144:; if a crash occurs between steps 2 and 3, then the blocks previously used by the file cannot be used for new files, effectively decreasing the storage capacity of the file system. Re-arranging the steps does not help, either. If step 3 preceded step 1, a crash between them could allow the file's blocks to be reused for a new file, meaning the partially deleted file would contain part of the contents of another file, and modifications to either file would show up in both. On the other hand, if step 2 preceded step 1, a crash between them would cause the file to be inaccessible, despite appearing to exist.
332:) avoid in-place changes to file data by writing out the data in newly allocated blocks, followed by updated metadata that would point to the new data and disown the old, followed by metadata pointing to that, and so on up to the superblock, or the root of the file system hierarchy. This has the same correctness-preserving properties as a journal, without the write-twice overhead.
155:(the file system checker). This must typically be done before the file system is next mounted for read-write access. If the file system is large and if there is relatively little I/O bandwidth, this can take a long time and result in longer downtimes if it blocks the rest of the system from coming back online.
292:: they order their writes in such a way that the on-disk file system is never inconsistent, or that the only inconsistency that can be created in the event of a crash is a storage leak. To recover from these leaks, the free space map is reconciled against a full walk of the file system at next mount. This
258:
or some similar scheme) to maximize throughput. To avoid an out-of-order write hazard with a metadata-only journal, writes for file data must be sorted so that they are committed to storage before their associated metadata. This can be tricky to implement because it requires coordination within the
200:
logs an advance copy of every block that will later be written to the main file system. If there is a crash when the main file system is being written to, the write can simply be replayed to completion when the file system is next mounted. If there is a crash when the write is being logged to the
262:
To complicate matters, many mass storage devices have their own write caches, in which they may aggressively reorder writes for better performance. (This is particularly common on magnetic hard drives, which have large seek latencies that can be minimized with elevator sorting.) Some journaling
158:
To prevent this, a journaled file system allocates a special area—the journal—in which it records the changes it will make ahead of time. After a crash, recovery simply involves reading the journal from the file system and replaying changes from this journal until the file system is consistent
224:
in the journal, and trades fault tolerance for substantially better write performance. A file system with a logical journal still recovers quickly after a crash, but may allow unjournaled file data and journaled metadata to fall out of sync with each other, causing data corruption.
171:
Some file systems allow the journal to grow, shrink and be re-allocated just as a regular file, while others put the journal in a contiguous area or a hidden file that is guaranteed not to move or change size while the file system is mounted. Some file systems may also allow
259:
operating system kernel between the file system driver and write cache. An out-of-order write hazard can also occur if a device cannot write blocks immediately to its underlying storage, that is, it cannot flush its write-cache to disk due to deferred write being enabled.
70:, resulting in improved performance at the expense of increased possibility for data corruption. Alternatively, a journaling file system may track both stored data and related metadata, while some implementations allow selectable behavior in this regard.
163:(not divisible) in that they either succeed (succeeded originally or are replayed completely during recovery), or are not replayed at all (are skipped because they had not yet been completely written to the journal before the crash occurred).
188:) bracket every change logged with a checksum, on the understanding that a crash would leave a partially written change with a missing (or mismatched) checksum that can simply be ignored when replaying the journal at next remount.
86:
3.1 as one of the first UNIX commercial filesystems that implemented journaling. The next year the idea was popularized in a widely cited paper on log-structured file systems. This was subsequently implemented in
Microsoft's
180:
or battery-backed non-volatile RAM. Changes to the journal may themselves be journaled for additional redundancy, or the journal may be distributed across multiple physical volumes to protect against device failure.
263:
file systems conservatively assume such write-reordering always takes place, and sacrifice performance for correctness by forcing the device to flush its cache at certain points in the journal (called barriers in
115:
Updating file systems to reflect changes to files and directories usually requires many separate write operations. This makes it possible for an interruption (like a power failure or system
603:
246:
In a metadata-only journal, step 3 would not be logged. If step 3 was not done, but steps 1 and 2 are replayed during recovery, the file will be appended with garbage.
2073:
184:
The internal format of the journal must guard against crashes while the journal itself is being written to. Many journal implementations (such as the JBD2 layer in
665:
2020:
401:
59:. In the event of a system crash or power failure, such file systems can be brought back online more quickly with a lower likelihood of becoming
729:
704:
2349:
2320:
293:
1961:
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435:
1951:
1122:
931:
312:
the file system: it occupies the entire storage device and is structured so that it can be traversed as would a normal file system.
1573:
2124:
2068:
1239:
961:
921:
2043:
2013:
592:
2535:
2236:
2134:
566:
File
Systems from Tanenbaum, A.S. (2008). Modern operating systems (3rd ed., pp. 287). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
148:
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2109:
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1956:
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2006:
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1134:
724:
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346:
305:
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490:
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467:
395:
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372:
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204:
Physical journals impose a significant performance penalty because every changed block must be committed
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2251:
2153:
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201:
journal, the partial write will have a missing or mismatched checksum and can be ignored at next mount.
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1982:
1943:
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1388:
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1987:
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52:
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1977:
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255:
66:
Depending on the actual implementation, a journaling file system may only keep track of stored
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140:
If a crash occurs after step 1 and before step 2, there will be an orphaned inode and hence a
116:
79:
31:
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1168:
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321:
17:
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1212:
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1117:
1097:
658:"Journaling Versus Soft Updates: Asynchronous Meta-data Protection in File Systems"
289:
239:
The free space map, to mark out an allocation of space for the to-be-appended data.
141:
56:
51:'s main part by recording the goal of such changes in a data structure known as a "
491:"Evolution of storage facilities in AIX Version 3 for RISC System/6000 processors"
489:
Chang, A.; Mergen, M.F.; Rader, R.K.; Roberts, J.A.; Porter, S.L. (January 1990),
2426:
2408:
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2171:
1614:
713:
147:
Detecting and recovering from such inconsistencies normally requires a complete
48:
44:
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356:
208:
to storage, but may be acceptable when absolute fault protection is required.
88:
2363:
2270:
2196:
2161:
1847:
1588:
1466:
1197:
1065:
1060:
119:) between writes to leave data structures in an invalid intermediate state.
2492:
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1609:
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1367:
1192:
1048:
941:
894:
788:
591:
Prabhakaran, Vijayan; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C; Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H,
351:
221:
122:
For example, deleting a file on a Unix file system involves three steps:
96:
67:
509:
425:
Arpaci-Dusseau, Remzi H.; Arpaci-Dusseau, Andrea C. (January 21, 2014),
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228:
For example, appending to a file may involve three separate writes to:
254:
The write cache in most operating systems sorts its writes (using the
1629:
1538:
1533:
1337:
1038:
459:
1998:
308:, the write-twice penalty does not apply because the journal itself
629:
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104:
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2002:
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The newly allocated space, to actually write the appended data.
2472:
1164:
1144:
1033:
935:
325:
83:
236:, to note in the file's metadata that its size has increased.
531:. ACM 13th Annual Symposium on Operating Systems Principles.
525:
136:
Returning all disk blocks to the pool of free disk blocks.
576:
Tweedie, Stephen (2000), "Ext3, journaling filesystem",
656:
Seltzer, Margo I; Ganger, Gregory R; McKusick, M Kirk,
288:
implementations avoid journaling and instead implement
151:
of its data structures, for example by a tool such as
522:
Rosembaum, Mendel; Ousterhout, John (February 1991).
47:
that keeps track of changes not yet committed to the
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2402:
2348:
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2205:
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2143:
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2036:
1970:
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1703:
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1602:
1497:
1402:
1328:
1268:
1211:
1178:
745:
593:"Analysis and Evolution of Journaling File Systems"
389:
387:
2014:
698:
8:
364: – a file system made by IBM
2241:
2149:
2021:
2007:
1999:
1785:
1501:
1265:
751:
705:
691:
683:
578:Proceedings of the Ottawa Linux Symposium
420:
418:
397:Anatomy of Linux journaling file systems
159:again. The changes are thus said to be
27:File system for tracking pending changes
662:2000 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
609:from the original on September 26, 2007
600:2005 USENIX Annual Technical Conference
498:IBM Journal of Research and Development
383:
30:For the IBM Journaled File System, see
470:from the original on February 25, 2015
428:Crash Consistency: FSCK and Journaling
404:from the original on February 21, 2009
668:from the original on October 26, 2007
441:from the original on January 24, 2014
7:
638:from the original on March 14, 2010
631:Barriers and journaling filesystems
296:is usually done in the background.
25:
628:Corbet, Jonathan (May 21, 2008),
2125:Object-oriented operating system
176:on a separate device, such as a
95:filesystem in 1993, in Apple's
2135:Supercomputer operating system
1:
460:"tune2fs(8) – Linux man page"
394:Jones, M Tim (June 4, 2008),
126:Removing its directory entry.
2110:Just enough operating system
2095:Distributed operating system
220:stores only changes to file
2223:User space and kernel space
1878:Filesystem-level encryption
362:Journaled File System (JFS)
306:log-structured file systems
300:Log-structured file systems
133:to the pool of free inodes.
99:filesystem in 1998, and in
2552:
2130:Real-time operating system
725:Comparison of file systems
347:Comparison of file systems
316:Copy-on-write file systems
29:
2326:Multilevel feedback queue
2321:Fixed-priority preemptive
2105:Hobbyist operating system
2100:Embedded operating system
1788:
1504:
754:
720:
2369:General protection fault
2120:Network operating system
2074:User features comparison
1828:Extended file attributes
1529:Compact Disc File System
434:, Arpaci-Dusseau Books,
2115:Mobile operating system
1927:Installable File System
543:"'2.4.15-final' - MARC"
78:In 1990 IBM introduced
2218:Loadable kernel module
975:TiVo Media File System
839:Encrypting File System
664:, USENIX Association,
602:, USENIX Association,
400:, IBM DeveloperWorks,
373:Versioning file system
368:Transaction processing
324:file systems (such as
55:", which is usually a
41:journaling file system
2536:Computer file systems
2286:Process control block
2252:Computer multitasking
2090:Disk operating system
970:Macintosh File System
18:Journaling filesystem
2457:Virtual tape library
2049:Forensic engineering
1983:GUID Partition Table
1330:Distributed parallel
1078:Shared File System (
107:filesystem in 2001.
2466:Supporting concepts
2452:Virtual file system
1988:Apple Partition Map
1934:Virtual file system
1873:Access-control list
987:NetWare File System
510:10.1147/rd.341.0105
2389:Segmentation fault
2237:Process management
1978:Master Boot Record
1803:Data deduplication
1442:Google File System
1358:Google File System
844:Extent File System
806:Byte File System (
294:garbage collection
256:elevator algorithm
2523:
2522:
2379:Memory protection
2350:Memory management
2344:
2343:
2336:Shortest job next
2231:
2230:
2030:Operating systems
1996:
1995:
1903:
1902:
1793:Case preservation
1699:
1698:
1398:
1397:
1324:
1323:
1086:Smart File System
192:Physical journals
178:solid-state drive
174:external journals
32:JFS (file system)
16:(Redirected from
2543:
2478:Computer network
2242:
2150:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1813:Execute in place
1786:
1519:Boot File System
1502:
1266:
802:Boot File System
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212:Logical journals
198:physical journal
21:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2461:
2422:Defragmentation
2407:
2398:
2384:Protection ring
2353:
2340:
2312:
2305:
2227:
2201:
2139:
2078:
2032:
2027:
1997:
1992:
1966:
1938:
1922:File system API
1899:
1859:
1835:File change log
1777:
1753:Record-oriented
1726:Self-certifying
1695:
1652:
1598:
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1320:
1264:
1207:
1174:
747:
741:
737:Unix filesystem
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218:logical journal
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35:
28:
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11:
5:
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2432:File attribute
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2394:Virtual memory
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2018:
2011:
2003:
1994:
1993:
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1962:Log-structured
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1865:Access control
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1823:File attribute
1820:
1815:
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1808:Data scrubbing
1805:
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1795:
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1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
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1765:
1763:Steganographic
1760:
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1743:Log-structured
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1066:Reliance Nitro
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1021:
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926:Classic Mac OS
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799:
797:Be File System
791:
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129:Releasing the
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26:
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14:
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10:
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2374:Memory paging
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2213:Device driver
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2154:Architectures
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2019:
2017:
2012:
2010:
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2001:
1989:
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1981:
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1952:Cryptographic
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1798:Copy-on-write
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1271:wear leveling
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464:linux.die.net
461:
455:
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350:
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335:
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331:
327:
323:
322:copy-on-write
315:
313:
311:
307:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
279:
274:
272:
270:
266:
260:
257:
250:Write hazards
249:
247:
241:
238:
235:
231:
230:
229:
226:
223:
219:
211:
209:
207:
202:
199:
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182:
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128:
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98:
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81:
73:
71:
69:
64:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
33:
19:
2441:
2409:file systems
2301:Time-sharing
1917:File manager
1737:
1486:
1387:
1213:Flash memory
1180:Optical disc
1118:soft updates
1098:Soup (Apple)
748:non-rotating
714:File systems
670:, retrieved
661:
651:
640:, retrieved
630:
623:
611:, retrieved
599:
586:
577:
571:
562:
550:. Retrieved
546:
537:
524:
517:
501:
497:
484:
474:February 20,
472:. Retrieved
463:
454:
443:, retrieved
427:
406:, retrieved
396:
319:
309:
303:
290:soft updates
283:
280:Soft updates
275:Alternatives
261:
253:
245:
227:
217:
215:
205:
203:
197:
195:
183:
173:
170:
157:
146:
142:storage leak
139:
121:
114:
77:
65:
57:circular log
40:
38:
36:
2427:Device file
2417:Boot loader
2331:Round-robin
2256:Cooperative
2192:Rump kernel
2182:Multikernel
2172:Microkernel
2069:Usage share
1883:Permissions
1498:Specialized
730:distributed
504:: 105–109,
445:January 22,
232:The file's
49:file system
45:file system
2357:protection
2313:algorithms
2311:Scheduling
2260:Preemptive
2206:Components
2177:Monolithic
2044:Comparison
1909:Interfaces
1893:Sticky bit
1773:Versioning
1738:Journaling
1681:Rubberhose
1477:SMB (CIFS)
1269:host-side
379:References
357:Intent log
167:Techniques
89:Windows NT
2447:Partition
2364:Bus error
2291:Real-time
2271:Interrupt
2197:Unikernel
2162:Exokernel
1768:Synthetic
1711:Clustered
1658:Encrypted
1589:OverlayFS
1198:ISO 13490
774:Amiga OFS
769:Amiga FFS
552:March 24,
547:marc.info
408:April 13,
111:Rationale
61:corrupted
2530:Category
2493:Live USB
2355:resource
2245:Concepts
2083:Variants
2064:Timeline
1853:Symbolic
1782:Features
1758:Semantic
1666:eCryptfs
1610:configfs
1579:SquashFS
1467:POHMELFS
1368:OrangeFS
1193:ISO 9660
1113:UFS/UFS2
1061:Reliance
1049:ReiserFS
895:Files-11
789:bcachefs
746:Disk and
672:July 27,
666:archived
642:March 6,
636:archived
613:July 27,
604:archived
468:Archived
436:archived
402:archived
352:Database
336:See also
222:metadata
97:HFS Plus
68:metadata
2488:Live CD
2442:Journal
2406:access,
2404:Storage
2281:Process
2187:vkernel
2054:History
2037:General
1971:Layouts
1957:Default
1620:debugfs
1594:UnionFS
1488:more...
1421:OpenAFS
1389:more...
1054:Reiser4
1024:OpenZFS
915:HAMMER2
871:ext3cow
851:Episode
580:: 24–29
74:History
53:journal
2296:Thread
2167:Hybrid
2145:Kernel
1844:Links
1818:Extent
1748:Object
1716:Global
1634:specfs
1630:procfs
1625:kernfs
1603:Pseudo
1584:UMSDOS
1539:Davfs2
1534:cramfs
1472:Hadoop
1452:Lustre
1338:BeeGFS
1304:NILFS2
1039:QNX4FS
1002:NILFS2
910:HAMMER
900:Fossil
161:atomic
2498:Shell
2437:Inode
1944:Lists
1888:Modes
1733:Flash
1704:Types
1686:SSHFS
1671:EncFS
1648:WinFS
1643:tmpfs
1638:sysfs
1615:devfs
1549:FTPFS
1544:EROFS
1482:SSHFS
1363:OCFS2
1316:UBIFS
1311:YAFFS
1299:NILFS
1294:LogFS
1289:JFFS2
1245:EROFS
1235:exFAT
1140:Xiafs
1123:WAPBL
1108:UBIFS
1019:OneFS
997:NILFS
992:Next3
982:MINIX
888:exFAT
816:Btrfs
784:AthFS
764:AdvFS
607:(PDF)
596:(PDF)
529:(PDF)
494:(PDF)
439:(PDF)
432:(PDF)
330:Btrfs
320:Full
284:Some
234:inode
206:twice
131:inode
117:crash
101:Linux
43:is a
2059:List
1848:Hard
1840:Fork
1721:Grid
1574:MVFS
1569:NOVA
1564:LTFS
1559:Lnfs
1554:FUSE
1524:CDfs
1514:AXFS
1509:Aufs
1447:GPFS
1432:Coda
1383:Xsan
1373:PVFS
1353:GFS2
1348:CXFS
1343:Ceph
1284:JFFS
1279:CHFS
1260:NVFS
1250:F2FS
1240:TFAT
1225:APFS
1215:and
1159:z/OS
1150:Xsan
1135:WAFL
1130:VxFS
1103:Tux3
1093:SNFS
1075:SFS
1044:ReFS
1014:NTFS
966:MFS
952:HTFS
947:HPFS
942:HFS+
905:GPFS
876:ext4
866:ext3
861:ext2
835:EFS
826:CXFS
821:CVFS
808:z/VM
793:BFS
779:APFS
759:ADFS
674:2007
644:2010
615:2007
554:2018
502:34:1
476:2015
447:2014
410:2009
342:ACID
328:and
269:ext4
267:and
265:ext3
186:ext4
153:fsck
149:walk
105:ext3
93:NTFS
2515:PXE
2503:CLI
2483:HAL
2473:API
2276:IPC
1691:ZFS
1676:EFS
1462:NFS
1457:NCP
1437:DFS
1427:AFP
1417:AFS
1404:NAS
1378:QFS
1255:JFS
1230:FAT
1217:SSD
1203:UDF
1188:HSF
1169:Sun
1165:ZFS
1155:zFS
1145:XFS
1071:RFS
1034:QFS
1029:PFS
1009:NSS
962:LFS
957:JFS
936:MVS
932:HFS
922:HFS
883:FAT
856:ext
831:DFS
506:doi
326:ZFS
304:In
286:UFS
271:).
103:'s
91:'s
84:AIX
82:in
80:JFS
2532::
2258:,
1412:9P
1080:VM
660:,
634:,
598:,
545:.
500:,
496:,
466:.
462:.
417:^
386:^
310:is
216:A
196:A
63:.
39:A
2352:,
2262:)
2254:(
2022:e
2015:t
2008:v
1423:)
1419:(
1171:)
1167:(
1161:)
1157:(
1082:)
938:)
934:(
928:)
924:(
810:)
706:e
699:t
692:v
677:.
618:.
556:.
508::
478:.
34:.
20:)
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