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376:, he was considered born for his mother's people, and gained his social status from that line. Property and hereditary positions were passed through the maternal line. Chief Medicine Crow, Leo's father, was a highly distinguished and honored chief in his own right, who at the age of 22 became a war chief. He set a standard for aspiring warriors and was his son's inspiration.
801:
In 2022, the
University of Southern California named the International Center for Public Affairs after Medicine Crow. At the same time, USC established a scholarship program for Native American students name in his honor. The building had previously been named after former USC President
544:. In 1948, he was appointed tribal historian and anthropologist. He worked for the BIA beginning in 1951. He served as a board member or officer on the Crow Central Education Commission almost continuously since its inception in 1972. In 1999, he addressed the
503:), taking an enemy's weapon, leading a successful war party, and stealing an enemy's horse. He touched a living enemy soldier and disarmed him after turning a corner and finding himself face to face with a young German soldier.
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and the Little Big Horn
Battlefield Museum. He also was featured in several documentaries about the battle, because of his family's associated oral history. He wrote a script "that has been used at the reenactment of the
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453:, has become a well-respected work about Crow culture. He began work toward a doctorate, and by 1941 had completed the required coursework. He did not complete his Ph.D., due to the United States' entry into
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As historian, Medicine Crow was the "keeper of memories" of his tribe. He preserved the stories and photographs of his people in an archive in his house and garage. His books include
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Medicine Crow continued to write and lecture at universities and public institutions until his death, at the age of 102, on April 3, 2016. He was in
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in 2010. He was an ambassador and commencement speaker at the latter, a college established for Native
Americans, for more than 50 years.
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Medicine Crow is the last member of the Crow tribe to become a war chief. He was interviewed and appeared in the 2007 Ken Burns
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In 2018, the U.S. Congress passed a law to rename a
Veteran Administration Clinic in Billings to honor Joe Medicine Crow.
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in 1876 from his step-grandfather, White Man Runs Him, who had been a scout for
General George Armstrong Custer.
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Medicine Crow completed all four tasks required to become a war chief: touching an enemy without killing him (
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in Los
Angeles in 1939; he was the first member of the Crow tribe to obtain a master's degree. His thesis,
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In 2016, Billings Public
Schools opened Medicine Crow Middle School, named in honor of Joe Medicine Crow.
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The
Effects of European Culture Contact upon the Economic, Social, and Religious Life of the Crow Indians
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Chevalier medal, both for service during World War II. His other military awards include the
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degree in 1936. He went on to study sociology and psychology for his bachelor's degree from
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1701:"A USC building stripped of eugenicist's name will instead honor a Native American alumnus"
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1559:"Dr. Joseph Medicine Crow to receive the French Legion of Honor Award and the Bronze Star"
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said, "The story of Joseph
Medicine Crow is something I've wanted to tell for 20 years."
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Cast Member in
Documentary about Crow and Shoshone Sun Dance and Tribal Culture'
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Joseph Medicine Crow (his Crow name meant High Bird) was born in 1913 on the
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from a German camp, singing a traditional Crow honor song as he rode off.
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After spending the latter half of 1942 working in the naval ship yards in
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Medicine Crow was a founding member of Little Bighorn College and of the
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for a year in 1941, then took a defense industry job in the shipyards of
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On June 25, 2008, Medicine Crow received two military decorations: the
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Beginning in 1929, when he was in eighth grade, Medicine Crow attended
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When he was young, Medicine Crow heard direct oral testimony about the
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Associated Press, "Crow Tribe Elder Joe Medicine Crow Dead at Age 102"
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Tribal historian honored as 2005 'Montana Tourism Person of the Year'
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Medicine Crow was a World War II veteran, serving as a scout in the
1074:"Joseph Medicine Crow, Tribal War Chief and Historian, Dies at 102"
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Counting Coup: Becoming a Crow Chief on the Reservation and Beyond,
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Counting Coup: Becoming a Crow Chief on the Reservation and Beyond
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1533:"The official journal of National Council for the Social Studies"
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From the Heart of the Crow Country: The Crow Indians' Own Stories
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for his service during World War II. In 2009, he was awarded the
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President Obama Honors Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients
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from the original on December 13, 2021 – via YouTube.
1489:"Crow Tribe elder, historian Joe Medicine Crow dead at 102"
1406:"Crow Tribe elder, historian Joe Medicine Crow dead at 102"
1259:. Vol. 419, no. 8985. April 16, 2016. p. 78.
348:. He was the last war chief of the Crow Tribe and the last
1658:"VA Clinic renamed in honor of two World War II Veterans"
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After serving in the Army, Medicine Crow returned to the
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Medicine Crow (right) with President Barack Obama in 2009
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1581:"Dr. Joseph Medicine Crow Congressional Gold Medal Act"
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1432:"Joe Medicine Crow dies in Billings on Sunday morning"
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Ferguson, Mike; Niedermeier, Jordan (April 3, 2016).
1218:"President Obama Names Medal of Freedom Recipients"
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506:He also led a successful war party and stole fifty
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1323:"Joseph Medicine Crow | Native American Historian"
1045:"PIM 'founder,' war hero Medicine Crow turns 100"
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687:Medicine Crow received honorary doctorates from
27:Native American writer and war chief (1913–2016)
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528:describing his World War II service. Filmmaker
926:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
742:European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal
551:Medicine Crow was a frequent guest speaker at
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782:ceremony, Obama referred to Medicine Crow as
598:. He also wrote a book for children entitled
588:Handbook of the Crow Indians Law and Treaties
346:Traditional Circle of Indian Elders and Youth
8:
1880:United States Army non-commissioned officers
1795:United States Army personnel of World War II
1024:The Crow Indians: 100 years of acculturation
492:. Whenever he went into battle, he wore his
138:Historian, war chief, anthropologist, author
1172:"Joseph Medicine Crow Collection Inventory"
406:, the first woman elected to office in the
344:Medicine Crow was a founding member of the
721:for his service in the U.S. Army, and the
714:as a "Notable Tradebook for Young People."
53:
42:
402:in 1876. Joe Medicine Crow's cousin was
302:(October 27, 1913 – April 3, 2016) was a
1850:University of Southern California alumni
1845:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1557:Kortlander, Christopher (May 21, 2008).
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441:in 1938. He earned a master's degree in
1680:"Joseph Medicine Crow Center dedicated"
1270:Miniter, Brendan (September 19, 2007).
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954:Native Spirit and The Sun Dance Way DVD
712:National Council for the Social Studies
386:, step-grandfather of Joe Medicine Crow
1733:(film clips, articles, and slideshows)
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786:or a "good man," in the Crow language.
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1615:"Medicine Crow opens for its 1st day"
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7:
1840:People from Big Horn County, Montana
1699:Gomez, Melissa (November 18, 2021).
1662:U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
1457:"The Presidential Medal of Freedom"
1053:. Sage Publishing. October 30, 2013
763:introduced a bill to award him the
592:Crow Indian Buffalo Jump Techniques
1865:21st-century American male writers
1860:20th-century American male writers
1678:Yamamoto, Kacie (April 12, 2022).
1197:"Joe Medicine Crow: Life and Work"
484:in 1943. He became a scout in the
325:of the U.S. Army. He received the
25:
1875:American male non-fiction writers
1613:Hoffman, Matt (August 25, 2016).
1174:. Little Big Horn College Library
697:University of Southern California
447:University of Southern California
128:University of Southern California
1870:21st-century American historians
1790:20th-century American historians
1731:Joe Medicine Crow: Life and Work
1513:Bacone College (June 28, 2010).
1487:Brown, Matthew (April 4, 2016).
1404:Brown, Matthew (April 3, 2016).
1013:(Sunset Productions, July 1995)
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1800:Knights of the Legion of Honour
1640:"115th Congress Public Law 181"
1141:. Custer Museum. Archived from
1072:McPhate, Mike (April 4, 2016).
1026:(Wyola Elementary School, 1976)
778:on August 12, 2009. During the
394:, was a scout for U.S. General
390:His maternal step-grandfather,
1810:Historians of Native Americans
1328:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
998:Brave Wolf and the Thunderbird
600:Brave Wolf and the Thunderbird
596:From the Heart of Crow Country
569:Buffalo Bill Historical Center
1:
1538:. University of South Florida
911:Presidential Medal of Freedom
772:Presidential Medal of Freedom
335:Presidential Medal of Freedom
174:Presidential Medal of Freedom
654:A Crow Warrior vs. The Nazis
420:Battle of the Little Bighorn
400:Battle of the Little Bighorn
316:Battle of the Little Bighorn
1561:. Custer Battlefield Museum
1276:Wall Street Journal Opinion
770:Medicine Crow received the
751:On July 17, 2008, Senators
480:, Medicine Crow joined the
1901:
1815:Linfield University alumni
1515:"Dr. Joseph Medicine Crow"
1272:"Ken Burns Returns to War"
1139:"Dr. Joseph Medicine Crow"
931:World War II Victory Medal
894:
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746:World War II Victory Medal
710:was chosen in 2007 by the
656:, Joseph Medicine Crow on
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1885:American men centenarians
1253:"War songs of the Plains"
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398:and an eyewitness to the
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1785:American anthropologists
1321:Bauer, Patricia (2016).
1000:(Abbeville Press, 1998)
970:Children's Books, 2006)
886:Combat Infantryman Badge
765:Congressional Gold Medal
730:Combat Infantryman Badge
460:Medicine Crow taught at
201:United States of America
1835:Native American writers
1825:Native American leaders
1381:Tribal Business Journal
1299:. National Park Service
916:American Campaign Medal
906:Army Good Conduct Medal
738:American Campaign Medal
553:Little Big Horn College
486:103rd Infantry Division
396:George Armstrong Custer
362:Crow Indian Reservation
323:103rd Infantry Division
254:103rd Infantry Division
1350:"Joseph Medicine Crow"
1297:"Joseph Medicine Crow"
689:Rocky Mountain College
387:
306:writer, historian and
1706:The Los Angeles Times
1108:. PBS. Archived from
560:held every summer in
478:Bremerton, Washington
466:Bremerton, Washington
462:Chemawa Indian School
408:Crow Tribe of Indians
382:
227:Years of service
30:In this article, the
1855:Writers from Montana
1377:"The Last War Chief"
580:Crow Migration Story
366:Lodge Grass, Montana
300:Joseph Medicine Crow
244:Technician 5th grade
84:Lodge Grass, Montana
69:Joseph Medicine Crow
18:Joseph Medicine Crow
1410:The Washington Post
1201:www.worldwisdom.com
1106:"Joe Medicine Crow"
968:National Geographic
804:Rufus Von KleinSmid
677:, see 24:25–25:50,
575:beginning in 1976.
1079:The New York Times
734:Good Conduct Medal
431:Muskogee, Oklahoma
392:White Man Runs Him
388:
384:White Man Runs Him
221:United States Army
158:(step-grandfather)
155:White Man Runs Him
1805:Crow Tribe people
1756:Joe Medicine Crow
1664:. April 27, 2020.
1474:National Archives
1236:National Archives
1019:978-99953-31-04-7
1006:978-0-7892-0160-7
993:978-0-8032-8263-6
976:978-0-7922-5391-4
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896:Bronze Star Medal
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616:Billings, Montana
435:Associate of Arts
327:Bronze Star Medal
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103:Billings, Montana
47:Joe Medicine Crow
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1775:1913 births
1747:Appearances
1644:US Congress
1386:January 23,
1354:Montanakids
1334:January 23,
1057:November 3,
985:Bison Books
810:Decorations
784:bacheitche,
780:White House
719:Bronze Star
679:White House
542:Crow Agency
374:matrilineal
372:system was
352:war chief.
279:Bronze Star
111:Nationality
1769:Categories
1587:August 28,
1031:References
757:Jon Tester
753:Max Baucus
693:alma mater
658:StoryCorps
356:Early life
312:Crow Tribe
189:Allegiance
75:1913-10-27
1360:March 28,
1230:March 29,
941:(France)
761:Mike Enzi
530:Ken Burns
512:Waffen SS
494:war paint
482:U.S. Army
468:in 1942.
445:from the
414:Education
318:of 1876.
308:war chief
230:1943–1946
143:Relatives
1565:April 4,
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1415:April 3,
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1536:(PDF)
664:Video
643:Audio
606:Death
364:near
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1059:2013
1015:ISBN
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