283:. The issue in Maryland was that precincts whose party vote-split changed substantially from the previous election were thrown out as being either outliers or errors. The reported vote in those precincts turned out to be correct, and their removal produced an incorrect prediction in the governor's race. Based on the recommendation of Waksberg and Mitofsky, CBS switched to probability samples of precincts with none being replaced.
225:(CPS) in the early 1960’s, the area probability methods were well established. But the survey had to face new problems caused by the expanding American economy. The migration to the suburbs from cities had begun and data from the 1960 census was becoming progressively staler. Maps being used for fieldwork were outdated. Fast-growing neighborhoods led to bad measures of size used for
233:
Waksberg and colleagues measured the total variance between the sample segments and the within-segments variance for a variety of items collected by the CPS to gauge the effect of interviewers. Two interviewers received randomly selected assignments within a set of small geographic areas. The results
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to study the tendency of people to misreport the time period when expenditures occurred. Large expenditures, in particular, were often reported to have occurred nearer to the present than when they actually occurred, i.e., they were telescoped forward. Based on their findings, they were the first to
270:
In the early 1970s unrestricted random sampling of telephone numbers in the US was extremely inefficient for household sampling. The MW method treated the first eight digits in the sorted list of phone numbers as clusters (known as 100-banks), screened clusters by phoning a randomly selected number
238:
for many items collected in the survey. This research led to much of the information being collected from a sample of persons rather than the full population in order to reduce the number of interviewers. In the 1960 US census, data collection was conducted by mail thereby eliminating the issue of
262:
developed the
Mitofsky-Waksberg (MW) method of random digit dialing (Waksberg, 1978). This article has been cited in various statistical and social science journals nearly 2,000 times. In 1986, Kalton and Anderson noted that the method was especially useful for sampling rare populations. The MW
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sampling based on the last census, which, in turn, led to intolerably expensive workloads if the original sampling plan was implemented. Coverage errors were recognized problems for censuses and surveys on which he also led research. With his colleagues, Waksberg helped introduce address-list
168:
in 1915 and came to the United States in 1921 when his family immigrated. He joined the Census Bureau as a clerk in 1940. While there, he received the
Department of Commerce Meritorious Service Ward in 1956 and The Gold Medal Award in 1968. While at the Census Bureau, he worked closely with
278:
television network on election night predictions, a post he maintained through the 1994 elections. In 1966 CBS based its predictions on set of key precincts in every state. In most states, the system worked well but gave poor predictions in a few states like
194:
studied memory recall errors in a consumer survey of home repair costs. Although response errors in expenditure surveys were a known problem, it had not often been studied directly. Neter and
Waksberg conducted an experiment sponsored by the
33:
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in a sample 100-bank and retaining a cluster only if the contacted number was residential. In a retained cluster additional 2-digit numbers were appended to the 8-digit cluster number and phoned to obtain the desired sample size.
204:
as a potential solution. In the second or later interview in a continuing survey the respondent is told the expenditures that had been reported in the previous interview then asked for the additional expenditures since then. The
189:
Waksberg mainly worked on sample design issues, but his thinking was not limited to mathematical considerations. Depending on the application, he adapted methods to account for practicalities. In the early 1960s he and
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as a common memory problem in the recall of past effects. Waksberg and Neter are credited with doing the original work on the concept of telescoping. Their work is also relevant to conditioning effects in
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in 1964. He served on the ASA Board of
Directors as chairs of both the Survey Research Methods Section and the Social Statistics Section and on a number of committees. He has been president of the
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He served the profession of statistics in many roles and received numerous awards, including the
Department of Commerce Gold Medal, the Roger Herriot Memorial
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313:. Throughout his career at the Census Bureau and Westat, he had a commitment to mentoring young statisticians. In 2001 the journal
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152:, he developed methods for area sampling and telephone sampling and made contributions in many areas of surveys and censuses.
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173:, one of survey sampling’s founders. Among the other clerks at the Census Bureau were Benjamin Tepping, Joseph Steinberg,
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where participants' reports of their characteristics may (incorrectly) change over time, leading to biases in estimates.
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Faulty data used in designing a sample was another topic he studied. When he became the head statistician on the US
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653:"Panel Conditioning in Longitudinal Studies: Evidence From Labor Force Items in the Current Population Survey"
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Hartge, P.; Brinton, L. A.; Rosenthal, J. F.; Cahill, J. I.; Hoover, R. N.; Waksberg, J. (December 1, 1984).
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established the annual
Waksberg Award in his honor to recognize his contributions to the survey profession.
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method has been particularly useful in identifying persons to use as controls from the general population in
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Cole, D.; Uttig, J.E.G. (1956). "Estimating expenditure, saving and income from household budgets".
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sampling as a way of reducing the number of households inadvertently omitted by field listers.
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426:(74-1 ed.). Washington DC USA: US Office of Management and Budget. 1974. p. 37.
144:(September 20, 1915 – January 10, 2006) was an American statistician. While at the
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Ferber, Robert (1955). "On the reliability of responses secured in sample surveys".
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After 33 years of service, Waksberg retired from the Census Bureau and joined
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714:. Wiley series in survey methodology. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
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962:"Waksberg Award | International Association of Survey Statisticians (IASS)"
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496:"A Study of Response Errors in Expenditures Data from Household Interviews"
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916:"Random Digit Dialing in Selecting a Population-Based Control Group"
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Halpern-Manners, Andrew; Warren, John Robert (November 1, 2012).
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Tourangeau, Roger; Rips, Lance J.; Rasinski, Kenneth A. (2000).
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Statistical
Reporter: Current Developments in Federal Statistics
591:. Cambridge, U.K. ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
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863:
Journal of the Royal
Statistical Society. Series A (General)
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Morganstein, David; Marker, David; Waksberg, Joseph (2000).
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Measuring
America: The Decennial Censuses From 1790 to 2000
614:"Conditioning Effects from Repeated Household Interviews"
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Valliant, Richard (2024). "Sample Design Using Models".
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In 1967 he was asked by
Mitofsky to consult for the
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535:Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A
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746:Current Population Survey: Design and Methodology
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806:Journal of the American Statistical Association
570:Journal of the American Statistical Association
500:Journal of the American Statistical Association
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857:Kalton, Graham; Anderson, Dallas W. (1986).
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439:"A conversation with Marvin A. Schneiderman"
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802:"Sampling Methods for Random Digit Dialing"
307:and was an Associate Editor of the journal
386:Press, The Associated (January 17, 2006).
239:undesirable variation among interviewers.
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388:"Joseph Waksberg – Survey Researcher, 90"
752:. US Departments of Labor and Commerce.
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612:Neter, John; Waksberg, Joseph (1964).
494:Neter, John; Waksberg, Joseph (1964).
1024:Polish emigrants to the United States
349:"A Conversation with Joseph Waksberg"
7:
711:Methodology of longitudinal surveys
1029:City University of New York alumni
932:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113955
14:
1044:Department of Commerce Gold Medal
743:US Census Bureau (October 2006).
589:The psychology of survey response
437:Simon, Richard M. (May 1, 1997).
251:, a statistical research firm in
16:American statistician (1915–2006)
920:American Journal of Epidemiology
297:American Statistical Association
227:probability proportional to size
818:10.1080/01621459.1978.10479995
512:10.1080/01621459.1964.10480699
305:Washington Statistical Society
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762:: CS1 maint: date and year (
786:. US Department of Commerce.
185:U.S. Census Bureau 1940–1973
859:"Sampling Rare Populations"
480:. accepted for publication.
197:United States Census Bureau
146:United States Census Bureau
117:Survey sampling, Statistics
89:City University of New York
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630:10.1177/002224296402800211
299:(ASA), and election as an
800:Waksberg, Joseph (1978).
777:US Census Bureau (2002).
669:10.1007/s13524-012-0124-x
223:Current Population Survey
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209:was later recognized in
258:While at Westat he and
1034:American statisticians
177:, William N. Hurwitz,
160:Waksberg was born in
455:10.1214/ss/1029963425
987:community.amstat.org
708:Lynn, Peter (2009).
618:Journal of Marketing
265:case-control studies
211:cognitive psychology
100:Statistical sampling
443:Statistical Science
353:Statistical Science
236:interviewer effects
844:scholar.google.com
478:Survey Methodology
392:The New York Times
316:Survey Methodology
310:Survey Methodology
207:telescoping effect
50:September 20, 1915
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598:978-0-521-57246-0
175:Samuel Greenhouse
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70:(2006-01-10)
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1019:2006 deaths
1014:1915 births
243:Later Years
91:, B.A. 1936
1008:Categories
657:Demography
576:: 788–810.
323:References
301:ASA Fellow
192:John Neter
156:Early Life
102:techniques
46:1915-09-20
992:August 3,
967:August 3,
940:0002-9262
893:0035-9238
826:0162-1459
758:cite book
730:298612199
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638:0022-2429
520:0162-1459
463:0883-4237
405:August 3,
400:0362-4331
365:0883-4237
295:from the
126:US Census
695:22893185
281:Maryland
200:propose
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166:Poland
162:Kielce
150:Westat
130:Westat
114:Fields
79:, U.S.
58:Poland
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897:JSTOR
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551:JSTOR
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369:JSTOR
293:Award
255:USA.
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726:OCLC
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