Denmark
4207:Related
4191:Museums
4146:Whalers
3398:at the
3310:. 1920.
2625:1506368
2236:14 July
1553:polymer
931:Gallery
925:carmine
707:cholera
643:Chelsea
631:Linnell
579:, near
349:Margate
6562:Wellek
6542:de Man
6527:Janion
6517:Ferber
6492:Berlin
6487:Beiser
6482:Barzun
6477:Abrams
6454:Wiertz
6439:Turner
6389:Révoil
6374:Palmer
6364:Martin
6359:Leutze
6334:Janmot
6294:Fuseli
6249:Church
6141:Quinet
6131:Müller
6086:Goethe
6081:Fichte
6004:Franck
5946:Serbia
5897:Glinka
5870:Russia
5856:Tausig
5851:Stolpe
5831:Chopin
5819:Poland
5780:Busoni
5744:Heller
5713:Wagner
5648:Brahms
5622:Onslow
5612:Halévy
5580:France
5561:Reicha
5551:Dvořák
5520:Mahler
5515:Hummel
5510:Czerny
5406:Isaacs
5386:Geijer
5320:Lowell
5310:Irving
5290:Cooper
5285:Bryant
5227:Russia
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5157:Kostić
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5145:Serbia
5075:Norwid
5050:Fredro
5042:Poland
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4882:Mörike
4872:Kleist
4827:Goethe
4822:Fouqué
4771:Nodier
4766:Nerval
4761:Musset
4713:France
4703:Varela
4698:Taunay
4683:Macedo
4631:Brazil
4581:Ossian
4508:Themes
4347:Poland
4342:Norway
4324:France
4172:Prints
4126:(1845)
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2882:2014
2854:2015
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