276:; these men encouraged self-reliance and the signing of labor contracts so that freedpeople could survive financially without assistance as quickly as possible. Griffing openly spoke out about the lack of direct aid, claiming that 20,000 freedpeople in Washington, D.C., were suffering for lack of rations and supplies and that the Bureau men would not help them. The agents of the Bureau denied her statement, despite the evidence supporting her argument. By November 1865, Commissioner Howard revoked Griffing's appointment due to these conflicts, stating that "this Bureau has not received any funds from Mrs. Griffing and does not assume responsibility of the collections she is making."
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relations, as well as the higher forms of
Industry, and a marked change is observable in personal tidiness, good manners, and in the control and government of young children - whom some of the mothers are obliged to bring with them to the Rooms." While in Washington, Griffing also used her political influence to lobby Congressmen for more direct aid for the formerly enslaved people of Washington. Through her lobbying of
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be to provide material aid for those living in
Washington. This aid, according to Griffing, was necessary for the freedpeople to become financially stable, and once that occurred they could obtain jobs and support themselves. However, men involved in freedpeople's aid organizations disagreed with Griffing's claims. They often supported the ideals of
348:, whose purpose was to promote equality and suffrage for all people no matter their race or sex; she also served as its first vice-president. Griffing became the president of District of Columbia woman suffrage association in 1867, where she helped monitor guide suffrage activities in Washington, D.C. In 1869, along with Susan B. Anthony,
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as much aid as possible for the destitute of
Washington, D.C. Griffing worked as an agent for the Freedmen's Bureau until it ran out of funding and was forced to stop providing aid in late 1869. She continued working to aid freedpeople through the National Freedmen's Aid Association of the District of Columbia until her death in 1872.
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During the Civil War, Griffing was struck by the plight of the recently freed slaves, especially those who were fleeing to
Washington, D.C. Determined to help the freedpeople establish themselves, Griffing and her three daughters moved to Washington, D.C., in 1864, while her husband remained in Ohio.
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districts. Throughout her tenure, Griffing fought for increased aid for the freedpeople, as well as continuing her efforts at finding employment for
African Americans in the north. She also kept contact with her associates in the federal government and in private aid organizations in order to obtain
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Despite
Griffing's prominence in the Freedmen's Bureau, she and the male leaders of the organization often conflicted over how best to aid the freedpeople of Washington. Griffing argued that the freedpeople required direct aid, such as food, clothes, and fuel, and that the Bureau's main goals should
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Even with this setback, Griffing continued to help better the lives of the freedpeople. She worked with her government contacts to help freedpeople find jobs in the north, and sometimes travelled with them to make sure they arrived safely. The
Freedmen's Bureau worked with Griffing on this project,
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for freedwomen in order to teach them marketable skills such as sewing. These schools were also designed to inculcate freedwomen with the values of the
Northern white middle class. In Griffing's words, "the Industrial School furnishes an opportunity for instruction in social science, and domestic
183:, her mother died a year after her birth in 1815. After her mother's death, her father married Mary Waldo, the sister to Sophia Waldo. Despite the relative fame of her family, little is known of her childhood in Connecticut.
210:. By 1849, both Charles and Josephine were active members of the Western Anti-Slavery Society, and by 1851 they were traveling agents, preaching "no union with slaveholders." Griffing also began going on lecture tours on
179:, on December 18, 1814, into a prominent family. Her father, Joseph White Jr., was a representative in Connecticut's state legislature. While her mother Sophia Waldo was the sister of portrait painter
284:, offices in New York City, and fund for rent and other necessary expenses. By 1867, Griffing was working for the Freedmen's Bureau once more, this time as an agent for the
198:. By 1842, the couple moved to Litchfield, Ohio, where they had five daughters. Three of their children survived into adulthood, including Emma, Helen, and Josephine Cora.
614:"Charles S S Griffing in the Connecticut, U.S., Town Marriage Records, pre-1870 (Barbour Collection), The Barbour Collection of Connecticut Town Vital Records. Vol. 1-55"
449:, Whose Earnest Lives and Fearless Words, in Demanding Political Rights for Women, have been, in the Preparation of these Pages, a Constant Inspiration TO The Editors”.
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808:
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163:, where she worked as an assistant to the assistant commissioner and as an agent. Griffing was also active in several women's rights organizations, including the
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In addition to her work for the freedpeople of
Washington, D.C., Griffing was also a women's rights activist. In the 1850s, Griffing became involved with
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as a lecturing agent, where she helped collect thousands of signatures for a women's antislavery petition that was eventually presented to the
264:, more commonly known as the Freedmen's Bureau. In June 1865, as reward for her work in helping to create the Freedmen's Bureau, Commissioner
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The
Griffings opened up their home as a stop on the Underground Railroad. During the Civil War, Griffing acted as the western agent for the
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While living in Litchfield, Ohio the Griffing family became involved with some of the radical organizations that were thriving in Ohio's
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who would inspire her to fight for the rights of women as well as African Americans. Throughout the 1850s, Griffing joined various
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organizations, such as the Ohio Women's Rights Association, which she became the president of in 1853. Shortly after President
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Griffing became an agent for the National Freedmen's Relief Association of the District of Columbia, where she opened up two
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throughout the West, becoming one of the most prolific anti-slavery speakers in the region. She also wrote articles for
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Melder, Keith (1963). "Angel of Mercy in Washington: Josephine Griffing and the Freedmen, 1864–1872".
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that was popular amongst many feminist activists during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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363:" (tuberculosis). She was 57 at the time, and was survived by her husband and her three daughters.
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While in Washington, D.C., Griffing maintained her dedication to women's rights and the cause of
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Josephine Griffing died in 1872 in Washington, D.C., with her cause of death listed as "
127:(December 18, 1814 – February 18, 1872) was an American reformer who campaigned against
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appointed Griffing the assistant to the assistant commissioner for Washington, D.C.
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231:, a feminist organization that worked to outlaw slavery in every state.
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620:. Genealogical Publishing Co. (published 2002). September 16, 1835.
701:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 84–85.
588:"Griffing, Josephine Sophia White (Dec. 18, 1814-Feb. 18, 1872)"
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she moved to Washington, D.C., to help work with the unemployed
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Burrows Hill Cemetery, Hebron, Tolland County, Connecticut, U.S.
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On September 16, 1835, at the age of twenty, Josephine married
726:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 93.
676:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 84.
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Women's Radical Reconstruction: The Freedmen's Aid Movement
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Women's Radical Reconstruction: The Freedmen's Aid Movement
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Women's Radical Reconstruction: The Freedmen's Aid Movement
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Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C
525:. 22 November 1975. p. 8B – via Newspapers.com.
352:, and other prominent reformers, Griffing joined the
260:, Griffing became instrumental in establishing the
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262:Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands
240:Why her husband remained behind is uncertain.
305:organizations, making contact with women like
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594:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971
356:and acted as its corresponding secretary.
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543:Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut)
491:Hartford Courant (Hartford, Connecticut)
159:. Much of her work was done through the
809:Tuberculosis deaths in Washington, D.C.
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748:"History of Woman Suffrage, Volume I"
143:and she worked as a lecturer for the
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459:List of suffragists and suffragettes
354:National Woman Suffrage Association
165:National Woman Suffrage Association
333:. Griffing was also active in the
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592:Notable American Women: 1607–1950
346:American Equal Rights Association
188:Charles Stockman Spooner Griffing
82:Charles Stockman Spooner Griffing
819:Activists from Washington, D.C.
804:People from Medina County, Ohio
784:People from Hebron, Connecticut
344:. In 1866 she helped found the
220:, a newspaper published out of
149:Ohio Women's Rights Association
139:, their home was a stop on the
125:Josephine Sophia White Griffing
23:Josephine Sophia White Griffing
794:Temperance activists from Ohio
523:El Paso Times (El Paso, Texas)
518:"Distinguished American Women"
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486:"Hebron Native Left Her Mark"
323:Women's Loyal National League
321:in 1863, Griffing joined the
252:members of Congress, such as
229:Women's Loyal National League
175:Josephine White was born in
145:Western Anti-Slavery Society
814:Freedmen's Bureau personnel
789:Underground Railroad people
552:– via Newspapers.com.
500:– via Newspapers.com.
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409:, Josephine S. Griffing,
374:History of Woman Suffrage
319:Emancipation Proclamation
101:Joseph White Jr. (father)
722:Faulkner, Carol (2004).
697:Faulkner, Carol (2004).
672:Faulkner, Carol (2004).
824:Abolitionists from Ohio
297:Work for women’s rights
350:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
327:United States Congress
280:providing barracks in
235:Aiding the freedpeople
217:The Anti-Slavery Bugle
104:Sophia Waldo (mother)
447:Paulina Wright Davis
371:The first volume of
151:. At the end of the
141:Underground Railroad
545:. September 6, 1815
379:Mary Wollstonecraft
335:temperance movement
181:Samuel Lovett Waldo
177:Hebron, Connecticut
116:Samuel Lovett Waldo
47:Hebron, Connecticut
648:. 63/65: 243–272.
419:Mariana W. Johnson
266:Oliver Otis Howard
250:Radical Republican
245:industrial schools
153:American Civil War
753:Project Gutenberg
733:978-0-8122-3744-3
708:978-0-8122-3744-3
683:978-0-8122-3744-3
395:Lydia Maria Child
391:Harriet Martineau
202:Abolitionist work
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367:Remembrance
361:consumption
222:Salem, Ohio
196:Connecticut
768:Categories
598:1 November
549:2021-05-03
497:2021-05-03
465:References
435:Lydia Mott
274:free labor
171:Early life
39:1814-12-18
317:gave the
290:Navy Yard
112:Relatives
654:40067364
453:See also
445:, M.D.,
433:, M.D.,
417:, M.D.,
342:suffrage
311:feminist
192:Stafford
157:freedmen
131:and for
87:Children
129:slavery
118:(uncle)
95:Parents
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79:Spouse
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650:JSTOR
423:Alice
403:Sarah
135:. In
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600:2013
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