322:; he represented the bank in supervisory boards of numerous companies where BdB was one of major shareholders. He was also member of managing bodies of Banco del Comercio, Caja de Ahorros del Banco Asturiano and an insurance company La Polar. However, the key industry of the province was metallurgy; Ampuero held a seat in Consejo de Administración of Altos Hornos de Vizcaya, a giant soon to become the largest Spanish company. The related machinery business was represented by Basconia, Fundiciones Vera, Talleres de Gernica, Combustión Racional, Construcciones Electro-Mecánicas and Maquinaria Eléctrica; apart from sitting in their management boards, Ampuero co-founded some of these companies. He supervised and held shares of numerous mining companies, active in Biscay (Minera Morro), Asturias (Hulleras del Turón, Minas de Teverga) and
293:
524:. Banking on prestige of late Ampuero Jáuregui, own position as business tycoon, Traditionalist following in the province and conciliatory approach towards other parties, he was comfortably elected; his seat was confirmed for the following legislatures of 1921, 1922 and 1923. In the Senate he represented the tiny, 2-member Mellista minority. Though member of numerous committees, he was hardly active; his interventions were related mostly to economic issues. His term expired in late 1923, when
368:
432:
179:
498:
544:
254:
280:; José María and Pedro did not engage in politics and dedicated themselves to business, holding high executive posts in various companies. This was the case also of many Ampuero's grandchildren from the Varela Ampuero, Ampuero Urruela and Ampuero Osma families, though the best known one, Casilda Varela Ampuero, became sort of a media celebrity having married the world-famous guitar virtuoso,
334:, Ferrocarril Bilbao-Portugalete, Ferrocarril Amorebieta-Guernica-Pedernales, Compañía de los Ferrocarriles Vascongados, Compañía del Ferrocarril Central de Aragón and Ferrocarril de Triano. Construction companies were represented by Sdad. Española de Construcciones, Sociedad de Obras y Construcciónes de Bilbao, and Sociedad Española de Construcción Naval, glass industry by
516:; the faction, known as La Piña, was ridiculed by orthodox Jaimistas as “piñosos con boinas”. The conflict climaxed in early 1919, when the Mellistas broke away to build their own party. Ampuero decided to join the dissenters; he entered their local executive, Junta Señorial Tradicionalista de Vizcaya, and with Ignacio Gardeazábal was co-leading the Biscay Mellistas.
342:
216:, he published in various periodicals, served as president of Sindicato Agrícola Vizcaíno and Junta Provincial de Agricultura; he was also active supporter of Basque culture, initiating Fiestas Eúskaras and similar festivals. Ampuero Jáuregui engaged in industry, co-founding Ferrocarril Central de Bizkaia and holding stakes in numerous enterprises from
1781:
784:
2576:
2158:
315:. In the late 1910s and especially in the 1920s he emerged as one of key members of the Biscay industrial and financial strata, having been member of executive councils of at least 30 companies; by means of his family connections and business links he was positioned at intersection of various industries.
415:
Before turning 30 Ampuero was catapulted to public power when in 1901 and thanks to the role and position enjoyed by his father, he was elected from the district of
Durango to the Biscay diputación provincial, the local self-government; as a Carlist candidate he would be re-elected for two successive
310:
trees, agriculture, the leases of farmhouses, mills or ironworks, and interests produced by possessions, in the mid-19th century the
Ampueros engaged in the Biscay mining revolution and re-oriented the fortune towards industry. José Joaquín started to replace his father in executive boards of various
267:
In 1903 Ampuero married
Casilda Gandarias Durañona (1872-1968), descendant to a powerful Basque industrialist family related to numerous mining and metallurgy enterprises. The couple first settled at the Durango Eche Zuria estate, but later they purchased and re-modeled a grandiose residential estate
353:
like Banco de Bilbao, private investors or his family; cases of himself assuming a managing role are rare and are either related to rotative presidency scheme or to smaller enterprises he co-founded. In rather few cases he is noted as having a role in key business decisions, though in the late 1920s
531:
The year of 1923 marked also the last
Traditionalist Ampuero's engagements. In the early 1920s supportive of “un gran partido nacional de derechas”, he was somewhat less strict than de Mella when seeking alliances and tended towards a broad right-wing monarchist accord; he neither shared de Mella's
231:
Ampuero Jáuregui married María
Milagro del Río Aguero and settled on the iconic family estate in Durango, known as the Eche Zuria palace. The couple had at least 5 children, 3 sons and 2 daughters; José Joaquín was born as the oldest one. Nothing is known on his early education; during the academic
379:
The father of José Joaquín was an ardent
Carlist; as such he was served in the Cortes in 1881-1884 and at the turn of the centuries he remained one of key party politicians in the province. Ampuero del Rio from his youth followed in the footsteps of his parent, though initially it appeared that he
1213:
apart from the Etxe Zuri house in
Durango, the Ampueros owned the Larracoechea farmhouses in Begońa, Bitańo and Beascoechea in Izurtza and Arandia-Iturrioz in Iurreta, several houses in the Calle del Correo, Carnicería Vieja, Astarloa, Gran Vía and Plaza Nueva in Bilbao and the Arandia and Arana
645:
the son of
Ampuero Salcedo, Pedro Joaquín de Ampuero Urquijo, was the great-great grandfather of José Joaquín; he married María Francisca de Musaurieta Urbina. Their son was the great-grandfather of José Joaquín, Pedro María de Ampuero Musaurieta; he married María Teresa de Maguna and then her
507:
In the 1910s
Carlism was plagued by a conflict between the claimant Don Jaime and the key party theorist, Vázquez de Mella; the points of contention was the role of dynastical objectives and the nature of would-be alliance with other parties. Ampuero, who following the 1917 death of his father
420:, namely in 1906 and 1908; he was already known as vehement supporter of provincial foral establishments. At numerous occasions he merged his official and party duties, e.g. attending a Carlist feast of 1907, representing diputación at the funeral of Carlos VII in
2470:
e.g. when in 1926 Primo de Rivera visited Bilbao and was shown the railway district of Zabala, presented as a dynamically developing quarter, Ampuero – at the time heavily engaged in the local railway business – took part in the tour, Alonso Olea 2009, p
519:
In mid-1919 Ampuero fielded his candidacy for the Senate, the chamber elected not in popular elections but during behind-the-scenes deals within various provincial institutions; like his father, he stood not in his native Biscay but in the neighboring
554:
Following the Primo coup he withdrew into business, refrained from any political activity and is not known for taking part in primoderiverista institutions, though his corporate engagements at times brought him closer to the officialdom. Once the
358:
district of Bilbao. Ampuero held key posts – e.g. in Banco de Bilbao, Altos Hornos or Norte - until death and in historiography is considered one of key members of the Basque financial and industrial oligarchy of the early 20th century.
484:
in 1918 he supported
Asamblea Tradicionalista Vasca, attempting to channel the rising Basque nationalism into Traditionalism. His term in the Cortes expired in 1918; initially he intended to run for re-election and was listed as a
2125:
e.g. during preliminary 1911 talks prior to elections, the conservatives, the nationalists and the liberals agreed they would not field their candidates in Durango to facilitate Ampuero's election; eventually he did not stand,
311:
companies in the mid-1900s; at the same time he was setting up own enterprises, represented Biscay diputación in firms controlled by the provincial self-government, and got engaged in businesses of his in-laws, the
439:
Following a brief break after he had ceased as diputación member in the mid-1910s, Ampuero decided to enter national politics. Far from zealous militancy, he was at decent terms with other parties; standing as
1710:, vol. 5, Bilbao 2009, p 160; there is no street honoring Ampuero in Zabala now and it is not clear what street bore his name in the past. There was also “Plaza José Joaquín Ampuero” in the Asturian
327:
380:
would rather become a propagandist and publisher. During his academic period and during the Madrid spell of the 1890s he became a permanent collaborator of the unofficial Carlist press mouthpiece,
200:, grew to major landholders in the province and inter-married with other prestigious families like the Urquijos. Paternal grandfather of José Joaquín, José Joaquín Ampuero Maguna, settled in
36:
1285:, Salamanca 1995, ISBN 788474817997, p. 156; another list, with 18 companies named, in Rafael Ruzafa Ortega, J. Antonio Pérez, Francisco Javier Montón Martínez, Santiago de la Hoz,
2619:
464:, Ampuero was moderately involved when speaking in defense of religious orders or engaged in economic lobbying. He was also busy supporting the regionalist cause, not only for
626:
the great-great-great grandfather of Ampuero y del Río, Pedro Antonio Ventura de Ampuero Salcedo (grandson to Ampuero Ajo), married María Teresa de Urquijo Gutiérrez,
1759:
almost all Carlist great landholders in Biscay moved to Integrism in the 1880s, the exceptions were Ampuero Jaúregui and José Niceto de Urquizu, Javier Real Cuesta,
1202:
1193:
high executive of numerous companies, he became the target of gossip media also due to his marriage with a politician Cayetana Alvarez de Tolado, Vera Bercovitz,
408:. None of the sources consulted confirms engagement in party structures; however, in wake of Carlist conspiracy and few minor disturbances of late 1900, known as
284:. Also great-grandchildren form part of the Ampuero business dynasty and as such are present in the gossip media; this is the case e.g. of Joaquín Güell Ampuero.
1490:
full name Argentifera de Córdoba; the company exploited galena deposits, the source of silver, zinc and lead; in 1921 Ampuero was secretary of the board,
1062:
2639:
2504:
1937:
1842:
1344:
1007:
508:
emerged as the key party man in Biscay, tended to side with de Mella. In 1918 he was heavily inclined towards a broad right-wing coalition with the
465:
2459:
2218:
2188:
2131:
2040:
1877:
1826:
1810:
1622:
971:
955:
901:
2659:
2624:
2581:
2408:
2367:
2340:
812:
796:
697:
670:
302:
Ampuero del Rio was born to a family of economic tycoons; though for decades its wealth was related to exploitation of the mountains with their
276:. They had 3 children, born between 1906 and 1912; the best known was Casilda Ampuero Gandarias, the active Carlist herself who married general
866:
María de la Soledad married a Carlist politician and senator Manuel Lezama Leguizamón. Maria de la Concepción did not marry and died in 1919,
567:, which protested secularization policy, asked that Catholic rights be respected and religious orders be left unmolested. Ampuero died due to
2644:
855:
416:
terms, commencing in 1905 and 1909. Though in diputación he was engaged in various fields like education, he was best known as negotiator of
409:
532:
intransigence versus the restoration regime. Not particularly active during buildup of the Mellista party, he was missing during the grand
608:
481:
209:
182:
559:
has been declared, Ampuero did not resume his Traditionalist activities; he is not known as re-entering the united Carlist organization,
2609:
1182:
831:
716:
2542:
2489:
2293:
1768:
1657:
934:
2268:
2649:
2629:
240:. He completed his career with doctorado, gained in 1896 in both derecho and filosofía y letras. In the mid-1890s he settled in
461:
472:, hailed by the Biscay party organisation as their representative in Madrid. Together with other Basque Carlist leaders like
445:
2339:
Ampuero Jaúregui represented Gipuzkoa in the Senate in 1907-1907 and 1910-1911, see the official Senado service, available
1723:
2654:
2379:
1150:
1099:
913:
232:
career he pursued two paths, one in law and another in philosophy and letters. According to one source he studied law in
384:. Under his own name he provided local correspondence, wrote brief biographies of Traditionalist pundits, spoke against
246:
159:
2480:
Ampuero is not mentioned a single time in a monograph on Carlism during the Second Republic, compare Martin Blinkhorn,
1694:
560:
155:
188:
The first known representative of the family was Pedro Ampuero Ajo, who in 1704 integrated numerous possessions in
2094:
1956:
1026:
966:
in 1894 a “joven abogado” named Ampuero practiced as a lawyer, not only in Madrid but also in Palma de Mallorca,
417:
372:
2090:
755:
2634:
1222:
1162:
1080:
654:
634:
568:
513:
501:
477:
425:
1474:
the company exploited serpentine deposits in the province of Huelva; Ampuero co-founded the company in 1911,
460:
and independent candidates and was comfortably elected from his native Durango district. Member of the tiny,
1281:
one scholar arrived at a total of 21 management boards that Ampuero formed part of, Pedro Chalmeta Gendrón,
564:
556:
473:
296:
135:
1311:
990:
exact date of Ampuero's return to Durango is not clear; as late as 1897 he was still related to the Madrid
588:
525:
393:
277:
233:
143:
486:
441:
250:; it is not clear whether he practiced as a lawyer. At the turn of the centuries he returned to Biscay.
1607:
1270:
576:
331:
1560:
1495:
1042:
979:
312:
292:
2664:
2604:
1682:
1674:
1637:
1454:
1359:
1254:
1038:
736:
237:
2519:
2428:
some claimed that Ampuero tended to “confraternizar” with the Alfonsinos, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 195
2395:
2355:
2264:
2248:
2233:
2203:
2173:
2146:
2114:
2070:
2055:
2025:
2010:
1994:
1979:
1964:
1922:
1907:
1892:
1857:
1739:
1591:
1575:
1544:
1511:
1479:
1438:
1403:
1238:
1118:
923:
Derechos e intervención respectiva que al Estado y a la Iglesia corresponden en la enseñanza pública
918:
886:
871:
847:
2005:
in 1902 Ampuero was nominated member of Junta Provincial de Instrucción pública of the diputation,
1669:
e.g. Ampuero was president of the newly established Constructora Nacional de Maquinaria Eléctrica,
212:(1837-1917), inherited most of the wealth. Owner of at least 600 ha and devoted to agriculture and
457:
354:
he was among most prestigious Biscay entrepreneurs and there was a street named after him in the
326:(Minas de Alcaracejos, Coto Teuler, Argentífera). The largest railway firm he was engaged in was
208:
city council, holding also other county and provincial posts. His son and José Joaquín's father,
1233:
e.g. in 1906 Ampuero entered the management board of Compañía de los Ferrocarriles Vascongados,
367:
35:
2614:
2538:
2485:
2289:
1764:
1653:
930:
766:
Rafael Ruzafa Ortega, J. Antonio Pérez, Francisco Javier Montón Martínez, Santiago de la Hoz,
197:
178:
1792:
compare Real Cuesta 1985, pp. 29, 48, 49, 60-62, 71, 74-75, 146, 158, 214, 220, 221, and 252
497:
163:
1304:
Los inversos ferroviarios vizcaínos y su presencia en los negocios mineros españoles (1922)
431:
2560:
Los inversos ferroviarios vizcaínos y su presencia en los negocios mineros españoles (1922
2549:
La evolución de la oligarquía vizcaína, 1872-1936. Un intento de interpretación y síntesis
397:
319:
201:
139:
54:
1406:. Ampuero was one of key managers of the company, see Boletín Minero XI/122 (1932), p. 10
543:
1714:, another location related to Ampuero's entrepreneurial engagements, Gonzalo Garcival,
603:
385:
355:
273:
257:
167:
123:
81:
1302:
detailed review of personal interconnections, represented by Ampuero, in Olga Macías,
927:
Doctores en derecho por la Universidad Central. Catálogo de tesis doctorales 1847-1914
2598:
2419:
unlike de Mella, Ampuero did not refer to “genuine Right”, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 177
2271:, presents a different version and claims there were no differences, Conde de Arana,
572:
349:
In most companies Ampuero performed the supervisory role, representing institutional
281:
127:
253:
1660:; Ampuero is repeatedly mentioned in the book as the key shareholder of the company
665:
see e.g. the list of properties in Bilbao, inherited by his son, Ampuero Jaúregui,
451:
405:
350:
341:
228:
of Durango, provincial deputy, Cortes deputy (1881-1884), and senator (1907-1911).
213:
537:
807:
daughter of Antonio del Rio (from Albalejo) and Soledad de Aguero (from Madrid),
729:
Propiedad rústica en Vizcaya según el Registro de la Propiedad Expropiable (1933)
1697:(a fellow Mellista politician), was engaged on advice of Ampuero, Rodríguez 2015
536:
assembly of 1922; his last engagement noted was speaking at a Mellista rally in
392:
or even published poems, like the one dedicated to the new wife of Carlist king
2093:. Ampuero travelled to Trieste to attend the funeral together with his father,
2586:
994:, but in 1901 he was already elected from Durango to the provincial diputación
646:
sister, Eulalia de Maguna Ampuero. José Joaquín Ampuero Maguna was their son,
221:
1465:
the company exploited copper, pyrites and goethite in the province of Córdoba
946:
in 1898 Ampuero was referred to “compañero en la prensa” and collaborator of
689:
509:
469:
323:
193:
131:
842:
the younger brothers of José Joaquín were Antonio (who died in his youth,
563:. His only initiative was co-signing a 1931 letter addressed to president
667:
Expediente personal. Certificación del Registro de la Propiedad de Bilbao
598:
547:
533:
521:
303:
189:
151:
111:
2366:
see the Ampuero del Río entry at the official Senado service, available
2099:
Don Carlos de Borbón y de Austria-Este. Su vida, su carácter y su muerte
1801:
in 1898 Ampuero was named “compañero en la prensa” and collaborator of
809:
Ampuero del Río, José Joaquín. Expediente personal. Partida de Bautismo
694:
Ampuero del Río, José Joaquín. Expediente personal. Partida de Bautismo
593:
421:
335:
225:
147:
107:
236:, but another one claims that he obtained his first grades in 1891 in
1711:
1287:
Características y evolución de las elites en el País Vaco (1898-1923)
768:
Características y evolución de las elites en el País Vaco (1898-1923)
389:
318:
Ampuero's pivotal role was ensured by his membership in executive of
241:
217:
205:
69:
1249:
e.g. the insurance company La Polar, which he presided since 1906,
925:, was accepted at Universidad Central, Aurora Miguel Alonso (ed.),
571:
he suffered when returning from religious service for the souls of
134:
he held seats in executive bodies of some 30 companies, especially
2259:
in the press he quoted differences with the party leadership, see
1214:
ironworks in Durango, Murueta in Abadińo and Orobio in Erdikolea,
542:
496:
430:
366:
340:
291:
269:
261:
252:
177:
1693:
e.g. in case of the glass company Vidreras the new key engineer,
1506:
full name Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España,
1433:
full name Sociedad Española de Construcciones Electro-Mecánicas,
974:. In the early 1900s Ampuero was officially listed as “abogado”,
2407:
Ampuero del Río entry at the official Senado service, available
424:
in 1909 or hosting the party theorist and rising political star
1175:
La familia de Paco de Lucía: «Llevamos a Durango en el corazón»
1153:, in the 1990s vicepresident of Iberdrola and Banco de Bilbao,
1149:
one of the highest positioned representatives of the family is
2324:"La Gaceta del Norte", la espada laica de la Compañía de Jesús
1322:
Ampuero was one of the co-founders of the bank, Bercovits 2019
783:
see the official Congreso de los Diputados service, available
307:
1750:
Ruzafa Ortega, Pérez, Montón Martínez, de la Hoz 1992, p. 140
120:
José Joaquín Lucio Aurelio Ramón María de Ampuero y del Río
2577:
Ampuero at the official Congreso de los Diputados service
2378:
apart from Ampuero, the other Mellista in the Senate was
1524:
Tres opas ferrociarias en la epoca del directorio militar
1449:
full name Constructora Nacional de Maquinaria Eléctrica,
400:. As a young lecturer he gave conferences or represented
1602:
he was delegated to the board by the Biscay diputación,
1837:
e.g. in 1897 he published a brief biography of Pereda,
824:
100 años de la muerte de Jose Maria Ampuero ¿Quién fue?
709:
100 años de la muerte de Jose Maria Ampuero ¿Quién fue?
404:
at meetings with distinguished personalities, like the
692:. Ampuero Maguna married Genara Jaúregui Elguezabal,
2535:
El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política
2286:
El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política
489:
candidate from Durango, but eventually he withdrew.
244:and commenced co-operation with the Carlist daily,
103:
95:
87:
77:
62:
47:
21:
1586:he was delegated to the board by Banco de Bilbao,
2284:detailed lecture in Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín,
1726:; similarly, the name did not survive until today
1716:Un barrio del Perchel junto a los Picos de Europa
1045:, one of the founders of Altos Hornos de Vizcaya
850:) and Ramón, who tried his hand in letters, see
204:and as owner of numerous estates served in the
528:coup produced dissolution of the legislative.
448:to the lower house of the Cortes, he defeated
727:Luisa Utanda Moreno, Francisco Feo Parrondo,
449:
126:businessman and politician. As member of the
8:
1265:this was the case of Ferrocarril de Triano,
1195:Lo más catalan de Cayetana Alvarez de Toledo
2620:Members of the Congress of Deputies (Spain)
2157:see the official Cortes service, available
1780:see the official Cortes service, available
1677:; similarly, he was president of La Polar,
795:see the official Senate service, available
388:tide at the universities, defended Basque
224:business. A zealous Carlist, he served as
18:
196:. One branch of the Ampueros settled in
1219:Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio
1077:Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio
976:Insitutciones y Dependencias del Estado
651:Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio
631:Archivo de la Fundación Sancho El Sabio
619:
2582:Ampuero at the official Senate service
2382:from Alava, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 175
2267:. However, the Biscay Carlist leader,
2482:Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939
1868:e.g. in 1894 in a Carlist periodical
338:. and other branches by Basauri S.A.
7:
2553:Ekonomiaz: Revista vasca de economía
371:Ampuero among Basque negotiators of
1130:Entrevista a Casilda Varela Ampuero
1043:Juan Tomás de Gandarias y Durañona
16:Spanish businessman and politician
14:
2590:, contemporary Carlist propaganda
1283:Cultura y culturas en la historia
142:. As politician he supported the
2640:Spanish financial businesspeople
1528:IV Congreso Historia Ferroviaria
1381:blog blocked by Knowledge (XXG))
1235:Gaceta de los Caminos del Hierro
1140:blog blocked by Knowledge (XXG))
154:. In 1901-1913 he served in the
34:
2446:Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 237-241
1872:he wrote an article on fueros,
1679:El Financiero Hispano-Americano
1588:Gaceta de los Caminos de Hierro
1572:Gaceta de los Caminos de Hierro
1476:El Financiero Hispano-Americano
1356:El Financiero Hispano-Americano
1251:El Financiero Hispano-Americano
921:. His law dissertation, titled
2660:University of Salamanca alumni
2625:Members of the Senate of Spain
1706:Eduardo J. Alonso Olea (ed.),
1522:Pedro Fernández Díaz Sarabia,
1151:José Domingo de Ampuero y Osma
150:and after 1919 as a breakaway
23:José Joaquín Ampuero y del Río
1:
2533:Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín,
2007:Gaceta de Instrucción Pública
1953:Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
1949:Ampuero del Río, José Joaquín
1159:Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
811:, Senado service, available
752:Aunamendi Eusko Entziklopedia
696:, Senado service, available
669:, Senado service, available
2645:19th-century Spanish lawyers
2398:, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 175
2392:La Correspondencia de España
2037:La Correspondencia de España
1424:Macías 2005, p. 5 and passim
1111:Pedro de Ampuero y Gandarias
1092:José María Ampuero Gandarias
830:service 13.03.17, available
748:Ampuero Jáuregui, José María
735:19 (1996), available online
715:service 13.03.17, available
2273:Fraternidad vasco-historica
1761:El Carlismo Vasco 1876-1900
1059:Patrimonio Cultural Ondarea
609:José María Ampuero Jáuregui
412:, he was briefly detained.
328:Caminos de Hierro del Norte
210:José María Ampuero Jáuregui
2681:
2610:Basque Carlist politicians
2437:Andrés Martín 2000, p. 177
2304:Andrés Martín 2000, p. 142
1155:Ampuero Osma, José Domingo
1019:Casilda Gandarias Durañona
575:, killed during so-called
166:, and in 1919–1923 in the
2555:54 (2003), pp. 12–27
2313:ndrés Martín 2000, p. 166
462:9-member Carlist minority
450:
313:Gandarias Durañona family
162:, the lower house of the
160:Congreso de los Diputados
130:industrial and financial
28:
2275:, Bilbao 1921, pp. 83-84
1557:Anuario de Ferrocarriles
1216:Archivo Familiar Ampuero
1074:Archivo Familiar Ampuero
648:Archivo Familiar Ampuero
628:Archivo Familiar Ampuero
569:intracerebral hemorrhage
561:Comunión Tradicionalista
2650:Spanish Roman Catholics
2630:Politicians from Bilbao
2101:, Valencia 1909, p. 194
2083:La muerte de Don Carlos
1508:Los Transported Ferreos
1371:Altos Hornos de Vizcaya
1039:Pedro Pascual Gandarias
577:Sucesos de Castilblanco
482:marqués de Valde-Espina
297:Altos Hornos de Vizcaya
136:Altos Hornos de Vizcaya
2095:Manuel Polo y Peyrolón
1291:Historia contemporánea
772:Historia contemporánea
551:
504:
436:
376:
346:
299:
264:
185:
2588:Por Dios y por España
1494:1921-1922, available
1492:Anuario Garciceballos
1400:La Industria Nacional
1310:10 (2005), available
546:
500:
434:
426:Juan Vázquez de Mella
370:
344:
295:
256:
181:
2655:University of Deusto
2518:08.01.32, available
2503:03.07.31, available
2458:27.07.23, available
2394:15.06.19, available
2354:03.01.21, available
2263:23.02.18, available
2247:18.02.18, available
2232:24.01.18, available
2217:27.04.16, available
2202:27.01.17, available
2187:29.06.16, available
2172:05.10.16, available
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2113:27.07.11, available
2089:12.07.09, available
2069:02.03.07, available
2054:08.01.32, available
2039:14.12.08, available
2024:08.01.32, available
2009:30.07.02, available
1993:18.10.08, available
1978:21.03.05, available
1963:15.03.01. available
1936:04.11.00, available
1921:28.05.94, available
1906:02.06.94, available
1891:22.05.95, available
1876:15.06.94, available
1856:10.02.97, available
1841:22.02.97, available
1825:19.07.95, available
1809:16.05.98, available
1807:Noticiero Salmantino
1738:20.03.29, available
1722:08.02.15, available
1708:Bilbao y sus barrios
1681:19.10.06, available
1673:27.06.30, available
1648:Fernando Rodríguez,
1636:13.06.30, available
1621:06.04.18, available
1590:16.11.06, available
1574:16.11.06, available
1555:Macías 2005, p. 13,
1543:25.05.18, available
1510:24.02.20, available
1478:20.10.11, available
1453:27.06.30, available
1437:16.03.22, available
1402:30.04.20, available
1390:Macías 2005, pp. 5-6
1358:19.10.06, available
1343:19.01.30, available
1253:19.10.06, available
1237:16.11.06, available
1201:16.04.19, available
1181:27.05.17, available
1037:she was daughter to
1006:21.07.03, available
970:12.04.94, available
954:16.05.98, available
952:Noticiero Salmantino
917:30.05.96, available
900:23.06.91, available
885:08.01.32, available
870:05.05.19, available
846:08.06.01, available
565:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
550:meeting, early 1920s
2547:Pablo Díaz Morlán,
1415:Macías 2005 pp. 5-6
1221:, available online
1161:service, available
1117:service, available
1098:service, available
1079:, available online
1061:service, available
1025:service, available
854:service, available
754:service, available
688:service, available
682:Calle de la Lotería
653:, available online
633:, available online
418:Concierto Económico
373:Concierto Economico
2484:, Cambridge 2008,
2330:51/1 (2003), p. 58
2322:José Luis Orella,
1823:La Lealtad Navarra
1619:El Correo de Cádiz
1377:service 28.06.16 (
1341:La Voz de Asturias
552:
505:
458:Basque nationalist
437:
377:
347:
330:; others included
300:
265:
186:
158:, in 1916–1918 in
146:cause, first as a
122:(1872–1932) was a
99:business, politics
2380:Antonio Mazarrasa
2230:El Correo Español
2170:El Correo Español
2143:Heraldo de Madrid
2128:El Eco de Navarra
2111:El Correo Español
2067:El Correo Español
1976:El Correo Español
1961:El Correo Español
1919:El Correo Español
1904:El Correo Español
1889:El Correo Español
1854:El Correo Español
1331:Macías 2005, p. 7
992:El Correo Español
868:El Correo Español
844:El Correo Español
382:El Correo Español
288:Business oligarch
272:, to be known as
247:El Correo Español
156:Biscay diputación
117:
116:
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1279:
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978:1904, available
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774:8 (1992), p. 133
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573:guardias civiles
502:Vázquez de Mella
455:
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435:Carlist standard
174:Family and youth
38:
19:
2680:
2679:
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2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2635:Spanish bankers
2595:
2594:
2573:
2537:, Madrid 2000,
2530:
2528:Further reading
2525:
2516:El Siglo Futuro
2514:
2510:
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2052:El Siglo Futuro
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2022:El Siglo Futuro
2020:
2016:
2004:
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1775:
1763:, Madrid 1985,
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1734:
1730:
1705:
1701:
1695:Marcelino Oreja
1692:
1688:
1668:
1664:
1652:, Bilbao 2015,
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1379:Landaburumiguel
1369:
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1136:blog 23.07.18 (
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929:, Madrid 2018,
911:
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883:El Siglo Futuro
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398:Berthe de Rohán
365:
320:Banco de Bilbao
290:
274:Palacio Ampuero
258:Palacio Ampuero
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140:Banco de Bilbao
104:Political party
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55:Durango, Biscay
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2571:External links
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2501:Heraldo Alaves
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1911:
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1530:(2006), p. 18
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710:
705:
702:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
678:
675:
672:
668:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:
642:
639:
636:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
549:
545:
541:
539:
535:
529:
527:
523:
517:
515:
511:
503:
499:
492:
490:
488:
483:
479:
478:Julián Elorza
475:
471:
468:but also for
467:
463:
459:
453:
447:
443:
433:
429:
427:
423:
419:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
374:
369:
362:
360:
357:
352:
343:
339:
337:
336:Vidrieras S.A
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
309:
305:
298:
294:
287:
285:
283:
282:Paco de Lucia
279:
275:
271:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
248:
243:
239:
235:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
184:
180:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
113:
109:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
71:
65:
61:
56:
50:
46:
37:
27:
20:
2587:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2534:
2515:
2511:
2500:
2496:
2481:
2476:
2466:
2455:
2451:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2387:
2374:
2362:
2351:
2347:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2309:
2300:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2260:
2255:
2244:
2240:
2229:
2225:
2214:
2210:
2200:El Imparcial
2199:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2169:
2165:
2153:
2142:
2138:
2127:
2121:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2006:
2001:
1991:El Imparcial
1990:
1986:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1955:, available
1952:
1948:
1944:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1903:
1899:
1888:
1884:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1833:
1822:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1788:
1776:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1735:
1731:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1702:
1689:
1678:
1670:
1665:
1649:
1644:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1614:
1603:
1598:
1587:
1582:
1571:
1567:
1556:
1551:
1540:
1539:since 1918,
1535:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1507:
1502:
1491:
1486:
1475:
1470:
1461:
1450:
1445:
1434:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1266:
1261:
1250:
1245:
1234:
1229:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1198:
1194:
1189:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1033:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1003:
999:
991:
986:
975:
967:
962:
951:
947:
942:
926:
922:
914:El Imparcial
912:
908:
897:
893:
882:
878:
867:
862:
851:
843:
838:
827:
823:
819:
808:
803:
791:
779:
771:
767:
762:
751:
747:
743:
732:
728:
723:
712:
708:
704:
693:
685:
681:
677:
666:
661:
650:
647:
641:
630:
627:
622:
553:
530:
518:
514:nationalists
506:
438:
414:
410:La Octubrada
406:papal nuncio
401:
381:
378:
351:shareholders
348:
317:
301:
266:
245:
230:
214:horticulture
187:
119:
118:
2665:1932 deaths
2605:1872 births
2215:El Porvenir
1959:; see also
1199:Vanity Fair
1138:Jotaelehaqq
686:Bilbaopedia
466:Vascongadas
278:José Varela
91:businessman
78:Nationality
2599:Categories
1934:La Atalaya
1839:La Atalaya
1720:Diario Sur
1115:Geneallnet
898:El Fomento
510:Alfonsists
394:Carlos VII
222:metallurgy
88:Occupation
2566:10 (2005)
2087:El Correo
1874:El Aralar
1803:El Correo
1736:La Nación
1435:La Acción
1375:Landaburu
1179:El Correo
968:El Isleño
948:El Correo
828:Gerediaga
713:Gerediaga
615:Footnotes
540:in 1923.
538:Mondragón
470:Catalonia
428:in 1911.
402:El Correo
324:Andalusia
238:Salamanca
194:mayorazgo
192:into one
132:oligarchy
2615:Carlists
2352:La Epoca
2261:La Epoca
2185:La Rioja
1951:entry,
1870:El Basco
1821:compare
1771:, p. 252
1157:entry,
1113:entry,
1094:entry,
1057:entry,
1023:Geneanet
1021:entry,
937:, p. 396
852:AbeBooks
750:entry,
733:Lurralde
684:entry,
599:Mellismo
583:See also
557:Republic
548:Mellista
534:Zaragoza
522:Gipuzkoa
493:Mellista
487:Jaimista
442:Jaimista
345:Basconia
332:La Robla
304:chestnut
190:Asturias
152:Mellista
112:Mellismo
2328:Aportes
1650:Vidrala
594:Carlism
452:datista
444:in the
422:Trieste
363:Carlist
226:alcalde
202:Durango
148:Carlist
124:Spanish
108:Carlism
82:Spanish
72:, Spain
57:, Spain
2541:
2488:
2292:
2245:El Sol
1767:
1712:Sabero
1656:
1541:El Sol
933:
390:fueros
375:, 1906
356:Zabala
242:Madrid
234:Deusto
218:mining
206:Bilbao
198:Biscay
183:father
168:Senate
164:Cortes
128:Basque
70:Bilbao
270:Getxo
262:Getxo
2564:AEHE
2562:),
2539:ISBN
2520:here
2505:here
2486:ISBN
2460:here
2409:here
2396:here
2368:here
2356:here
2341:here
2290:ISBN
2265:here
2249:here
2234:here
2219:here
2204:here
2189:here
2174:here
2159:here
2147:here
2132:here
2115:here
2091:here
2071:here
2056:here
2041:here
2026:here
2011:here
1995:here
1980:here
1965:here
1957:here
1938:here
1923:here
1908:here
1893:here
1878:here
1858:here
1843:here
1827:here
1811:here
1782:here
1765:ISBN
1740:here
1724:here
1683:here
1675:here
1654:ISBN
1638:here
1623:here
1608:here
1592:here
1576:here
1561:here
1545:here
1512:here
1496:here
1480:here
1455:here
1439:here
1404:here
1360:here
1345:here
1312:here
1308:AEHE
1271:here
1255:here
1239:here
1223:here
1203:here
1183:here
1163:here
1134:Haqq
1119:here
1100:here
1096:Geni
1081:here
1063:here
1027:here
1008:here
980:here
972:here
956:here
931:ISBN
919:here
902:here
887:here
872:here
856:here
848:here
832:here
813:here
797:here
785:here
756:here
737:here
717:here
698:here
690:here
671:here
655:here
635:here
512:and
306:and
220:and
138:and
66:1932
63:Died
51:1872
48:Born
2551:,
2471:160
2326:,
2085:,
1718:,
1526:,
1373:,
1306:,
1289:,
1197:,
1177:,
1132:,
826:,
770:,
731:,
711:,
480:or
308:oak
268:in
2601::
2097:,
1805:,
950:,
579:.
476:,
456:,
396:,
260:,
170:.
110:,
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