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465:. This last measure allowed him to avoid paying taxes on the land and investments, valued at several billion dollars at the time, that he inherited from his father. As a result of the changes instituted by Martínez de Hoz, inflation fell sharply; but, many local retailers and home builders became incapable of coping with the fall in demand and declared bankruptcy.
1314:
746:
What followed was one of the worst financial crises in the history of modern
Argentina. Speculators quickly took advantage of the 1977 deregulation to write off their debts, legitimate borrowers (including many large employers) were faced with suddenly unaffordable US dollar payments, and homeowners'
674:
Having already suffered from weakened demand, many industries (particularly smaller factories) could not compete with the flood of imports and a second wave of industry bankruptcies began. Ostensibly to avoid a sharp rise in unemployment, Martínez de Hoz took an even more controversial step when he
730:
promulgate new regulations governing adjustable loans. The
Central Bank Circular 1050 tied monthly loan interest payments (almost all lending in Argentina is on an adjustable basis) to the value of the US dollar vis-a-vis the peso. Borrowers were confident that the gradual peso devaluations would
774:
brought in over US$ 34 billion in trade surpluses over the next eight years, none of it sufficed to deal with chronic capital flight or the newly monstrous public debt (US$ 7 billion at the start of the dictatorship, growing to US$ 43 billion by the time democracy was restored in
666:
value than what local inflation warranted and although inflation did ease somewhat, imported goods and foreign credit soon became much cheaper than those locally available. Imports almost tripled in volume and by 1980, the peso became one of the most overvalued currencies in the world; its high
686:
The economy was still in relatively high gear and, with rising fiscal revenues, the nation's finances appeared healthy during 1979 and 1980. Secretly, however (as much of this data was censored at time), local speculators were taking advantage of the overvalued peso by taking up over US$
671:. Record numbers of Argentines now vacationed abroad, often stocking up on appliances; between the suddenly negative trade deficit and tourists' foreign spending, however, this chalked up a then-record US$ 4 billion annual loss for the national balance sheet in both 1980 and 1981.
33:
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decided to begin absorbing private sector debts (mostly those of the well-connected, including US$ 700 million of
Acindar's) into the national debt. One of his chief business interests, the insolvent
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338:
Becoming an influential lobbyist for
Acindar, one of Argentina's largest steel manufacturers, Martínez de Hoz became its CEO in 1968. Seven years later, after union labourers at Acindar's
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in 1990. Returning to the world of high finance despite a 1992 conviction of operating a brokerage with a revoked licence, Martínez de Hoz became a member of the board of directors of two
831:
of
Federico and Miguel Gutheim (a local textile mill owner and his son) in 1976, as well as the murder of Juan Carlos Casariego (one of his own assistants at the Ministry of Economy).
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Martinez de Hoz was arrested on 5 April 2007, following a
Supreme Court ruling deeming the 1990 presidential pardons unconstitutional, and was given a preliminary sentence of
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around 175%. Image-conscious and so, fearful of possible riots, Martínez de Hoz relented and in
December, he issued new, more generous wage guidelines. To address his fellow
267:", and its results and legacy are highly controversial to this day, either being praised or strongly criticized in Argentina depending on the period and side of the general
1392:
346:, Martínez de Hoz retaliated by using his family's long-standing connections with the armed forces to have them brutally repressed. Supported by Metalworkers Union leader
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By 1975, Argentina had considerably developed, but was nevertheless in the throes of some of the worst instability since 1930. Argentine public opinion turned to the
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remained weak, the shock might have been worse but for hitherto high savings rates. Inflation revived again, and Martínez de Hoz responded in June 1977, with
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began to appear and some attempts of insertion in the world began. The spirit of all the reforms implemented during his administration was that of
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continue on schedule and new homeowners rushed to secure (or refinance) mortgages at these favourable terms. Brokerage houses proliferated as
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and revoked the suspension of the previous judicial process, paving the way to investigate Martínez de Hoz's alleged involvement in the
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against the peso increased sharply and in
February 1981, Martínez de Hoz announced the unthinkable: the time had come for a sharp
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The
General Business Bank, now defunct, later helped clients illegally wire up to US$ 30 billion out of the country prior to the
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576:. They would have to be applied interconnected, although not necessarily simultaneously. The great courses of action were the
767:, rescinded the hated "1050". Thousands were saved from financial ruin by this change, but the economic damage would remain.
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grew 2.2% equivalent annually between 1975 and 1980. Between 1975 and 1979 there was a trade surplus, only in 1980 did the
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30 billion in loans overseas. This money soon found itself in risky gambles at home and abroad and when one bank's
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350:, security forces abducted the new shop steward, Alberto Piccinini, and about 300 others (most of whom were murdered).
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and budget deficits remained high. Frequent wage freeze decrees continued to depress living standards generally and
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policy, while moving to limit domestic credit. He enacted the
Monetary Regulation Account Law of 1977, which raised
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continued to exercise vetting power over most policy and in 1963, Martínez de Hoz became one of a series of
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collapsed in March 1980, Martínez de Hoz responded to the possible panic by luring investors with one-year
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in June 1982 to usher in more moderate leadership in the junta. In July, the new Central Bank President,
695:, paying 60% in US dollars. Facing these pressures, the Argentine peso increasingly became the object of
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in the history of the Argentine economy were observed. Particularly from 1979, as a consequence of the
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had soared by about 25%. However, real wages had lost nearly 40% of their purchasing power, and while
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quickly, which he believed to be a cause of economic isolation. He enjoyed the personal friendship of
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The end of his tenure soon near and increasingly unpopular, in April 1980 Martínez de Hoz had the
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Business confidence was destroyed by the whole calamity and even though Argentina's productive
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fear that this might lead to even higher inflation, he introduced a novel take on the currency
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454:(removed existing prohibitions, quotas, and licenses and gradually reduced import tariffs).
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899:"Economía. Cuáles fueron las ideas de los ministros que trataron de hacer despegar al país"
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to 45% of deposits, thereby doubling borrowers' interest rates while eliminating yields on
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838:(due to his advanced age) on 4 May 2010, pursuant to his indictment in the Gutheim case.
506:, like many key economic posts in the Martínez de Hoz era, was led by one of a number of
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Martínez de Hoz, scion of one Argentina's oldest cattle ranching families, was born in
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at Acindar and spent 77 days in jail. Quickly freed, he subsequently benefited from a
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Martínez de Hoz was an economic orthodox of businessman origin, who imposed a plan of
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856:"Martínez de Hoz: murió el ideólogo del programa económico de la dictadura militar"
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was inefficient and uncompetitive internationally. He moved to lessen Argentina's
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reforms in the 1970s that aroused strong controversies. From 1976 until today,
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Martínez de Hoz addresses the nation in a 12 March 1981, farewell address
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Martínez de Hoz was himself indicted in 1988 for his involvement in the
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1251:: Martínez de Hoz fue trasladado a su domicilio tras recibir el alta
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Years later he explained in his books that his management "had a '
1288:"La Justicia anuló los indultos a Martínez de Hoz y Harguindeguy"
879:"Martínez de Hoz: un ortodoxo que marcó a fuego a la Argentina"
530:
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loans of nearly US$ 1 billion following his appointment.
295:, he was appointed his province's Minister of the Economy of
639:: fixed, progressively smaller devaluations of the official
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and one of the worst financial crises in Argentine history.
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and overprotections for privileged sectors of the economy.
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at his orders at a reported cost of US$ 394 million.
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Inversiones millonarias en medio de los cortes de energía
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purchasing power abroad soon had many referring to it as
16:
Argentine lawyer, businessman, and economist (1925–2013)
1237:
Argentina arrests former dictator's top money man (AFP)
751:) rose by over tenfold during the next fifteen months.
457:
He decreed a general freeze on wages, and instituted a
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Buenos Aires Económico: La saga de los Martínez de Hoz
1058:
Economists and Economic Policy: Argentina since 1958
940:"Jorge Rafael Videla | president of Argentina"
747:monthly payments (tied by the Circular 1050 to the
651:set by a monthly timetable, popularly known as the
611:became much more pronounced. The period ended in a
564:. On April 2, 1976, three programs were announced:
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743:was shattered and he retired the following month.
627:by 1978, the economy continued to be saddled with
556:' character; he set out to implement a structural
244:'s regime, between 1976 and 1981), and shaped the
476:, to begin an honest look at the economy and the
354:Minister of Economy under Videla's administration
603:increased fourfold, and disparities between the
232:lawyer, businessman, and economist. He was the
1072:"A LA MEMORIA DE JOSE ALFREDO MARTINEZ DE HOZ"
759:It took defeat during the disastrous Malvinas
514:. Diz enacted much of the Economy Minister's
311:returned to Argentina three years later, the
8:
1413:Recipients of Argentine presidential pardons
951:
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662:invariably set a slower depreciation of the
283:, Argentina. Pursuing higher studies at the
1127:. University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
921:Significativa propuesta realizada a Acindar
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871:
566:liberation and modernization of the economy
1323:
1010:"José Alfredo Martinez de Hoz - Biografía"
957:"Argentina - Military government, 1966–73"
20:
1393:Argentine politicians convicted of crimes
1197:. Argentina's New Beginning, August 1986.
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287:, he returned and in 1955, following the
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677:Compañía Italo Argentina de Electricidad
560:of the economy, and not just overcome a
400:, believing that the country's national
238:the country's last military dictatorship
228:(13 August 1925 – 16 March 2013) was an
1290:(in Spanish). Clarín. 4 September 2006.
847:
707:Circular 1050 and the shattered Tablita
537:appear. During the period, the lowest
100:21 May 1963 – 12 October 1963
57:29 March 1976 – 31 March 1981
1373:Alumni of the University of Cambridge
1268:on the Ministry of Education website.
916:
914:
819:In 2006, a judge declared the pardon
703:, including Martínez de Hoz himself.
497:deregulation of the financial markets
7:
1408:Prisoners and detainees of Argentina
1207:Argentina: From Insolvency to Growth
1137:Argentina: From Insolvency to Growth
468:He eliminated political tariffs for
248:of the dictatorship until its end.
1125:The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism
1028:University of North Carolina Press
1024:The Crisis of Argentine Capitalism
971:"Lo que pienso de Martínez de Hoz"
599:increased. During his tenure, the
240:(1976—1983) (especifically during
14:
1388:Ministers of economy of Argentina
1296:"Argentine junta pardons revoked"
1265:La dictadura militar en Argentina
483:A year later, the billion-dollar
435:disappeared; and he repealed the
1312:
578:subsidiary function of the State
234:Minister of Economy of Argentina
45:Minister of Economy of Argentina
31:
998:– via martinezdehoz.com.
814:December 2001 financial crisis
782:Martinez de Hoz voting in the
396:, announced a plan to further
353:
303:Minister of Economy with Guido
1:
385:called on Martínez de Hoz as
1319:José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz
1195:National Geographic Magazine
226:José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz
25:José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz
1398:Operatives of the Dirty War
1043:. St. Martin's Press, 1985.
809:("General Business Bank").
805:houses, Rohm Group and the
474:subsidized prices for fuels
418:International Monetary Fund
320:Argentine Economy Ministers
1429:
1041:Argentina: A House Divided
591:flourished, while chronic
570:modernization of the state
342:plant elected a socialist
199:University of Buenos Aires
1378:Argentine anti-communists
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1209:. World Bank Press, 1993.
807:Banco General de Negocios
219:
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93:
50:
39:
30:
1383:Argentine businesspeople
1158:7 September 2008 at the
398:open Argentina's markets
120:Eustaquio Méndez Delfino
1279:12 October 2007 at the
1056:de Pablo, Juan Carlos.
926:25 January 2009 at the
582:opening of the economy.
574:stabilization of prices
291:coup against President
285:University of Cambridge
261:economic liberalization
202:University of Cambridge
786:
784:1983 general elections
723:
516:financial deregulation
487:had turned around and
441:floating exchange rate
289:Revolucion Libertadora
253:economic neoliberalism
1321:at Wikimedia Commons
781:
721:
589:financial speculation
461:while rescinding the
373:Inheriting a wave of
297:Buenos Aires Province
1329:Joaquín de las Heras
1283:, by Ernesto Hadida.
1179:10 July 2011 at the
549:increased strongly.
520:reserve requirements
414:Chase Manhattan Bank
366:'s weak regime in a
1335:Minister of Economy
1302:. 6 September 2006.
1273:Una pesada herencia
1224:31 May 2011 at the
907:. 14 December 2019.
791:human rights abuses
772:Agricultural sector
749:value of the dollar
613:tenfold devaluation
489:business investment
394:business confidence
392:Anxious to restore
387:Minister of Economy
383:Jorge Rafael Videla
242:Jorge Rafael Videla
77:Joaquín de la Heras
66:Jorge Rafael Videla
1039:Crawley, Eduardo.
989:"Por Juan Alemann"
977:. 6 November 2017.
787:
724:
539:unemployment rates
423:He eliminated all
412:, who facilitated
340:Villa Constitución
293:Juan Domingo Perón
269:political spectrum
1403:People from Salta
1351:
1350:
1342:Succeeded by
1317:Media related to
1100:martinezdehoz.com
1079:martinezdehoz.com
719:
597:income inequality
493:consumer spending
439:regime. A single
410:David Rockefeller
223:
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1339:1976–1981
1327:Preceded by
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887:. 17 March 2013.
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864:. 17 March 2013.
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821:unconstitutional
720:
543:second oil shock
437:exchange control
324:José María Guido
265:economic freedom
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213:Official website
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109:José María Guido
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313:armed forces
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281:Buenos Aires
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176:Buenos Aires
171:(2013-03-16)
159:Buenos Aires
126:Succeeded by
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83:Succeeded by
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1368:2013 deaths
1363:1925 births
737:devaluation
733:put options
669:sweet money
593:tax evasion
587:Short-term
187:Independent
178:, Argentina
161:, Argentina
116:Preceded by
73:Preceded by
1357:Categories
1141:World Bank
842:References
825:kidnapping
554:gradualist
512:Adolfo Diz
443:was born.
194:Alma mater
152:1925-08-13
996:La Nación
904:La Nación
884:La Nación
829:extortion
803:arbitrage
649:US dollar
629:inflation
625:recession
623:Again in
478:subsidies
446:He freed
433:shortages
379:inflation
377:and 700%
328:recession
309:democracy
275:Biography
230:Argentine
105:President
96:In office
62:President
53:In office
1300:BBC News
1277:Archived
1222:Archived
1177:Archived
1156:Archived
924:Archived
701:insiders
647:and the
580:and the
402:industry
375:violence
360:military
1249:InfoBAE
1030:, 1990.
775:1983).
741:Tablita
660:Tablita
653:Tablita
452:imports
448:exports
322:during
307:Though
236:during
208:Website
861:Clarín
795:pardon
755:Legacy
739:. The
679:, was
562:crisis
558:reform
545:, the
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