330:
79:
62:
for refusal to comply with military orders and discipline, Joseph and
Michael were transferred to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where they both died within two weeks of their arrival. Their bodies were returned to their families in military uniforms that they had refused to wear.
164:. However, Hutterites were convinced they had died from mistreatment. In what was felt by the community to be a deliberate and tactless act, the U.S. Army returned the bodies outfitted in military uniforms. The brothers were buried in the Rockport Colony with the word "
200:. Although the basic outline of this account is relatively well known, the recent discovery of several significant caches of letters—exchanges between the men and their families—has shed new light on their story and the conditions they had to endure.
525:
520:
515:
114:. However, on arrival they refused to wear military uniforms or comply with any commands or orders on the grounds they were conscientious objectors based on their religious beliefs.
500:
490:
156:. Within two weeks of arriving, Joseph died on November 29, followed by Michael on December 2. The U.S. Army's official verdict was that both men had died of
94:
In Spring 1918, 23-year-old Joseph and 24-year-old
Michael Hofer along with their older brother, David (28) and Joseph's brother-in-law, Jacob Wipf (30) were
495:
137:
technique known as "high cuffing," in which their hands were chained to the tops of their cell doors with their feet barely able to touch the floor.
510:
180:, the official church history of the Hutterites, it states that Michael and Joseph Hofer "died in prison as a result of cruel mistreatment by the
428:
401:
374:
347:
141:
129:
in 1934). After refusing to work, they endured abusive conditions at
Alcatraz for several months. First they were consigned for days in
23:
530:
260:
95:
47:
185:
189:
133:, in what was known as "the hole," where they received only daily rations of bread and water. They were also subjected to a
153:
126:
103:
99:
181:
505:
303:
304:"Armed With Prayer in an Alcatraz Dungeon: The Wartime Experiences of Four Hutterite C.O.'s in Their Own Words"
469:
107:
83:
329:
39:
130:
78:
436:
409:
382:
355:
214:
111:
87:
51:
440:
413:
386:
359:
117:
All four men were court-martialed and sentenced to twenty years of hard labor at the US Army's
266:
256:
161:
456:
145:
27:
66:
The death of the brothers contributed to the decision by
Hutterites to begin emigrating to
193:
118:
484:
122:
59:
43:
35:
284:
250:
197:
55:
209:
31:
270:
157:
474:
Plough
Quarterly Magazine No. 1: Living the Sermon on the Mount Feature
252:
Pacifists in Chains: The
Persecution of Hutterites during the Great War
134:
140:
In late Fall 1918, the men were transferred from Fort
Alcatraz to the
165:
149:
67:
77:
106:
in South Dakota was ordered to report for military training at
46:
and sentenced to twenty years imprisonment for refusing to be
192:, cited the Hofer brothers as exhibit A in accusing the
526:
Prisoners who died in United States military detention
521:
United States Army personnel who were court-martialed
255:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1–296.
516:Inmates of U.S. Military Prison, Alcatraz Island
152:, arriving on November 19, eight days after the
22:were brothers who died from mistreatment at the
234:Ewert, J. Georg (1984). "Christ or Country?".
196:of mistreating conscientious objectors during
8:
501:American people who died in prison custody
42:from their Christian colony who had been
455:Duane C.S. Stoltzfus (August 1, 2012).
226:
7:
491:American anti–World War I activists
433:World War I Conscientious Objectors
406:World War I Conscientious Objectors
402:"David J. Hofer Persecution Record"
379:World War I Conscientious Objectors
352:World War I Conscientious Objectors
178:Chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren
168:" appended to their grave markers.
142:United States Disciplinary Barracks
24:United States Disciplinary Barracks
429:"Jacob J. Wipf Persecution Record"
375:"Michael Hofer Persecution Record"
14:
348:"Joseph Hofer Persecution Record"
70:in 1918 and in subsequent years.
496:American conscientious objectors
457:"Standing in Chains at Alcatraz"
328:
58:. After initially being sent to
511:Hutterites in the United States
302:Stoltzfus, Duane (April 2011).
249:Stoltzfus, Duane C. S. (2014).
186:National Civil Liberties Bureau
311:The Mennonite Quarterly Review
190:American Civil Liberties Union
1:
468:Duane C.S. Stoltzfus (2014).
127:Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary
100:Selective Service Act of 1917
98:into the U.S. Army under the
30:in 1918. The pair, who were
547:
531:Opposition to World War I
470:"The Martyrs of Alcatraz"
20:Joseph and Michael Hofer
291:. Decker Colony School.
40:conscientious objectors
188:, a forerunner of the
182:United States military
160:contracted during the
91:
16:Conscientous objectors
435:. Swarthmore, Penn.:
408:. Swarthmore, Penn.:
381:. Swarthmore, Penn.:
354:. Swarthmore, Penn.:
102:. The group from the
81:
476:. Plough Publishing.
463:. TheMennonite.org.
437:Swarthmore College
410:Swarthmore College
383:Swarthmore College
356:Swarthmore College
215:Christian pacifism
154:end of World War I
92:
88:Tacoma, Washington
52:United States Army
38:, were among four
162:1918 flu pandemic
125:(it would become
538:
506:Hutterite people
477:
464:
451:
449:
448:
439:. Archived from
424:
422:
421:
412:. Archived from
397:
395:
394:
385:. Archived from
370:
368:
367:
358:. Archived from
334:
333:
332:
326:
324:
322:
308:
299:
293:
292:
281:
275:
274:
246:
240:
239:
231:
146:Fort Leavenworth
28:Fort Leavenworth
546:
545:
541:
540:
539:
537:
536:
535:
481:
480:
467:
454:
446:
444:
427:
419:
417:
400:
392:
390:
373:
365:
363:
346:
343:
338:
337:
327:
320:
318:
306:
301:
300:
296:
283:
282:
278:
263:
248:
247:
243:
233:
232:
228:
223:
206:
194:U.S. government
174:
119:military prison
104:Rockport Colony
76:
44:court-martialed
17:
12:
11:
5:
544:
542:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
483:
482:
479:
478:
465:
461:Features Posts
452:
425:
398:
371:
342:
341:External links
339:
336:
335:
294:
289:Hutterites.org
276:
262:978-1421411279
261:
241:
225:
224:
222:
219:
218:
217:
212:
205:
202:
173:
170:
131:solitary cells
75:
72:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
543:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
486:
475:
471:
466:
462:
458:
453:
443:on 2017-12-11
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
416:on 2017-12-11
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389:on 2017-12-11
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:on 2017-12-11
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:
340:
331:
316:
312:
305:
298:
295:
290:
286:
285:"World War 1"
280:
277:
272:
268:
264:
258:
254:
253:
245:
242:
237:
230:
227:
220:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
203:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Fort Alcatraz
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
89:
85:
80:
73:
71:
69:
64:
61:
60:Fort Alcatraz
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
473:
460:
445:. Retrieved
441:the original
432:
418:. Retrieved
414:the original
405:
391:. Retrieved
387:the original
378:
364:. Retrieved
360:the original
351:
321:November 26,
319:. Retrieved
314:
310:
297:
288:
279:
251:
244:
235:
229:
177:
175:
139:
116:
93:
65:
36:South Dakota
19:
18:
198:World War I
96:conscripted
56:World War I
485:Categories
447:2017-12-10
420:2017-12-10
393:2017-12-10
366:2017-12-10
236:The Plough
221:References
210:Anabaptism
112:Washington
108:Camp Lewis
84:Camp Lewis
50:in to the
32:Hutterites
317:: 259–292
271:841186917
158:pneumonia
204:See also
82:1917 at
238:: 6–10.
184:." The
176:In the
135:torture
86:, near
54:during
48:drafted
269:
259:
172:Legacy
166:martyr
150:Kansas
74:Events
68:Canada
307:(PDF)
34:from
323:2014
267:OCLC
257:ISBN
148:in
144:at
121:at
110:in
487::
472:.
459:.
431:.
404:.
377:.
350:.
315:85
313:.
309:.
287:.
265:.
26:,
450:.
423:.
396:.
369:.
325:.
273:.
90:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
