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697:". He admired Napoleon Bonaparte extravagantly and preferred to have his photograph taken in his general's uniform. Although he was much taller and weighed more than his hero, Ubico believed that he resembled Bonaparte, and his nickname was "the Little Napoleon of the Tropics". He dressed ostentatiously and surrounded himself with statues and paintings of Napoleon, regularly commenting on the similarities between their appearances.
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635:, who visited the country during 1941, described Guatemala as "a country 100 per cent dominated by a single man." Added Gunther: "He has spies and agents everywhere, and knows everyone's private business to an amazing degree. Not a pin drops in Guatemala without his knowing it." Guatemala under Ubico was likened to "a modern jail."
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presidential office to chastise him, Fuentes coldly replied he was aware Police Chief
Anzueto Valencia had embezzled up to twenty eight properties and therefore he, Aguilar, was not going to support the president. But he did not know that Anzueto was only the front man and the real owner was Ubico himself.
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to nominate Ubico as
Andrade's successor, in an election where Ubico was the only candidate on the ballot. In February 1931 he was elected with 305,841 votes. In his inaugural address, he pledged a "march toward civilization". Once in office, he began a campaign of efficiency which included assuming
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Ubico's repressive policies and arrogant demeanor led to a widespread popular insurrection led by middle-class intellectuals, professionals, and junior army officers. School teacher María
Chinchilla Recinos' death during a peaceful demonstration on 25 June 1944 sparked an outcry that led to Ubico's
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He militarized numerous political and social institutions—including the post office, schools, and symphony orchestras—and placed military officers in charge of many government posts. He frequently traveled around the country performing "inspections" in dress uniform followed by a military escort, a
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By 1897 Ubico received his commission into the
Guatemalan army as a second lieutenant, a commission which was largely due to his political connections. He rapidly established himself in the army and rose through the ranks, and, after a military campaign against El Salvador, held the rank of colonel
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In early
September 1934, when Ubico announced a popular referendum to determine whether he should extend his presidential term for another six years, the lawyer Efraín Aguilar Fuentes, the Property Registry director, sternly declined to be in favor of the president. When Ubico summoned him to the
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While the middle class grew substantially during Ubico's regime, the basic character of the regime remained oligarchical and his regime primarily benefited the landowning class. The country's middle class, resentful of its exclusion from the government, later spearheaded the democratic revolution
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The three generals promised to convene the national assembly to hold an election for a provisional president, but when congress met on 3 July, soldiers held everyone at gunpoint and forced them to vote for
General Ponce, rather than the popular civilian candidate Ramón Calderón. Ponce, who had
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Despite his dictatorship, Ubico was commended by both his defenders and his detractors for his personal integrity and for virtually eliminating corruption in
Guatemala; anyone found guilty of corruption was "instantly" and "severely" punished. The so-called Probity Law mandated that all public
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organizing a band of revolutionary exiles. On 19 October 1944, a small group of soldiers and students led by Árbenz and Arana attacked the
National Palace, in what later became known as the "October Revolution". Ponce was defeated and driven into exile. Árbenz, Arana, and a lawyer named Jorge
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In the following weeks, Anzueto
Valencia made up a list of people involved in a false plot to murder Ubico Castañeda, and among the people in the list he included Aguilar Fuentes. All the people on the list were imprisoned, tortured and forced to confess. Their "confessions" appeared in the
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under Ubico became the most important company in
Guatemala. It received import duty and real estate tax exemptions from the government and controlled more land than any other group or individual. It also controlled the sole railroad in the country, the sole facilities capable of producing
569:. Under Orellana he was appointed Secretary of War in 1922, but quit a year later. In 1926, after the death of President Orellana, Ubico ran unsuccessfully for president as the candidate of the Political Progressive Party. He temporarily retired to his farm until the next election.
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On 18 September 1934, Efraín Aguilar Fuentes, Juventino Sánchez, Humberto Molina Santiago, Rafael Estrada Guilles, and Colonel Luis Ortiz Guzmán were tortured and executed inside the Guatemala National Penitenciary, accused of planning a plot to overthrow president Ubico.
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During his tenure, he oversaw improvements in public works, the school system, public health, and youth organizations. In 1918, he drained swamps, ordered fumigation and distributed free medicine to combat a yellow fever epidemic, and won the praise of Major General
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in the United States where he rented a small house and lived off the $ 200,000 he transferred to a personal bank account. On 14 June 1946, Ubico died of lung cancer at the age of 67. He was buried in the Mount Hope Cemetery in New Orleans.
750:), written in 1935, Guatemalan writer Efraín De los Ríos accused the police chief, General Roderico Anzueto Valencia, of making up the plot to get rid of the accused conspirators. According to De los Ríos, this is what really happened:
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previously retired from military service due to alcoholism, took orders from Ubico and kept many of the officials who had worked in the Ubico administration. The repressive policies of the Ubico administration continued.
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Opposition groups began organizing again, this time joined by many prominent political and military leaders who deemed the Ponce regime unconstitutional. Among the military officers in the opposition were
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and nationwide protests. Initially, he had planned to hand over power to the former director of police, General Roderico Anzueto, whom he felt could control. But his advisors recognized that Anzueto's pro-
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and wealthy landowners, as well as supporting their harsh labor practices. Ubico has been described as "one of the most oppressive tyrants Guatemala has ever known" who compared himself to
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Ubico considered Guatemala to be the closest ally of the United States in Central America. Adopting a pro-USA stance to promote economic development and recovery from depression, the
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De los Ríos was incarcerated once the government learned about these strong accusations. He remained in the National Penitenciary for most of the rest of Ubico's presidency.
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Bucheli, Marcelo (Summer 2004a). "Enforcing Business Contracts in South America: the United Fruit Company and the Colombian Banana Planters in the Twentieth-Century".
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Bucheli, Marcelo (2006a). "The United Fruit Company in Latin America: Business Strategies in a Changing Environment". In Jones, Geoffrey; Wadhwani, R. Daniel (eds.).
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Bucheli, Marcelo (2008). "Multinational Corporations, Totalitarian Regimes, and Economic Nationalism: United Fruit Company in Central America, 1899-1975".
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Bucheli, Marcelo; Read, Ian (2006). "Banana Boats and Baby Food: The Banana in U.S. History". In Topik, Steven; Marichal, Carlos; Frank, Zephyr (eds.).
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546:, who had done the same in Panama. However, most of his reputation came from his harsh but effective punishment of banditry and smuggling across the
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Bucheli, Marcelo (1997). "United Fruit Company in Colombia: Impact of Labor Relations and Governmental Regulations on its Operations, 1948-1968".
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1786:(in Spanish). Vol. 5. Guatemala: Asociación de Amigos del País, Fundación para la Cultura y el Desarrollo. pp. 37–42. Archived from
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502:. Ubico Urruela was a member of the legislature that wrote the Guatemalan Constitution of 1879, and was subsequently the president of the
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in 1931, in an election where he was the only candidate. He continued his predecessors' policies of giving massive concessions to the
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sympathies had made him very unpopular, and that he would not be able to control the military. Instead, Ubico chose to select a
601:. The United States opposed the new government and demanded Orellana resign; he was forced to leave the presidency in favor of
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In 1940, the Guatemalan Congress gave Ubico a gift of US$ 200,000. Nearly 90 people were jailed for criticizing the gift.
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officials publicly declare their assets before taking office and upon leaving it – and the law was rigorously enforced.
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1538:"This is why they hate us: The real American history neither Ted Cruz nor the New York Times will tell you"
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Nazis and good neighbors: the United States campaign against the Germans of Latin America in World War II
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From Silver to Cocaine: Latin American Commodity Chains and the Building of the World Economy, 1500-2000
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to support general Roderico Anzueto to compete against Ubico in the upcoming presidential elections.
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composed of Major General Buenaventura Piñeda, Major General Eduardo Villagrán Ariza, and General
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which held democratic elections before the end of the year, and were won by a professor named
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Díaz Romeu, Guillermo (1996). "Del régimen de Carlos Herrera a la elección de Jorge Ubico".
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was forced to resign after having a stroke. By that time, Guatemala was in the midst of the
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Jorge Ubico was the son of Arturo Ubico Urruela, a lawyer and politician of the Guatemalan
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1775:(in Spanish) (3rd ed.). Mexico, D.F.: Fondo de cultura de la Universidad de México.
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1707:. Vol. 2. Cheltenham, England: Edward Elgar. pp. 342–383. Archived from
597:, was deposed by a coup d'état after only four days in office and was replaced by
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478:. He was removed by a pro-democracy uprising in 1944, which led to the ten-year
451:, was a Guatemalan military officer, politician, and dictator who served as the
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Bucheli, Marcelo (2006b). "United Fruit Company". In Geisst, Charles (ed.).
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Bucheli, Marcelo (2004b). "United Fruit Company". In McCusker, John (ed.).
514:'s most prestigious schools, as well as receiving further education in the
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Managing the counterrevolution: the United States and Guatemala, 1954-1961
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Shattered hope: the Guatemalan revolution and the United States, 1944-1954
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where they paraded in front of Ubico's Army staff and the general public.
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The Time of Freedom: Campesino Workers in Guatemala's October Revolution
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refused to ratify the concessions that Estrada Cabrera had made to the
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510:(1898–1920). Jorge Ubico was privately tutored, and attended some of
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Efforts to repatriate his remains were denied by the government of
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mobile radio station, an official biographer, and cabinet members.
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Eisenhower and Latin America: The Foreign Policy of Anticommunism
2008:
Nuestro Diario (14 December 1930). "Noticias de primera plana".
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2017:
Nuestro Diario (8 February 1931). "Noticias de primera plana".
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The battle for Guatemala: rebels, death squads, and U.S. power
48:
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Inevitable revolutions: the United States in Central America
1672:(2). The President and Fellows of Harvard College: 181–212.
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1224:
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American Foreign Relations: A History, Volume 2: Since 1895
1960:
The Politics of antipolitics: the military in Latin America
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at the age of 28. A year later, he was made the governor (
2148:"Died. General Lazaro Chacon, 56, President of Guatemala"
2204:
Guatemalan Caudillo: The Regime of Jorge Ubico 1931–1944
2074:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 38–39.
2071:
Grappling with atrocity: Guatemalan theater in the 1990s
1897:
The CIA in Guatemala: The Foreign Policy of Intervention
837:(Politechnic School), and since then Árbenz had been in
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in 1921 to participate in a coup that installed General
1982:(in Spanish). México: Ediciones En Marcha. p. 858.
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Molina Santiago had tried to form a political party in
833:. Ubico had fired Árbenz from his teaching post at the
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arrived to Guatemala. Its crew travelled by train to
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Ubico's rule has been characterized as totalitarian;
1817:
The blood of Guatemala: a history of race and nation
227:
Leader of the Progressive Liberal Party of Guatemala
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2363:
2053:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
1963:(3rd, revised ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
1940:
Democracies and Tyrannies of the Caribbean in 1940s
668:, in January of that year the German light cruiser
664:As part of a goodwill worldwide tour promoting the
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National Police Headquarters during Ubico's regime.
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79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1101:"American Involvement in the Rise of Jorge Ubico"
561:into the presidency, after the sitting president
1414:United States Office of Inter-American Affairs,
785:School teacher María Chinchilla Recinos in 1940.
2267:(in Spanish). Guatemala City: Imprenta Iberia.
1392:
1390:
42: and the second or maternal family name is
1879:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–83.
1352:Guatemalan Caudillo: The Regime of Jorge Ubico
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494:Arturo Ubico Urruela, father of General Ubico.
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2176:(in Spanish). Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional.
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922:Interior Ministry, originally National Police
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440:(10 November 1878 – 14 June 1946), nicknamed
8:
2845:Guatemalan expatriates in the United States
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534:, followed four years later as governor of
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1957:Loveman, Brian; Davies, Thomas M. (1997).
1860:Guatemala in rebellion: unfinished history
1426:
1424:
615:Liberal Party allied with the Progressives
326: 1905–1946)
168:
152:
2026:Paterson, Thomas G.; et al. (2009).
1741:Encyclopedia of American Business History
934:Museum, originally the November Fair Hall
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
1783:Historia general de Guatemala. 1993-1999
1523:
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693:Ubico considered himself to be "another
652:electricity, and the port facilities at
27:President of Guatemala from 1931 to 1944
2241:. W. W. Norton & Company. pp.
1726:Essays in Economic and Business History
1338:
1302:
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885:Palaces built during Ubico's presidency
198:14 February 1931 – 1 July 1944
2830:Military personnel from Guatemala City
1704:Entrepreneurship and Global Capitalism
2835:Liberal Party (Guatemala) politicians
1499:
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790:resignation on 1 July 1944, amidst a
7:
2865:Deaths from lung cancer in Louisiana
2820:20th-century presidents of Guatemala
1266:
1137:
730:Police chief embezzlement accusation
77:adding citations to reliable sources
2365:Federal Republic of Central America
1548:from the original on 13 August 2018
874:and the United States government.
2392:direct central rule, 1826–27
2375:direct central rule, 1823–24
1841:. University of Pittsburgh Press.
1745:. London, England: Facts on File.
593:and bankrupt; Chacón's successor,
25:
2187:. Durham: Duke University Press.
1763:History of World Trade Since 1450
1568:"Soledad y agonía de un dictador"
2463:
2301:
1978:Martínez Peláez, Severo (1990).
1923:(5th ed.). Westview Press.
1536:Norton, Ben (18 November 2015).
1416:Guatemala: Volcanic But Peaceful
972:
960:
948:
927:
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903:
891:
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53:
2150:. United States. Archived from
2137:. United States. Archived from
2120:. United States. Archived from
1471:"El lado oscuro de Jorge Ubico"
685:that removed Ubico from power.
422:Second and Third Totoposte Wars
323:
64:needs additional citations for
2870:World War II political leaders
2850:20th-century Guatemalan people
1799:. Princeton University Press.
1593:Benz, Stephen Connely (1996).
643:UFCO and relations with the US
1:
2089:Streeter, Stephen M. (2000).
1993:. Stanford University Press.
1900:. University of Texas Press.
1894:Immerman, Richard H. (1983).
1599:. University of Texas Press.
1570:(in Spanish). 16 October 2016
2825:Vice presidents of Guatemala
1771:De los Ríos, Efraín (1948).
777:Resignation and continuation
585:In December 1930, President
34:, the first or paternal
2357:Heads of state of Guatemala
1873:Friedman, Max Paul (2003).
1856:Fried, Jonathan L. (1983).
1655:(11): 22–24. Archived from
666:Berlin 1936 Summer Olympics
599:Gral. Manuel María Orellana
426:1921 Guatemalan coup d'état
238:1926 – 1 July 1944
2886:
2855:Guatemalan anti-communists
2318:Juan Federico Ponce Vaides
2261:Samayoa Chinchilla, Carlos
2202:Grieb, Kenneth J. (1979).
2068:Shillington, John (2002).
1990:Rural Guatemala, 1760-1940
1216:Guatemala: A Country Study
1099:Grieb, Kenneth J. (1970).
817:
746:El Jardín de las Paradojas
725:Repression and controversy
29:
2784:
2461:
2314:
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2287:
2282:
2129:Time (12 January 1931a).
2110:Time (29 December 1930).
2095:. Ohio University Press.
2045:Rabe, Stephen G. (1988).
1820:. Duke University Press.
1795:Gleijeses, Piero (1992).
1643:Bucheli, Marcelo (2005).
1628:10.1080/00076790802106315
1279:Loveman & Davies 1997
1214:Nyrop, Richard F. (ed.),
989:Obelisco (Guatemala City)
858:Ubico went into exile to
506:during the government of
468:elected to the presidency
431:
394:Armed Forces of Guatemala
300:Progressive Liberal Party
242:
231:
191:
179:
167:
2291:José María Reina Andrade
2233:LaFeber, Walter (1993).
2168:Arévalo Martinez, Rafael
2021:(in Spanish). Guatemala.
2012:(in Spanish). Guatemala.
1987:McCreery, David (1994).
868:Miguel Ydíogoras Fuentes
814:Revolution and overthrow
758:semi-official newspaper
603:José María Reina Andrade
2370:Supreme Chiefs of State
2146:Time (20 April 1931b).
1938:Krehm, William (1999).
1915:Jonas, Susanne (1991).
1864:. Grove Press. p.
1835:Forster, Cindy (2001).
1666:Business History Review
1649:Harvard Business Review
872:Enrique Peralta Azurdia
842:Toriello established a
656:on the Atlantic coast.
312:Marta Lainfiesta Dorión
174:Ubico Castañeda in 1931
2308:President of Guatemala
1942:. COMER Publications.
1814:Grandin, Greg (2000).
1766:. New York: Macmillan.
1645:"Banana War Maneuvers"
999:President of Guatemala
831:Francisco Javier Arana
786:
760:El Liberal Progresista
745:
717:
660:Relations with Germany
582:
573:Guatemalan instability
508:Manuel Estrada Cabrera
495:
453:president of Guatemala
186:President of Guatemala
2474:Republic of Guatemala
2208:Ohio University Press
1980:La Patria del Criollo
1773:Ombres contra Hombres
994:Guatemalan Revolution
820:Guatemalan Revolution
804:Federico Ponce Vaides
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627:Military dictatorship
580:
563:Carlos Herrera y Luna
530:) of the province of
493:
480:Guatemalan Revolution
438:Jorge Ubico Castañeda
400:Years of service
221:Federico Ponce Vaides
18:Jorge Ubico Castañeda
2154:on 15 December 2008.
2141:on 15 December 2008.
2030:. Cengage Learning.
1659:on 11 December 2012.
1187:Inside Latin America
1010:Notes and references
1004:German cruiser Emden
984:History of Guatemala
979:Biography portal
955:Guatemala portal
827:Jacobo Árbenz Guzmán
716:Jorge Ubico in 1933.
649:United Fruit Company
618:dictatorial powers.
567:United Fruit Company
472:United Fruit Company
73:improve this article
2860:Guatemalan generals
2131:"We are not amused"
2112:"Wrong horse No. 2"
1790:on 12 January 2015.
1477:. 16 December 2018.
1329:, pp. 342–383.
1317:, pp. 181–212.
1293:, pp. 433–454.
1165:Nuestro Diario 1931
835:Escuela Politécnica
504:Guatemalan Congress
464:Guatemalan military
455:from 1931 to 1944.
158:General of Division
2368:(1823–1839);
2283:Political offices
2124:on 4 January 2013.
1711:on 13 October 2007
1596:Guatemalan Journey
1350:Grieb, Kenneth J.
1281:, p. 118-120.
1127:– via JSTOR.
967:History portal
787:
740:The paradox garden
718:
583:
496:
446:Central America's
368:Central America's
2840:Guatemalan exiles
2797:
2796:
2324:
2323:
2315:Succeeded by
2194:978-0-8223-3766-9
2102:978-0-89680-215-5
1970:978-0-8420-2611-6
1930:978-0-8133-0614-8
1827:978-0-8223-2495-9
1806:978-0-691-02556-8
1752:978-0-8160-4350-7
1606:978-0-292-70840-2
1514:, pp. 41–43.
1372:Grieb, p. 270-271
1341:, pp. 65–84.
1305:, pp. 22–24.
1105:Caribbean Studies
1089:, pp. 89–91.
1077:, pp. 38–39.
1065:, pp. 48–50.
1053:, pp. 15–16.
848:Juan José Arévalo
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544:William C. Gorgas
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1660:
1639:
1616:Business History
1610:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1490:, p. 40-41.
1485:
1479:
1478:
1467:
1458:
1455:De los Ríos 1948
1452:
1446:
1443:De los Ríos 1948
1440:
1434:
1431:De los Ríos 1948
1428:
1419:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1385:
1382:De los Ríos 1948
1379:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1269:, p. 16-17.
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1233:, p. 11-12.
1228:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1190:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1078:
1075:Shillington 2002
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1032:
1025:
977:
976:
975:
965:
964:
963:
953:
952:
951:
931:
919:
907:
895:
748:
714:
591:Great Depression
377:Military service
355:
327:
325:
281:
262:10 November 1878
261:
259:
247:Personal details
236:
217:
209:José María Reina
205:
196:
172:
153:
144:
137:
133:
130:
124:
122:
81:
57:
49:
21:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2622:Arévalo Bermejo
2605:
2540:García Granados
2478:
2476:
2468:
2459:
2369:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2320:
2311:
2306:
2297:
2293:
2259:
2253:
2232:
2218:
2201:
2195:
2180:
2173:¡Ecce Pericles!
2166:
2163:
2161:Further reading
2158:
2145:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2088:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2044:
2038:
2025:
2016:
2007:
2001:
1986:
1977:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1937:
1931:
1914:
1908:
1893:
1887:
1872:
1855:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1813:
1807:
1794:
1779:
1770:
1759:
1753:
1736:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1700:
1663:
1642:
1613:
1607:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1209:
1205:Gunther, p. 120
1204:
1193:
1185:Gunther, John.
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1012:
973:
971:
961:
959:
949:
947:
944:
939:
938:
937:
936:
935:
932:
924:
923:
920:
912:
911:
908:
900:
899:
898:National Palace
896:
887:
886:
880:
856:
854:Exile and death
822:
816:
779:
771:
732:
727:
705:
703:
701:Anti-corruption
691:
682:
662:
645:
629:
624:
611:
575:
553:He returned to
488:
424:
366:
329:
321:
317:
314:
296:Political party
283:
279:
263:
257:
255:
237:
232:
215:
203:
197:
192:
175:
163:
160:
145:
134:
128:
125:
82:
80:
70:
58:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2709:Mejía Víctores
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2650:González López
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2428:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2257:
2251:
2230:
2216:
2199:
2193:
2178:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2143:
2126:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2065:
2059:
2042:
2037:978-0547225692
2036:
2023:
2019:Nuestro Diario
2014:
2010:Nuestro Diario
2005:
1999:
1984:
1975:
1969:
1954:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1870:
1853:
1847:
1832:
1826:
1811:
1805:
1792:
1777:
1768:
1757:
1751:
1734:
1721:
1698:
1661:
1640:
1622:(4): 433–454.
1611:
1605:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1559:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1459:
1447:
1445:, p. 384.
1435:
1420:
1407:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1365:
1356:
1354:(1979), p. 282
1343:
1331:
1319:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1257:, p. 195.
1247:
1235:
1220:
1207:
1191:
1189:(1941), p. 118
1178:
1169:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1055:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:Quetzaltenango
1019:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
969:
957:
943:
940:
933:
926:
925:
921:
914:
913:
909:
902:
901:
897:
890:
889:
888:
884:
883:
882:
881:
879:
876:
855:
852:
818:Main article:
815:
812:
792:general strike
778:
775:
770:
767:
731:
728:
726:
723:
702:
699:
690:
687:
681:
678:
674:Guatemala City
661:
658:
654:Puerto Barrios
644:
641:
628:
625:
623:
620:
610:
607:
595:Baudilio Palma
574:
571:
555:Guatemala City
548:Mexican border
487:
484:
433:
432:
429:
428:
419:
415:
414:
409:
405:
404:
401:
397:
396:
391:
390:Branch/service
387:
386:
383:
379:
378:
374:
373:
361:
357:
356:
349:
345:
344:
339:
335:
334:
319:
315:
310:
309:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
282:(aged 67)
276:
272:
271:
265:Guatemala City
253:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
239:
229:
228:
224:
223:
218:
212:
211:
206:
200:
199:
189:
188:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
165:
164:
161:
156:
147:
146:
61:
59:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2882:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Serrano Elías
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:López Requena
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2477:(since 1839);
2475:
2471:
2466:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2319:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:9780393309645
2248:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2217:0-8214-0379-6
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:Time magazine
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2117:Time magazine
2113:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2081:9780838639306
2077:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2060:9780807842041
2056:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
2000:9780804723183
1996:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1949:9781896266817
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1907:9780292710832
1903:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1886:9780521822466
1882:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1848:9780822941620
1844:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1526:, p. 13.
1525:
1524:Streeter 2000
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:Immerman 1983
1508:
1505:
1502:, p. 22.
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:Immerman 1983
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1433:, p. 375
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1418:(1943), p. 10
1417:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:, p. 98.
1383:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1327:Bucheli 2006a
1323:
1320:
1316:
1315:Bucheli 2004a
1311:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1248:
1245:, p. 32.
1244:
1243:Immerman 1983
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:Streeter 2000
1227:
1225:
1221:
1218:(1983), p. 21
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1063:Immerman 1983
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:Streeter 2000
1047:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
970:
968:
958:
956:
946:
945:
941:
930:
918:
906:
894:
877:
875:
873:
869:
864:
861:
853:
851:
849:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
821:
813:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
783:
776:
774:
769:Congress gift
768:
766:
763:
761:
755:
751:
749:
747:
741:
736:
729:
724:
722:
700:
698:
696:
688:
686:
679:
677:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
655:
650:
642:
640:
636:
634:
626:
621:
619:
616:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Lazaro Chacón
579:
572:
570:
568:
564:
560:
559:José Orellana
556:
551:
549:
545:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:jefe politico
523:
521:
517:
516:United States
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:Liberal Party
492:
485:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:
443:
439:
430:
427:
423:
420:
416:
413:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:
371:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
340:
336:
333:
313:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
277:
273:
270:
266:
254:
250:
245:
241:
235:
230:
225:
222:
219:
213:
210:
207:
201:
195:
190:
187:
182:
178:
171:
166:
159:
154:
151:
143:
140:
132:
129:November 2018
121:
118:
114:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90: –
89:
88:"Jorge Ubico"
85:
84:Find sources:
78:
74:
68:
67:
62:This article
60:
56:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2756:Pérez Molina
2599:Ponce Vaides
2592:
2391:
2390:
2374:
2300:
2294:
2264:
2236:
2203:
2183:
2172:
2152:the original
2139:the original
2134:
2122:the original
2115:
2091:
2070:
2048:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1989:
1979:
1959:
1939:
1918:
1896:
1875:
1859:
1837:
1816:
1796:
1788:the original
1782:
1772:
1762:
1740:
1729:
1725:
1713:. Retrieved
1709:the original
1703:
1669:
1665:
1657:the original
1652:
1648:
1619:
1615:
1595:
1586:Bibliography
1572:. Retrieved
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1541:
1531:
1519:
1507:
1495:
1483:
1474:
1450:
1438:
1415:
1410:
1405:Nyrop, p. 21
1401:
1396:Grieb, p. 13
1377:
1368:
1363:Griev, p. 34
1359:
1351:
1346:
1339:Bucheli 1997
1334:
1322:
1310:
1303:Bucheli 2005
1298:
1291:Bucheli 2008
1286:
1274:
1262:
1255:Grandin 2000
1250:
1238:
1215:
1210:
1186:
1181:
1176:Grieb, p. 42
1172:
1167:, p. 1.
1145:
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1087:Forster 2001
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772:
764:
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743:
739:
738:In his book
737:
733:
719:
692:
683:
680:Middle class
663:
646:
637:
633:John Gunther
630:
612:
584:
552:
540:
532:Alta Verapaz
527:
524:
497:
476:Adolf Hitler
457:
445:
441:
437:
436:
418:Battles/wars
367:
364:Number Five
363:
331:
280:(1946-06-14)
278:14 June 1946
233:
216:Succeeded by
193:
150:
135:
126:
116:
109:
102:
95:
83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
43:
39:
32:Spanish name
2815:1946 deaths
2810:1878 births
2404:de Aycinena
1552:11 November
1111:(1): 5–21.
910:Post Office
860:New Orleans
839:El Salvador
800:triumvirate
486:Early years
442:Number Five
360:Nickname(s)
285:New Orleans
204:Preceded by
162:Jorge Ubico
2804:Categories
2791:† military
2772:Giammattei
2703:Ríos Montt
2566:M. Estrada
2479:Presidents
2436:Valenzuela
2398:J. Estrada
2312:1931–1944
2206:. Athens:
1715:15 January
1500:Jonas 1991
1150:Time 1931a
1039:References
829:and Major
742:(Spanish:
622:Government
536:Retalhuleu
382:Allegiance
338:Profession
258:1878-11-10
99:newspapers
2787:* interim
2761:Maldonado
2550:Sinibaldi
2415:Barrundia
2386:Barrundia
1694:154456058
1636:153433143
1267:Benz 1996
1138:Time 1930
1117:0008-6533
512:Guatemala
466:, he was
403:1896–1944
385:Guatemala
348:Signature
332:his death
306:Spouse(s)
289:Louisiana
269:Guatemala
234:In office
194:In office
184:21st
44:Castañeda
2741:Portillo
2691:Laugerud
2668:Ydígoras
2644:Castillo
2615:Toriello
2577:Orellana
2556:Barillas
2529:Aycinena
2506:Martínez
2295:(acting)
2263:(1950).
2170:(1945).
1732:: 65–84.
1686:25096865
1546:Archived
1125:25612190
942:See also
695:Napoleon
689:Napoleon
609:Election
448:Napoleon
444:or also
370:Napoleon
30:In this
2777:Arévalo
2767:Morales
2731:de León
2674:Peralta
2656:Mendoza
2604:Junta (
2572:Herrera
2545:Barrios
2524:Carrera
2518:Paredes
2512:Escobar
2501:Carrera
2448:Salazar
2425:Márquez
2409:Zenteno
2273:5585663
2226:4135828
1475:Crónica
878:Gallery
462:in the
460:general
412:General
342:Soldier
328:
320:
316:
113:scholar
36:surname
2746:Berger
2725:Espina
2715:Cerezo
2680:Méndez
2662:Flores
2638:Monzón
2627:Árbenz
2611:Árbenz
2582:Chacón
2496:Rivera
2485:Rivera
2454:Rivera
2442:Rivera
2431:Gálvez
2420:Molina
2271:
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2191:
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2078:
2057:
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1997:
1967:
1946:
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520:Europe
291:, U.S.
115:
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86:
2751:Colom
2697:Lucas
2685:Arana
2607:Arana
2593:Ubico
2587:Reina
2561:Reina
2535:Cerna
2245:–79.
1690:S2CID
1682:JSTOR
1632:S2CID
1574:5 May
1542:Salon
1121:JSTOR
1015:Notes
844:junta
670:Emden
322:(
318:
120:JSTOR
106:books
40:Ubico
2736:Arzú
2632:Díaz
2380:Díaz
2269:OCLC
2247:ISBN
2222:OCLC
2212:ISBN
2189:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2076:ISBN
2055:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1995:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1944:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1902:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1822:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1717:2015
1601:ISBN
1576:2024
1554:2018
1113:ISSN
796:Nazi
613:The
518:and
408:Rank
275:Died
252:Born
92:news
2613:†,
2609:†,
2601:* †
1674:doi
1624:doi
75:by
38:is
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2789:;
2243:77
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1730:15
1728:.
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2349:e
2342:t
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