220:
351:
189:
359:
57:
319:
392:
The
Mexican writer Rius Facius rediscovered the testimony of the inspection of Obregón's corpse carried out by a doctor. The testimony stated that the body had bullet holes of different calibers, which suggested that more than one weapon was used to assassinate Obregón. This led to the theory that
337:
León Toral was arrested immediately and pleaded guilty, claiming that he killed Obregón to facilitate the establishment of the
Kingdom of Christ. Mother Conchita was also arrested and received a 20-year prison sentence but was pardoned after serving 13 years; she eventually married Carlos Castro
935:
Married. The instigator of
Mexican President-Elect Alvaro Obregón's assassination, an ex-nun, Maria Concepcion Acevedo y de la Lata (TIME, July 30, 1928); to Desperado Carlos Castro Balda, convicted of attempting to blow up the Mexican Chamber of
334:, and showed them to Obregón, who told him the caricatures were well done and suggested that he should continue. When Obregón turned to sit down, León Toral drew a gun and shot him five or six times in the back, killing him instantly.
290:
enacted a law permitting only a single priest to serve all of the state's
Catholics. To help enforce the law, Calles seized church property; expelled all foreign priests; and closed the monasteries, convents, and religious schools.
279:, which provided for the execution of priests and other individuals who violated provisions of the 1917 Constitution. Wearing clerical garb in public outside church buildings was punishable by a fine of 500
413:
Requisitoria Del
Ministerio Público Y Alegatos De Los Defensores En El Jurado De José De León Toral Y Concepción Acevedo Y De La Llata : Reos Del Delito De Homicidio Proditorio Del General Alvaro Obregón
248:
1083:
988:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales; Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México.
682:(in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales; Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México.
1113:
1009:
646:
601:
532:
501:
1118:
310:, also known as 'Madre Conchita' or Mother Conchita, he decided to assassinate Obregón, whom he blamed for the government's persecution against Catholics.
1098:
441:
294:
Obregón had been more lenient to
Catholics during his time in office, but the Cristeros and almost everyone else believed that Calles was merely his
993:
914:
862:
714:
687:
481:
326:
On 17 July 1928, two weeks after Obregón had been re-elected as president, León Toral, a sketch artist, entered La
Bombilla restaurant in
330:, where a party honoring Obregón was under way. Disguised as a caricaturist, he drew caricatures of Obregón, the orchestra director, and
283:, then approximately US$ 250. A priest who criticized the government could be imprisoned for five years with no right to trial by jury.
20:
793:
406:
El Jurado De Toral Y La Madre
Conchita : Lo Que Se Dijo Y Lo Que No Se Dijo En El Sensacional Juicio : Versión Taquigráfica Textual
1088:
1078:
952:
1093:
764:
306:, were executed after they had falsely been accused of plotting to assassinate Obregón. Allegedly incited by a Catholic nun,
1034:
393:
although José de León Toral undoubtedly fired one weapon, he was not the only one, and there were other shooters as well.
1073:
339:
307:
1103:
243:
and witnessed
General Obregón closing churches and arresting priests who were suspected of supporting ex-President
837:
272:
117:
1108:
252:
331:
810:
376:
318:
268:
384:(Long Live Christ the King!), the battle cry of the Cristeros. He was buried in the Spanish Pantheon.
1068:
1063:
204:
138:
208:
922:
870:
299:
948:
884:
627:
558:
240:
176:
730:
232:
84:
888:
754:
989:
818:
789:
760:
710:
683:
658:
619:
550:
513:
477:
287:
244:
609:
540:
471:
442:"The Revolution on Trial: Assassination, Christianity, and the Rule of Law in 1920s Mexico"
219:
614:
545:
1010:"El atentado dinamitero en la Cámara de Diputados que hasta "detuvo" el tiempo en 1928"
779:
200:
350:
188:
1057:
631:
562:
367:
295:
960:
371:
280:
256:
27:
983:
677:
327:
704:
577:"Álvaro Obregón : ranchero, caudillo, empresario y político | WorldCat.org"
236:
127:
102:
358:
303:
276:
160:
822:
662:
623:
554:
517:
576:
228:
80:
783:
1035:"Madera Tribune 13 October 1928 — California Digital Newspaper Collection"
985:
El asesinato de Alvaro Obregón : la conspiración y la madre
Conchita
811:"La madre Conchita: ¿autora intelectual del asesinato de Álvaro Obregón?"
742:
679:
El asesinato de Alvaro Obregón : la conspiración y la madre Conchita
148:
647:"Mártires abandonados: militancia católica, memoria y olvido en México"
502:"Mártires abandonados: militancia católica, memoria y olvido en México"
56:
31:
166:
106:
357:
349:
317:
218:
187:
785:
Mexico: Biography of Power: A History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996
411:
León Toral, José de, and Concepción Acevedo y de la Llata. 1928.
404:
León Toral, José de, and Concepción Acevedo y de la Llata. 1929.
354:
Trial of José de León Toral with annotation made by the accused.
362:
José de León Toral right before being executed by firing squad.
706:
The Last Caudillo: Alvaro Obregón and the Mexican Revolution
251:, which opposed the governments of Obregón (1920–1924) and
602:"La imagen sacra. Fotohagiografía de José de León Toral"
533:"La imagen sacra. Fotohagiografía de José de León Toral"
756:
The Other Mexico: The North American Triangle Completed
606:
Estudios de historia moderna y contemporánea de México
537:
Estudios de historia moderna y contemporánea de México
199:(December 23, 1900 – February 9, 1929) was a Mexican
249:
National League for the Defense of Religious Freedom
286:Some states enacted even more oppressive measures.
172:
158:
144:
133:
123:
113:
91:
66:
47:
235:, into a family of Catholic miners. He moved to
38: and the second or maternal family name is
774:
772:
298:. In 1927, two of León Toral's friends, Frs.
255:, and he reportedly was also involved in the
192:José de León Toral in prison during his trial
8:
16:Assassin of Mexican president Álvaro Obregón
415:. México: Talleres Gráficos de la Nación.
55:
44:
1084:People executed by Mexico by firing squad
743:Mexico, Religion U.S. Library of Congress
613:
544:
476:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
408:. Mexico, D.F: publisher not identified.
19:For other people named José de León, see
955:[Mother Conchita and abortion].
645:López Menéndez, Marisol (October 2017).
500:López Menéndez, Marisol (October 2017).
430:
838:"Semblanza del General Álvaro Obregón"
600:Fajardo Tapia, David (December 2021).
531:Fajardo Tapia, David (December 2021).
374:on Saturday, February 9, 1929 in the
7:
1114:People convicted of murder by Mexico
759:p. 27 (1995 Black Rose Books, Ltd);
615:10.22201/iih.24485004e.2021.62.77455
546:10.22201/iih.24485004e.2021.62.77455
495:
493:
465:
463:
461:
436:
434:
366:José de León Toral was sentenced to
275:greatly expanded in 1926 under the
1119:Mexican people convicted of murder
869:. 12 November 1928. Archived from
420:Memorias De María Toral De De León
267:During the Calles administration,
14:
921:. 5 November 1934. Archived from
836:Gobierno de la Ciudad de México.
422:ed. México: Editorial Tradición.
1099:People of the Mexican Revolution
891:[Castro Balda confess].
863:"MEXICO: Ladies & Gentlemen"
982:Ramírez Rancaño, Mario (2014).
953:"La madre Conchita y el aborto"
809:Rancaño, Mario Ramírez (2012).
731:THE CRISTERO REBELLION – PART 1
703:Buchenau, Jürgen (2011-02-04).
676:Ramírez Rancaño, Mario (2014).
418:Toral de De León, Maria. 1972.
308:Concepción Acevedo de la Llata
1:
21:José de León (disambiguation)
959:(in Spanish). Archived from
817:(in Catalan) (64): 127–144.
608:(in Spanish) (62): 123–150.
539:(in Spanish) (62): 123–150.
30:, the first or paternal
788:. New York: HarperCollins.
470:Weis, Robert (2019-08-29).
340:Mexican Chamber of Deputies
1135:
915:"Milestones, Nov. 5, 1934"
889:"Castro Balda se confiesa"
25:
18:
842:Delegación Álvaro Obregón
709:. John Wiley & Sons.
273:Catholic Church in Mexico
247:. In 1920, he joined the
209:president elect of Mexico
203:who assassinated General
182:
154:
118:Execution by firing squad
54:
1089:Mexican Roman Catholics
1079:Executed Mexican people
338:Balda, a bomber of the
227:León Toral was born in
473:For Christ and Country
380:. His last words were
363:
355:
323:
224:
193:
1094:People from Matehuala
873:on November 21, 2010.
377:Palacio de Lecumberri
361:
353:
322:One of Toral sketches
321:
269:religious persecution
253:Plutarco Elías Calles
222:
191:
61:de León Toral in 1928
925:on November 25, 2010
815:Boletín Americanista
949:Zabludovsky, Jacobo
885:Zabludovsky, Jacobo
733:Mexico Connect 1996
651:Sociedad y religión
506:Sociedad y religión
446:read.dukeupress.edu
114:Cause of death
1074:Executed assassins
364:
356:
324:
241:Mexican Revolution
225:
223:Toral in his youth
197:José de León Toral
194:
49:José de León Toral
1104:Mexican assassins
995:978-607-02-5394-2
753:Warnock, John W.
716:978-1-4443-9718-5
689:978-607-02-5394-2
483:978-1-108-49302-4
388:Conspiracy theory
382:¡Viva Cristo Rey!
245:Victoriano Huerta
186:
185:
77:December 23, 1900
1126:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1006:
1000:
999:
979:
973:
972:
970:
968:
963:on 17 April 2009
951:(9 April 2007).
945:
939:
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911:
905:
904:
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900:
887:(15 July 2013).
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597:
591:
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588:
587:
581:www.worldcat.org
573:
567:
566:
548:
528:
522:
521:
497:
488:
487:
467:
456:
455:
453:
452:
438:
370:and executed by
173:Criminal penalty
163:
98:
95:February 9, 1929
76:
74:
59:
45:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1109:Christ the King
1054:
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400:Primary Sources
396:
390:
348:
316:
265:
233:San Luis Potosí
217:
159:
145:Criminal status
109:
100:
96:
87:
85:San Luis Potosí
78:
72:
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62:
50:
43:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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828:
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780:Enrique Krauze
768:
746:
735:
722:
715:
695:
688:
668:
657:(48): 97–129.
637:
592:
568:
523:
512:(48): 97–129.
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427:
424:
401:
398:
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386:
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205:Álvaro Obregón
201:Roman Catholic
184:
183:
180:
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170:
169:
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156:
155:
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151:
146:
142:
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139:Álvaro Obregón
137:Assassinating
135:
134:Known for
131:
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111:
110:
101:
99:(aged 28)
93:
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978:
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795:9780060163259
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378:
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368:death penalty
360:
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343:
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335:
333:
329:
320:
314:Assassination
313:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:puppet leader
292:
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161:Conviction(s)
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94:
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69:
65:
58:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
1042:. Retrieved
1039:cdnc.ucr.edu
1038:
1029:
1018:. Retrieved
1016:(in Spanish)
1014:El Universal
1013:
1004:
984:
977:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
957:El Universal
956:
943:
934:
927:. Retrieved
923:the original
918:
909:
897:. Retrieved
895:(in Spanish)
893:El Universal
892:
879:
871:the original
866:
857:
845:. Retrieved
841:
831:
814:
804:
784:
755:
749:
738:
725:
705:
698:
678:
671:
654:
650:
640:
605:
595:
584:. Retrieved
580:
571:
536:
526:
509:
505:
472:
449:. Retrieved
445:
419:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
395:
391:
381:
375:
372:firing squad
365:
336:
325:
293:
285:
266:
257:Cristero War
226:
196:
195:
97:(1929-02-09)
39:
35:
28:Spanish name
1069:1929 deaths
1064:1900 births
332:Aarón Sáenz
239:during the
237:Mexico City
211:, in 1928.
128:Illustrator
103:Mexico City
1058:Categories
1044:2020-11-19
1020:2023-07-17
765:1551640287
729:Tuck, Jim
586:2023-07-15
451:2023-07-15
426:References
304:Miguel Pro
277:Calles Law
263:Background
215:Early life
124:Occupation
73:1900-12-23
823:2014-993X
663:1853-7081
632:240806628
624:0185-2620
563:240806628
555:0185-2620
518:1853-7081
346:Execution
328:San Ángel
288:Chihuahua
229:Matehuala
81:Matehuala
936:Deputies
782:(1997).
300:Humberto
149:Executed
26:In this
967:16 July
929:16 July
899:16 July
847:19 July
271:of the
207:, then-
36:de León
32:surname
992:
821:
792:
763:
713:
686:
661:
630:
622:
561:
553:
516:
480:
167:Murder
107:Mexico
628:S2CID
559:S2CID
281:pesos
177:Death
40:Toral
990:ISBN
969:2013
931:2013
919:Time
901:2013
867:Time
849:2018
819:ISSN
790:ISBN
761:ISBN
711:ISBN
684:ISBN
659:ISSN
620:ISSN
551:ISSN
514:ISSN
478:ISBN
302:and
92:Died
67:Born
610:doi
541:doi
34:is
1060::
1037:.
1012:.
933:.
917:.
865:.
840:.
813:.
771:^
655:27
653:.
649:.
626:.
618:.
604:.
579:.
557:.
549:.
535:.
510:27
508:.
504:.
492:^
460:^
444:.
433:^
342:.
259:.
231:,
105:,
83:,
1047:.
1023:.
998:.
971:.
903:.
851:.
825:.
798:.
719:.
692:.
665:.
634:.
612::
589:.
565:.
543::
520:.
486:.
454:.
75:)
71:(
42:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
