322:, whilst Vallot's group was encamped on Mont Blanc's ice-clad summit. After three days and nights of gruelling work, lack of appetite and terrible headaches due to the altitude - all the time taking scientific measurements - Vallot and his party returned to Chamonix where they were greeted by a deputation of flag-waving mountain guides. They received a rapturous welcome from the town's inhabitants who had decorated the town hall with flowers and erected a triumphal arch of flowers; then a brass band led them through the streets to cheering, and they were met and congratulated on their achievement by the mayor, the municipal council, the chief justice and many others. In his detailed published account of their undertaking and of their return to Chamonix, Vallot commented (in French) that
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180:. His father was Émile Vallot and he had a cousin, Henri - both of whom Joseph collaborated professionally with in later life. Vallot's family were wealthy, having made their fortunes in the dye and textile business, and this allowed him to pursue and fund his many grand scientific undertakings throughout his life. Joseph Vallot received a classical education in Paris, first at the
615:
266:, even collecting alpine plants at the same time. In 1886 he made two ascents of Mont Blanc, but realised that daily arduous climbs with short stops at the summit were impracticable for serious scientific investigation. At that time it was not known if it were possible for a human to survive a night at such an extreme altitude. So Vallot determined to find out for himself.
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altitudes. His 'Mont Blanc
Observatory' was built in Chamonix itself where it served as a base station for invited scientists, whilst the 'Observatoire Vallot' was positioned on a shoulder below Mont Blanc's summit, which enabled comparison of physical measurements made in the valley with those made at high altitude.
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For some thirty years, Joseph Vallot worked alongside his cousin Henri in the latter's ambitious project to survey and create a new, detailed map of the Mont Blanc massif at a scale of 1;20000. Joseph did the high mountain survey and photography, whilst Henri surveyed at lower altitudes. Only one map
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in Paris. His interests were initially mostly in botany and geology, and he wrote articles on the plants of Africa and of the
Pyrenees, publishing many alpine articles after 1886 in the annals of the French Alpine Club, of which he was a member of the Paris section. He later became the vice-president
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From 1905 onwards, with his health deteriorating from the many long stays at high altitudes, Joseph Vallot started to spend his winter months in Nice. The climate was more favourable for him there, though he was no less active. In Nice, he built a weather station to enable him to study the region's
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Vallot acted as the observatory's director for over 30 years. He and the many scientists he invited to study there made numerous observations across many disciplines, including astronomy, botany, cartography, geology, glaciology, medicine, meteorology and physiology. The results of these researches
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when the latter initiated plans to construct his own observatory on the ice-capped summit of Mont Blanc. Because of his knowledge of glaciers and the movement of ice, Vallot strongly advised against it. The project went ahead nevertheless in 1893, but was only able to operate for a short period of
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He settled in
Chamonix and, in 1887, contrived to endure three nights encamped on its summit. Using porters, he transported 250 kilograms (550 lb) of food and equipment to the summit of Mont Blanc. Whilst most returned to the valley, just Vallot, two guides, plus the maker of his scientific
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Covering an area of 60 square metres, the
Observatoire Vallot included a laboratory, a kitchen and an extravagantly-decorated room known as the 'Chinese Salon' which Vallot elaborately adorned with Asian items, including large tapestries, Persian rugs, a Samurai helmet and innumerable exotic
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In the summer of 1890, and with support from the
Commune, Vallot employed 110 porters to carry building materials to construct his observatory on a rocky shoulder below the summit of Mont Blanc. It was positioned on the Rochers des Bosses at a height of 4,358 metres (14,298 ft), but was
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Recognising the impracticalities of doing scientific studies on Mont Blanc without a permanent base, Vallot subsequently engaged his cousin Henri to draw up plans to build a high-altitude observation station which he funded himself. Vallot decided to construct two observatories at different
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was published within their lifetimes. This covered the northern slopes of Mont Blanc down to
Chamonix; the remainder of the work was published by Henri's son, Charles. Vallot received a diploma from the Société de Topographie de France for his contribution to his cousin's work
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359:) occurred in Vallot's observatory in 1891, with the death of a Dr. Jacottet. In 1913, Vallot became the first person to publish research demonstrating the deterioration in physical performance with increasing altitude; he used squirrels as his study animals.
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Joseph Vallot has been described as "one of the founding fathers of scientific research on Mont Blanc". He first scaled its summit in 1881 which triggered a life-long fascination with the 4,808-metre-high (15,774 ft) mountain and its environs.
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relocated eight years later to a more suitable point nearby at 4,350 metres (14,270 ft). In 1892 he also arranged for the construction of a separate cabin for climbers who had previously been accommodated in the main observatory building.
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equipment, F-M Richard, remained. They faced "great physical strain and constant self-denial" whilst making detailed and simultaneous scientific measurements at three different altitudes. He involved his cousin, the engineer
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time before the wooden structure began to sink into Mont Blanc's summit ice cap. It was eventually abandoned and dismantled in 1909, and the timber was used as firewood in Vallot's own observatory for many years thereafter.
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In
September 1920, at the age of 66, Vallot made his last climb to stay and to make scientific measurements in his high-altitude observatory. From there he also made his 34th and final ascent to the summit of Mont Blanc.
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In 1984, and as part of a plan to upgrade and return the observatory back into active use for high-altitude scientific research, Vallot’s
Chinese salon was dismantled and reassembled in the Alpine Museum in Chamonix.
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Vallot's initial interests were to follow his training as a botanist. Between 1881 and 1889 he published a range of botanical articles in various journals. These included monographs on the flora around
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Essai sur la flore du pavé de Paris limité aux boulevards extérieurs: ou catalogue des plantes qui croissent spontanément dans les rues et sur les quais suivi d'une florule des ruines du
Conseil d'État
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weather, and he also continued with his botanical interests. According to the website of the Alpine Museum in
Chamonix, Vallot collected some 200,000 herbarium specimens which were donated to the
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324:"Astonished and confused by such a triumph, we begin to realise that by going to do scientific research at this altitude we have, without knowing it, achieved a mountaineering feat."
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Joseph Vallot's contributions to cartography and to high-altitude science (many made jointly with his wife) led to him receiving many honours and accolades over his lifetime.
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Places named in his honour include Avenue Joseph Vallot and Lycée Joseph-Vallot in Lodève, Rue Joseph Vallot, Chamonix, Rue Joseph Vallot and Avenue Joseph Vallot, Nice.
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that he constructed for use by mountain guides and their clients attempting the Mont Blanc summit both still bear his name today, despite being rebuilt in modern times.
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Fascinated by the mountains all around Chamonix, Vallot engaged guides not to only climb Mont Blanc, but also to undertake more difficult routes such as the
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Joseph Vallot (right) on the third day of his encampment on the summit of Mont Blanc in July 1887. Also figured are guides Michel Savioz and Alphonse Payot.
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1770:"Monsieur Joseph Vallot, directeur des Observatoires du Mont-Blanc, terminant ses expériences d'actinométrie. Observatoire des Bosses, 7 septembre 1920"
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In 1899 he and his cousin, Henri Vallot, lent their formal support to a proposal to construct an underground railway tunnel from the town of
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below its summit, and for the many years of study and research work that he and his wife conducted both there, and at their base in
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They had three children: two sons, André and René, and a daughter, Madeleine. She became an alpinist herself; married the painter
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1454:"Future fluctuations of Mer de Glace, French Alps, assessed using a parameterized model calibrated with past thickness changes"
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1356:"Etat d'avancement des opérations de la carte du massif du Mont-Blanc de MM. Henri et Joseph Vallot à l'échelle du 20.000e"
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ornaments. His observatory and nearby refuge attracted scientists as well as adventurers such as Achille Ratti (the future
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348:
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Vallot, J. (1898). "Exploration des moulins de la mer de glace: Forage de M. Émile Vallot". In Steinheil, G. (ed.).
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and "one of the founding fathers of scientific research on Mont Blanc". He is known mainly for his fascination with
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255:. It was to compare the vegetation between the Pyrenees and the Alps that Joseph Vallot came to Chamonix. with the
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Chemin de fer des Houches au sommet du Mont-Blanc: projet Saturnin Fabre, études préliminaires et avant-projet
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and went on to gain a female record for the ascent of Mont Blanc in 1920. Both he and his wife typically wore
1958:
Vallot, Joseph, ed. (1900). "Annales de l'Observatoire météorologique, physique et glaciaire du Mont Blanc".
1409:"Evolution of Access Routes to High Mountain Refuges of the Mer de Glace Basin (Mont Blanc Massif, France)"
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Vallot J (1905) Annales de l'Observatoire météorologique, physique et glaciaire du Mont Blanc. Vol 6.
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Vallot J (1900) Annales de l’observatoire météorologique, physique et glaciaire du Mont Blanc. Vol 4.
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In the 1890s, Vallot was the first person to make very detailed topographic measurements of the
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When his health started to deteriorate further, Vallot left Chamonix and moved to his villa in
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125:(16 February 1854 – 11 April 1925) was a French scientist, astronomer, botanist, geographer,
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Vallot put his knowledge and his own observatory at the disposal of the French astronomer,
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1541:"Diplôme de médaille d'or décerné à M. Vallot – Observatoire météorologique du Mont Blanc"
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where, after a long illness, he eventually died on 11 April 1925. His body is interred at
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526:, Vallot left his observatory to the French nation and it has since been utilised by the
507:, was involved in the production of a 9.5mm film documenting the climbing of Mont Blanc.
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He was also awarded the 'grand prix des sciences physiques' and the 'prix Wilde' of the
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Vivian, R. (2005) Les glaciers du Mont-Blanc, La Fontaine de Siloé, ISBN 2-84206285X
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1382:"Diplôme de membre de la société de Topographie de France délivré à Joseph Vallot"
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1979:"Annales de l'Observatoire météorologique, physique et glaciaire du Mont Blanc"
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Taking bearings for the preparation of a detailed map of the Mont Blanc massif.
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1567:"Comprehensive School Joseph Vallot · Rue Dr Henri Mas, 34700 Lodève, France"
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Annales de l'Observatoire météorologique physique et glaciaire du Mont-Blanc
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He received many awards for his scientific achievements, including France's
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Comprehensive School Joseph Vallot · Rue Dr Henri Mas, 34700 Lodève, France
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Bust of Joseph Vallot by Henri Coutheillas in the Alpine Museum, Chamonix.
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around 1877 and became fascinated with the glaciated mountains of the
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Joseph Vallot in 1920 on his final visit to the observatory he built.
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Vincent, C.; Harter, M.; Gilbert, A.; Berthier, E.; Six, D. (2014).
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Vivian, R. (1986) L'épopée Vallot au Mont Blanc, ISBN 9782207232514
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Vallot (1887) Trois jours au Mont Blanc: Cinq ascensions au sommet.
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Taxonomic literature: a selective guide to botanical publications
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Environs de Chamonix extraits de la Carte du Massif du Mont Blanc
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Vallot, H. & Vallot, J. (1907) Carte du Massif du Mont Blanc.
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of Monaco. In addition, Vallot was a corresponding member of the
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Qui ĂŞtes-vous? Annuaire des contemporains: notices biographiques
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were published between 1893 and 1917 in seven volumes of the
1744:"Joseph Vallot travaillant sur la terrasse de l'Observatoire"
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High Life: A History of High-Altitude Physiology and Medicine
639:
List of foreign recipients of the Legion of Honour by country
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In 1907, Vallot, who had partnered with the cinematographer,
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to just a few hundred metres below the summit of Mont Blanc.
243:; the plants found in the pavements of Paris; the plants of
298:, created by Henri Vallot and Joseph Vallot. Scale: 1:20000
1116:"Henri Vallot (1876): Ingénieur, géodésien et topographe"
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for his work in establishing the Mont Blanc Observatory.
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and his work in funding and constructing a high-altitude
1331:"Eco-friendly architecture in the Alps hits new heights"
793:(in French). Vol. 11. Paris: Librarie Henry Floury.
710:(in French). Paris: La Librairie Delagrave. p. 741.
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Journal of Alpine Research | Revue de géographie alpine
1933:"Trois jours au Mont Blanc: Cinq ascensions au sommet"
1093:"Trois jours au Mont Blanc: cinq ascensions au sommet"
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Mourey, Jacques; Ravanel, Ludovic (1 January 2017).
878:"Ascension du mont Blanc par Madeleine Namur-Vallot"
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Figures contemporaines, tirées de l'album Mariani...
2026:List of botanical publications by Joseph Vallot in
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La Montagne: Revue mensuelle du Club alpin français
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La Montagne: Revue mensuelle de Club Alpin Français
408:on the Mont Blanc massif and, indeed, in France.*
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2012:(Map). Edition Touristique (rev 1923) (in French).
672:(in French). Vol. 3. Paris. pp. 190–193.
560:Vallot (1884) Essai sur la flore du pavé de Paris.
434:In 1895 Vallot was awarded a gold medal from the
1795:Helbronner, Association Paul (28 October 2011).
1305:"Joseph Vallot's Chinese Salon | History Today"
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634:List of Legion of Honour recipients by name (V)
532:French National Centre for Scientific Research
172:Joseph Vallot was born on 16 February 1854 at
557:Vallot (1883) Etudes Sur La Flore Du Sénégal.
554:Vallot (1882) Etudes Sur La Flore Du Sénégal.
351:directly attributable to the effects of high
8:
1592:"Rue Joseph Vallot · 74400 Chamonix, France"
806:"The Scientific Observatories on Mont Blanc"
732:"The Scientific Observatories on Mont Blanc"
661:
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294:1907 map of the area around Chamonix in the
1912:(in French). J. Lechevalier. pp. 1–122
1204:"The Story of the Mont Blanc Observatories"
901:
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472:and was granted honorary presidency of the
1846:Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France
1728:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1596:Rue Joseph Vallot · 74400 Chamonix, France
1525:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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682:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
343:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences.
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1044:. Harvard University Press. p. 215.
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908:"Les observatoires du Mont-Blanc en 1900"
2036:(search results from mountainmuseum.org)
1983:Annales de l'Observatoire météorologique
1960:Annales de l'Observatoire météorologique
1617:"Rue Joseph Vallot · 06100 Nice, France"
991:"Three days on the summit of Mont Blanc"
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339:Annales de l'Observatoire du Mont Blanc
2100:Officers of the Order of Saint-Charles
2008:Vallot, Henri; Vallot, Joseph (1907).
1721:
1621:Rue Joseph Vallot · 06100 Nice, France
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1509:Vallot, Joseph; Vallot, Henri (1899).
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212:. In 1880, he married the climber and
2034:Numerous photographs of Joseph Vallot
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536:Research Center for Alpine Ecosystems
7:
1840:Vallot, M. Joseph (1 January 1882).
1697:The 9.5mm vintage film encyclopaedia
1303:Griffiths, Rhys (14 November 2016).
1252:Griffiths, Rhys (14 November 2016).
810:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
736:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
730:Richalet, Jean-Paul (1 March 2001).
190:Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
2080:Recipients of the Legion of Honour
1700:. Kibworth Beauchamp. p. 63.
804:Richalet, Jean-Paul (March 2001).
451:Ordre des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare
95:; construction of observatory and
14:
2105:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
1091:Vallot, Joseph (1 January 1887).
251:as well as the vegetation of the
168:Joseph Vallot at 12 years of age.
1887:(in French). Jacques Lechevalier
1842:"Etudes Sur La Flore Du Sénégal"
1329:Todd, Andrew (21 October 2015).
613:
1937:Annuaire du Club Alpin Français
1254:"Joseph Vallot's Chinese Salon"
1097:Annuaire du Club Alpin Français
774:Annuaire du Club Alpin Français
534:(CNRS) and, more recently, the
145:. The observatory and adjacent
2095:20th-century French scientists
2090:19th-century French biologists
1884:Études sur la flore du Sénégal
1859:10.1080/00378941.1882.10828099
1202:Tutton, A.E.H. (23 May 1925).
1:
1642:"Joseph Vallot dans un avion"
1148:"Our story | CREA Mont-Blanc"
906:Malherbe, Jean-Marie (1987).
1977:Vallot, Joseph, ed. (1905).
1178:. Springer. pp. 76–78.
1072:. 12 October 1887. p. 3
966:"The Mont Blanc Observatory"
445:. He was a recipient of the
257:Société géologique de France
1001:(967): 35–38. 10 May 1888.
944:"Joseph Vallot (1854-1925)"
347:The first recorded case of
199:Société botanique de France
2121:
2085:University of Paris alumni
822:10.1089/152702901750067936
748:10.1089/152702901750067936
449:; made a Chevalier of the
443:French Academy of Sciences
1041:The Summits of Modern Man
1038:Hansen, Peter H. (2013).
942:Bregeault, Henry (1926).
30:
2070:French mountain climbers
1694:Moules, Patrick (2020).
787:Mariani, Angelo (1908).
464:, and an officer of the
270:Mont Blanc Observatories
194:École Normale Supérieure
1931:Vallot, Joseph (1887).
1906:Vallot, Joseph (1884).
1881:Vallot, Joseph (1883).
1123:Centrale Supélec Alumni
1070:Washington Evening Star
704:Ruffy, G., ed. (1924).
644:Legion of Honour Museum
436:Société d'Encouragement
91:Scientific research on
1172:West, John B. (2013).
520:Père Lachaise Cemetery
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466:Order of Saint-Charles
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74:Père Lachaise Cemetery
1774:IALP Mountain Museums
1748:IALP Mountain Museums
1667:Meusy, Jean-Jacques.
1646:IALP Mountain Museums
1545:IALP Mountain Museums
1479:10.3189/2014AoG66A050
1386:IALP Mountain Museums
1360:IALP Mountain Museums
1279:"Observatoire Vallot"
856:IALP Mountain Museums
549:Selected publications
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470:Bureau des Longitudes
462:Order of the Medjidie
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355:(as documented by an
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204:Vallot first visited
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2065:People from Chamonix
1458:Annals of Glaciology
1309:www.historytoday.com
1283:www.arpealtitude.org
1258:www.historytoday.com
460:, an officer of the
341:, as well as in the
2075:People from HĂ©rault
1470:2014AnGla..55...15V
1223:1925Natur.115..803T
1007:1888Natur..38...35.
924:1987LAstr.101..115M
770:"Membres Donateurs"
596:TĂŞte Rousse Glacier
545:(CREA Mont-Blanc).
1801:www.helbronner.org
852:"Gabrielle Vallot"
493:
474:French Alpine Club
429:
419:Honours and awards
392:Other achievements
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235:in the mountains.
170:
2050:French scientists
1707:978-1-83859-269-1
1217:(2899): 803–805.
1185:978-1-4614-7573-6
1152:creamontblanc.org
1051:978-0-674-07452-1
970:creamontblanc.org
528:Paris Observatory
522:in Paris. In his
320:Grands Mulets Hut
296:Mont Blanc massif
210:Mont Blanc massif
182:Lycée Charlemagne
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483:Later life
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103:Children
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