Knowledge (XXG)

Kapalika

Source šŸ“

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are only the successors to a much older and widespread ascetic order, the Kāpālikas, or "wearers of skulls"." The Kāpālikas were more of a monastic order, states Lorenzen, and not a sect with a textual doctrine. The Kāpālika tradition gave rise to the
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According to David Lorenzen, there is a paucity of primary sources on the Kāpālikas, and historical information about them is available from fictional works and other traditions who disparage them. Various
4342:) refers more than once to the Kāpālikas thus clearly establishing their existence in the sixth century. Indeed, from this time onwards references to Kāpālika ascetics become fairly commonplace in 5001: 4404:'s contemporary Shri Krishna Mishra (11th to 12th century), introduces a male Kāpālika ascetic and his consort, a female Kāpālini, disrupting a dispute on the "true religion" between a 4280:, a subsect of Tantric Shaivism which preserves some of the distinctive features of the Kāpālika tradition. Some of the Kāpālika Shaiva practices are found in 5893: 5888: 4519:
Tƶrzsƶk, Judit (2020). "Why Are the Skull-Bearers (Kāpālikas) Called Soma?". In Goodall, Dominic; Hatley, Shaman; Isaacson, Harunaga; Raman, Srilata (eds.).
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claim that the Kāpālikas drank liquor freely, both for ritual and as a matter of habit. The Chinese pilgrim to India in the 7th century CE,
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living with naked ascetics who covered themselves with ashes and wore bone wreathes on their heads, but Hsuan Tsang does not call them
4331:(third to fifth century A.D.) in a verse in which the poet describes a young female Kāpālikā who besmears herself with ashes from the 4065: 5152: 5126: 5112: 5085: 4975: 4870: 4775: 4698: 4628: 681: 5136: 5898: 4401: 2851: 1682: 5767: 4755: 4690: 4612: 802: 5035: 4965: 4350: 5185: 4284:, and scholars disagree on who influenced whom. Today, the Kāpālika tradition survives within its Shaivite offshoots: the 4259: 2275: 5653: 5620: 2831: 2771: 1374: 4001: 4862: 3892: 2537: 2502: 2542: 5736: 5615: 4854: 4374: 4156: 4020: 3691: 3595: 2211: 1896: 1208: 3546: 5711: 5658: 5413: 5368: 3997: 3643: 2761: 2497: 785: 770: 191: 4321:(3rd to 4th century CE), to be one of the first extant literary references to an early Indian Kāpālika ascetic: 5706: 5347: 5178: 3553: 3525: 3234: 3124: 3096: 2826: 1954: 1716: 1503: 206: 5746: 5220: 4858: 3768: 2981: 2886: 2811: 1992: 1914: 1369: 807: 775: 304: 5913: 5741: 5716: 5663: 4397: 4058: 3967: 3897: 3733: 3362: 3131: 2791: 1692: 639: 75: 5908: 5903: 5797: 5726: 5031: 4850: 4478: 4304: 4264: 4224: 4193: 4172: 4147: 4007: 3985: 3875: 3740: 3313: 2921: 2801: 2204: 2190: 1358: 674: 523: 159: 2712: 1353: 2158: 5645: 5448: 5420: 5285: 4838: 4747: 4678: 4604: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3870: 3532: 3110: 3080: 2911: 2816: 2442: 2336: 1247: 492: 211: 126: 4184:
form of Shiva by emulating his behavior and characteristics, smeared their body with ashes from the
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as a begging bowl. Other attributes associated with Kāpālikas were that they revered the fierce
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Journal of Indological Studies (Kyoto), Nos. 24 & 25 (2012ā€“2013), 2014, pp.4-5, 11, 57.
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dating back to the 4th century CE, which traditionally carried a skull-topped trident (
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The Canon of the Śaivāgama and the Kubjikā: Tantras of the Western Kaula Tradition
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One of the earliest references to a Kāpālika is found in Hāla's Prakrit poem, the
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between the 4th and 8th century CE. The word is derived from the Sanskrit term
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The Kāpālikas were an extinct sect of Shaivite ascetics devoted to the
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Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion
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Aghor Medicine: Pollution, Death, and Healing in Northern India
4831:"Chapter VIII: Yoga and Aboriginal India ā€” AghorÄ«s, Kāpālikas" 4603:. Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies (1st ed.). 5170: 4740:"India's Darkest Heart: Tantra in the Literary Imagination" 1179: 716: 4839:
Mythos: The Princeton/Bollingen Series in World Mythology
4434:, end up rejecting their former religions and convert to 4120:
can be translated as the "skull-men" or "skull-bearers".
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have interpreted these ascetics variously as Kāpālikas,
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Prabodha Chandrodaya, or Rise of the Moon of Intellect
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by Ronald Davidson. 2002. Columbia University Press.
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The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaivite Sects
4366:. Painting by Payāg from a 17th-century manuscript ( 5810: 5755: 5682: 5644: 5606: 5568: 5559: 5528: 5465: 5385: 5337: 5219: 5145: : a goddess of Tamilnadu, her myths and cult 4902:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1 5119:Kapalikas and Kalamukhas: Two Lost Saivite Sects 4590: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4438:after having embraced the Kāpālika's faith in 5186: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4059: 675: 8: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4362:depicted as Kāpālika ascetics, sitting in a 4082:The Kāpālika tradition and its offshoots in 4943:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 212ā€“213. 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4905:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 349. 4523:. Gonda Indological Studies. Vol. 22. 5565: 5193: 5179: 5171: 5021:, Columbia University Press. pages 202-218 4145:, the symbol of the skull-topped trident ( 4066: 4052: 695: 682: 668: 40: 4768:10.1525/california/9780520230620.003.0004 4540: 5161:by Gavin Flood. 2003. Malden: Blackwell. 4967:The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist symbols 4077: 4500: 4430:and indulging in sensual pleasure with 2943:Sources and classification of scripture 707: 52: 4970:. Serindia Publications. p. 102. 4235:or any particular name. Historians of 27:Medieval Tantric tradition of Shaivism 1565:Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation) 1560:Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) 7: 5159:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism. 5894:8th-century establishments in India 5889:7th-century establishments in India 5105:Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend 4940:The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism 34:. For the 1973 Malayalam film, see 5080:: Outlook Verlag. pp. 47ā€“57. 25: 30:For the 2013 Malayalam film, see 5862: 5853: 5852: 5328: 4445:as the Supreme God and his wife 4033: 715: 651: 60: 4597:"Chapter I: Four Śaivite Sects" 4223:, in his memoir on what is now 4756:University of California Press 4691:University of California Press 4613:University of California Press 803:Epic-Puranic royal genealogies 1: 4835:Yoga: Immortality and Freedom 4367: 4336: 4260:Yoga: Immortality and Freedom 3864:Other society-related topics: 1555:Upamāį¹‡a (comparison, analogy) 4899:James G. Lochtefeld (2001). 4595:Lorenzen, David N. (2020) . 4335:of her lover. Varāhamihira ( 4155:, 15th century Chinese art, 3975:Hinduism and other religions 2772:Chandrashekarendra Saraswati 4863:University of Chicago Press 4669:Barrett, Ronald L. (2008). 4188:, wore their hair long and 3720:Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram 3692:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 1420:Arishadvargas (six enemies) 1364:Antaįø„karaį¹‡a (mental organs) 1359:SÅ«kį¹£ma śarÄ«ra (subtle body) 5935: 4855:Princeton University Press 4615:. pp. XIā€“XIII, 1ā€“16. 4375:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4157:Metropolitan Museum of Art 4127: 3596:Naalayira Divya Prabandham 2276:Gurus, sants, philosophers 2212:Akshar Purushottam Darshan 1400:Uparati (self-settledness) 29: 5848: 5529:Festivals and observances 5369:Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta 5326: 5208: 5165:Indian Esoteric Buddhism. 4621:10.1525/9780520324947-003 4542:10.1163/9789004432802_004 2762:Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati 1415:Samadhana (concentration) 1279:Three paths to liberation 786:Tribal religions in India 771:Historical Vedic religion 766:Indus Valley Civilisation 5788:Meenakshi Sundareshwarar 5348:Shvetashvatara Upanishad 5019:Indian Esoteric Buddhism 5017:Ronald Davidson (2002), 1591:, sacrifice, and charity 4999:"The Śaiva Literature." 4859:University of Bucharest 4116:, meaning "skull", and 3769:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam 2982:Timeline of Hindu texts 2887:Siddharameshwar Maharaj 1915:Pumsavana Simantonayana 1570:Śabda (word, testimony) 808:Epic-Puranic chronology 776:Dravidian folk religion 5899:Bengali Hindu surnames 5669:Tiruvanaikaval (Water) 5032:Dyczkowski, Mark S. G. 4382: 4348: 4160: 4086: 3734:Eighteen Greater Texts 3363:Brahma Vaivarta Purana 2792:Krishnananda Saraswati 2031:Vijayadashami-Dussehra 1545:Pratyakį¹£a (perception) 1405:Titiksha (forbearance) 5664:Tiruvannamalai (Fire) 4964:Beer, Robert (2003). 4786:10.1525/j.ctt1pp4mm.9 4479:Mattavilasa Prahasana 4353: 4323: 4305:Mark S. G. Dyczkowski 4265:historian of religion 4263:(1958), the Romanian 4225:Northwestern Pakistan 4137: 4081: 3850:Varna-related topics: 3741:Eighteen Lesser Texts 3314:Devi Bhagavata Purana 2205:Svabhavika Bhedabheda 2191:Achintya Bheda Abheda 2123:Philosophical schools 1425:Ahamkara (attachment) 1385:Vairagya (dispassion) 1313:Mokį¹£a-related topics: 5646:Pancha Bhuta Sthalam 5137:Māni Mādhava Chākyār 5133:Mattavilasaprahasana 5076:(Reprint ed.). 5068:Taylor, J. (2023) . 5004:4 March 2016 at the 4937:Gavin Flood (2008). 4865:. pp. 296ā€“298. 4762:. pp. 106ā€“133. 4387:Prabodha Chandrodaya 4106:which originated in 3982:Hinduism and Jainism 2912:Vethathiri Maharishi 2817:Nisargadatta Maharaj 1380:Viveka (discernment) 755:(500/200 BCEā€“300 CE) 212:Siddhanta Shikhamani 172:Scriptures and texts 5674:Kanchipuram (Earth) 5659:Tirukalahasti (Air) 5654:Chidambaram (Ether) 5355:Shivarahasya Purana 4997:Sanderson, Alexis. 4760:Motilal Banarsidass 4395:Maharashtri Prakrit 4257:In his masterpiece 4209:alcoholic beverages 4040:Hinduism portal 3919:Hinduism by country 3755:Iraiyanar Akapporul 3699:Tirumurukāį¹Ÿį¹Ÿuppaį¹­ai 2782:Dayananda Saraswati 2767:Bhaktivinoda Thakur 2673:Sripada Srivallabha 2613:Raghunatha Siromani 2578:Narasimha Saraswati 2478:Santadas Kathiababa 1550:Anumāį¹‡a (inference) 658:Hinduism portal 5773:Kailash Mansarovar 5478:Pashupata Shaivism 5456:Hara Hara Mahadeva 5143:Ankalaparamecuvari 4535:. pp. 33ā€“46. 4484:Pashupata Shaivism 4383: 4282:Vajrayana Buddhism 4271:remarks that the " 4161: 4087: 3934:Caribbean Shaktism 3653:Kanakadhara Stotra 2902:U. G. Krishnamurti 2882:Satyadhyana Tirtha 2473:Gangesha Upadhyaya 2131:Six Astika schools 1375:Ānanda (happiness) 1354:Anātman (non-self) 429:Non - Saiddhantika 5876: 5875: 5806: 5805: 5051:978-0-88706-494-4 4950:978-0-470-99868-7 4912:978-0-8239-3179-8 4841:. Vol. LVI. 4693:. pp. 1ā€“28. 4552:978-90-04-43280-2 4203:, consumption of 4186:cremation grounds 4076: 4075: 3927:Balinese Hinduism 3426:Markandeya Purana 2663:Satyanatha Tirtha 2618:Raghuttama Tirtha 2608:Raghavendra Swami 2448:Ramdas Kathiababa 1529:Sources of dharma 1395:Dama (temperance) 1390:Sama (equanimity) 756: 692: 691: 16:(Redirected from 5926: 5866: 5856: 5855: 5566: 5510:Siddha Siddhanta 5473:Shaiva Siddhanta 5400:Om Namah Shivaya 5332: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5172: 5092: 5091: 5065: 5056: 5055: 5028: 5022: 5015: 5009: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4934: 4917: 4916: 4896: 4877: 4876: 4823: 4790: 4789: 4746:(1st ed.). 4732: 4713: 4712: 4677:(1st ed.). 4666: 4643: 4642: 4592: 4565: 4564: 4544: 4533:Brill Publishers 4516: 4464:Kashmir Shaivism 4372: 4371: 1630ā€“1635 4369: 4358:and her consort 4354:Tantric goddess 4341: 4338: 4239:and scholars of 4237:Indian religions 4201:human sacrifices 4094:tradition was a 4068: 4061: 4054: 4038: 4037: 4036: 3998:and Christianity 3968:Pilgrimage sites 3898:Reform movements 3776:Vinayagar Agaval 3727:Five Great Epics 3676:Tamil literature 3575:Sushruta Samhita 3370:Bhavishya Purana 3356:Brahmanda Purana 3307:Bhagavata Purana 3235:Other scriptures 2797:Mahavatar Babaji 2372:Satyakama Jabala 2043:Ganesh Chaturthi 1897:Rites of passage 1410:Shraddha (faith) 828:Major traditions 754: 719: 696: 684: 677: 670: 656: 655: 654: 435:Kashmir Shaivism 229:Three Components 64: 41: 21: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5844: 5802: 5798:Vadakkum Nathan 5751: 5678: 5640: 5602: 5593:Madhyamaheshwar 5555: 5541:Maha Shivaratri 5524: 5461: 5414:Mahāmrityunjaya 5381: 5333: 5324: 5281:Ardhanarishvara 5215: 5204: 5199: 5101: 5099:Further reading 5096: 5095: 5088: 5067: 5066: 5059: 5052: 5030: 5029: 5025: 5016: 5012: 5006:Wayback Machine 4996: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4951: 4936: 4935: 4920: 4913: 4898: 4897: 4880: 4873: 4825: 4824: 4793: 4778: 4734: 4733: 4716: 4701: 4668: 4667: 4646: 4631: 4594: 4593: 4568: 4553: 4518: 4517: 4502: 4497: 4455: 4411:wanderer and a 4385:The Act III of 4370: 4339: 4302: 4248:Digambara monks 4176:) and an empty 4132: 4126: 4089: 4072: 4034: 4032: 4013: 4012: 4006: 3976: 3942: 3921: 3913: 3903: 3902: 3865: 3798: 3790: 3782: 3781: 3678: 3646: 3568:Charaka Samhita 3547:Vaiśeį¹£ika SÅ«tra 3505:Shilpa Shastras 3484: 3437: 3321:Naradiya Purana 3293: 3288: 3263: 3237: 3196: 3060: 2992: 2976: 2945: 2937: 2927: 2926: 2872:Shirdi Sai Baba 2867:Sathya Sai Baba 2847:Ramana Maharshi 2751: 2718:Vadiraja Tirtha 2713:Vācaspati Miśra 2593:Srinivasacharya 2573:Narahari Tirtha 2553:Matsyendranatha 2538:Kumārila Bhaį¹­į¹­a 2503:Jagannatha Dasa 2493:Haridasa Thakur 2407: 2286: 2278: 2268: 2267: 2223: 2184:Vishishtadvaita 2133: 2125: 2115: 2114: 2068:Makar Sankranti 2048:Vasant Panchami 2011:Maha Shivaratri 1995: 1899: 1808: 1742: 1711: 1592: 1583: 1575: 1574: 1539: 1433: 1370:PrajƱa (wisdom) 1366: 1343: 1307: 1281: 1250: 1219: 1217:Meaning of life 1204:God in Hinduism 1193: 1157: 1155:Supreme reality 1132:Subtle elements 1121: 1102: 1096: 1086: 1085: 941: 910: 884: 876: 866: 865: 862: 829: 823: 813: 812: 757: 752:Hindu synthesis 748: 743: 688: 652: 650: 645: 644: 615: 607: 606: 537: 529: 528: 477: 405: 380: 378: 370: 369: 343:Maha Shivaratri 318: 310: 309: 269: 225: 217: 216: 173: 165: 164: 141: 81:(Supreme being) 79: 72: 39: 32:Kapalika (film) 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5932: 5930: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5881: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5860: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5814: 5812: 5811:Related topics 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5768:Brihadeeswarar 5765: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5727:Ramanathaswamy 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5574: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5520:Shaiva Smartas 5517: 5512: 5507: 5505:Veera Shaivism 5502: 5500:Trika Shaivism 5497: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5417: 5410: 5403: 5395: 5393: 5383: 5382: 5380: 5379: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5343: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5322: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5300: 5295: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5225: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5209: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5183: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5139: 5130: 5116: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5086: 5057: 5050: 5023: 5010: 4990: 4976: 4956: 4949: 4918: 4911: 4878: 4871: 4827:Eliade, Mircea 4791: 4776: 4736:Urban, Hugh B. 4714: 4699: 4671:"Introduction" 4644: 4629: 4566: 4551: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4451: 4416:Digambara monk 4364:charnel ground 4340: 500-575 4328:Gāthāsaptaśati 4301: 4298: 4267:and professor 4227:, wrote about 4128:Main article: 4125: 4122: 4108:Medieval India 4074: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4029: 4028: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4004: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3871:Discrimination 3867: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3772: 3765: 3762:Abirami Antati 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3663: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3610:Ramcharitmanas 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3561:Pramana Sutras 3557: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3533:Mimamsa Sutras 3529: 3526:Samkhya Sutras 3522: 3515: 3508: 3501: 3494: 3491:Dharma Shastra 3486: 3485: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3438: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3401: 3394: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3331: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3247: 3239: 3238: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3136: 3135: 3128: 3125:Shvetashvatara 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3097:Brihadaranyaka 3092: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3069: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2907:Upasni Maharaj 2904: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2733:Vedanta Desika 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2653:Samarth Ramdas 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2603:Purandara Dasa 2600: 2595: 2590: 2588:Nimbarkacharya 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2508:Jayanta Bhatta 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2403: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2274: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2038:Raksha Bandhan 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1920:Simantonnayana 1917: 1912: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1869:Carnatic music 1866: 1861: 1856: 1854:Bhagavata Mela 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1798:Kundalini yoga 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1594: 1593: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1248:Stages of life 1246: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1209:God and gender 1206: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1170: 1159: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1142:Gross elements 1139: 1134: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 953: 952: 943: 942: 932: 929: 928: 923: 918: 912: 911: 906: 903: 902: 897: 892: 886: 885: 880: 877: 872: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 856: 853: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 830: 827: 824: 819: 818: 815: 814: 811: 810: 805: 800: 798:Itihasa-Purana 789: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 735: 734: 729: 721: 720: 712: 711: 705: 704: 690: 689: 687: 686: 679: 672: 664: 661: 660: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 616: 613: 612: 609: 608: 605: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 567:Manikkavacakar 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 538: 535: 534: 531: 530: 527: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 497: 496: 495: 484: 483: 476: 475: 474: 473: 452: 447: 442: 426: 425: 414: 413: 404: 403: 398: 393: 387: 386: 379: 376: 375: 372: 371: 368: 367: 354: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 276: 275: 271: 270: 264: 259: 253: 252: 251:Three bondages 248: 247: 242: 237: 231: 230: 226: 223: 222: 219: 218: 215: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 180: 174: 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 162: 157: 155:Forms of Shiva 152: 147: 140: 139: 134: 129: 124: 118: 117: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 89: 88: 73: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5931: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:Tantric sects 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5737:Trimbakeshwar 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5712:Mahakaleshwar 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5608:Pancha Sabhai 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5561:Shiva temples 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5515:Shiva Advaita 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5453: 5451: 5450: 5449:Shiva Mahimna 5446: 5444: 5443: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5421:Shiva Tandava 5418: 5416: 5415: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5239:Dakshinamurti 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5213: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5153:3-515-04702-6 5150: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5127:0-520-01842-7 5124: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5113:0-500-51088-1 5110: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5089: 5087:9783368149635 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4994: 4991: 4979: 4977:1-932476-03-2 4973: 4969: 4968: 4960: 4957: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4914: 4908: 4904: 4903: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4872:9780691142036 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4777:9780520236561 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4700:9780520941014 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4630:9780520324947 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4380: 4379:New York City 4376: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4334: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4310:Gaha Sattasai 4306: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4269:Mircea Eliade 4266: 4262: 4261: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4241:Hindu studies 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4080: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4041: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4016: 4009: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3941:Hindu culture 3939: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3893:Organisations 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3687: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3664: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3621: 3619: 3618: 3617:Yoga Vasistha 3614: 3612: 3611: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3583: 3582:Natya Shastra 3579: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3563: 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4278:Kulamārga 4233:Kāpālikas 4229:Buddhists 4173:khaį¹­vāį¹…ga 4165:Hindu god 4153:khaį¹­vāį¹…ga 4148:khaį¹­vāį¹…ga 4140:Vajrayana 4008:Criticism 4002:and Islam 3963:Mythology 3816:Kshatriya 3748:Athichudi 3685:Tirumurai 3603:Tirumurai 3212:Vyākaraį¹‡a 3148:Chandogya 3140:Samaveda: 3028:Divisions 3006:Yajurveda 2966:Ātmatuį¹£į¹­i 2922:Yogananda 2897:Trailanga 2892:Sivananda 2757:Aurobindo 2743:Vyasaraja 2708:Tyagaraja 2658:Sankardev 2628:Ramananda 2523:JƱāneśvar 2498:Harivansh 2483:Gaudapada 2443:Chaitanya 2382:Vashistha 2352:Patanjali 2332:Jamadagni 2251:Vaishnava 2239:Pashupata 2016:Navaratri 1993:Festivals 1960:Upanayana 1925:Jatakarma 1910:Pumsavana 1829:Kuchipudi 1824:Kathakali 1793:Rāja yoga 1727:Samādhāna 1608:Prarthana 1582:Practices 1509:Svādhyāya 1113:Mythology 1108:Cosmology 1101:Worldview 1046:Kartikeya 977:Prajapati 916:Saraswati 592:Srikantha 572:Meykandar 552:Vasugupta 542:Lakulisha 514:Sroutaism 493:Inchegeri 396:Kalamukha 391:Pashupata 384:Ati marga 328:Rudraksha 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1965:Keshanta 1889:Adimurai 1884:Silambam 1849:Sattriya 1834:Manipuri 1519:Mitahara 1499:Santosha 1459:Achourya 1271:Sannyasa 1261:Gį¹›hastha 1120:Ontology 1094:Concepts 882:Trimurti 845:Smartism 840:Shaktism 835:Shaivism 709:Hinduism 701:a series 699:Part of 625:Tantrism 577:Nirartha 562:Nayanars 536:Scholars 450:Dakshina 401:Kapalika 202:Vachanas 98:Bhairava 93:Sadasiva 54:Shaivism 46:a series 44:Part of 18:Kāpālika 5835:Vibhuti 5732:Somnath 5435:Chalisa 5298:Ganesha 5291:Parvati 5221:Deities 5212:History 4847:Chicago 4447:Parvati 4288:order, 4273:AghorÄ«s 4124:History 4100:Puranic 4096:Tantric 4026:Outline 3821:Vaishya 3789:Society 3640:Stotras 3291:Puranas 3217:Nirukta 3207:Chandas 3202:Shiksha 3185:Prashna 3171:Mundaka 3035:Samhita 2999:Rigveda 2862:Samarth 2698:Tukaram 2643:Ravidas 2377:Valmiki 2327:Jaimini 2297:Angiras 2292:Agastya 2284:Ancient 2170:Advaita 2164:Vedanta 2159:MÄ«māį¹ƒsā 2139:Samkhya 2026:Ramlila 1768:Sādhanā 1658:Tarpana 1643:KÄ«rtana 1638:Bhajana 1589:Worship 1514:Shaucha 1489:Akrodha 1335:Saį¹ƒsāra 1199:Ishvara 1168:Nirguna 1163:Brahman 1127:Tattvas 1051:Krishna 1036:Hanuman 1031:Ganesha 967:Chandra 962:Ashvins 926:Parvati 921:Lakshmi 908:Tridevi 874:Deities 781:Śramaį¹‡a 761:History 742:Origins 732:History 614:Related 602:Navnath 597:Appayya 587:Sharana 467:Kubjika 377:Schools 352:Niyamas 323:Vibhuti 187:Tantras 145:Ganesha 122:Parvati 71:Deities 5868:Portal 5830:Siddha 5818:Lingam 5756:Others 5488:Aghori 5391:Stotra 5387:Mantra 5276:Shakti 5249:Ishana 5151:  5125:  5111:  5084:  5048:  4974:  4947:  4909:  4869:  4849:, and 4784:  4774:  4707:  4697:  4687:London 4685:, and 4637:  4627:  4559:  4549:  4529:Boston 4525:Leiden 4459:Aghori 4292:, and 4286:Aghori 4250:, and 4190:matted 4113:kapāla 4098:, non- 3826:Shudra 3644:stutis 3480:, and 3478:sutras 3132:Maitri 2857:Ramdas 2750:Modern 2683:Surdas 2548:Madhva 2468:Eknath 2438:Basava 2433:Alvars 2367:Raikva 2357:Pāį¹‡ini 2342:Kapila 2337:Kanada 2322:Gotama 2229:Shaiva 2177:Dvaita 2078:Pongal 2001:Diwali 1980:Vivaha 1844:Odissi 1819:Kathak 1758:Yogini 1722:Dhyana 1673:Tirtha 1628:Bhakti 1618:Temple 1613:Śrauta 1494:Arjava 1454:Ahimsa 1449:Niyama 1432:Ethics 1240:Moksha 1225:Dharma 1173:Saguna 1071:Shakti 1056:Kubera 1002:Varuna 982:Pushan 895:Vishnu 890:Brahma 727:Hindus 630:Bhakti 582:Basava 519:Aghori 481:Others 463:Yamala 365:Jangam 160:Others 115:Shakti 5626:Velli 5493:Kaula 5339:Texts 5320:Nandi 5313:Valli 5229:Shiva 4782:JSTOR 4752:Delhi 4469:Kaula 4440:Shiva 4432:women 4360:Shiva 4294:Trika 4290:Kaula 4197:women 4168:Shiva 3843:Dalit 3796:Varna 3713:Kural 3251:Agama 3222:Kalpa 3118:Katha 2990:Vedas 2961:Ācāra 2956:Smį¹›ti 2951:Śruti 2935:Texts 2528:Kabir 2392:Vyasa 2302:Aruni 2149:Nyaya 2103:Vishu 2083:Ugadi 1763:Asana 1748:Sadhu 1717:Tapas 1688:Matha 1678:Yatra 1663:Vrata 1648:Yajna 1623:Murti 1504:Tapas 1479:Damah 1474:Satya 1444:Yamas 1330:Karma 1230:Artha 1147:Guį¹‡as 1061:Radha 1026:Durga 997:Ushas 992:Surya 987:Rudra 972:Indra 948:Vedic 939:Devis 935:Devas 900:Shiva 620:Nandi 471:Netra 459:Trika 455:Kaula 361:Linga 348:Yamas 338:Bilva 262:Karma 257:Anava 245:Pasam 240:Pashu 183:Agama 178:Vedas 132:Durga 103:Rudra 86:Shiva 5286:Sati 5149:ISBN 5123:ISBN 5109:ISBN 5082:ISBN 5046:ISBN 4985:2010 4972:ISBN 4945:ISBN 4907:ISBN 4867:ISBN 4772:ISBN 4750:and 4705:LCCN 4695:ISBN 4635:OCLC 4625:ISBN 4607:and 4557:ISSN 4547:ISBN 4527:and 4422:and 4413:Jain 4398:play 4393:and 4389:, a 4319:Hāla 4313:, a 4245:Jain 4207:and 4205:meat 4090:The 3857:Jāti 3642:and 3155:Kena 3104:Isha 2312:Atri 2144:Yoga 2093:Bihu 2063:Onam 2006:Holi 1806:Arts 1753:Yogi 1740:Yoga 1703:Sevā 1698:Dāna 1653:Homa 1633:Japa 1603:ĀrtÄ« 1598:Puja 1524:Dāna 1484:Dayā 1342:Mind 1325:Maya 1235:Kama 1076:Sita 1066:Rama 1041:Kali 1007:Vayu 957:Agni 859:List 488:Nath 445:Vama 357:Guru 305:Aham 285:Yoga 267:Maya 235:Pati 137:Kali 127:Sati 5621:Pon 5135:by 4764:doi 4617:doi 4537:doi 4373:), 4138:In 1192:God 5885:: 5072:. 5060:^ 5044:. 5040:. 4921:^ 4881:^ 4853:: 4845:, 4837:. 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Index

Kāpālika
Kapalika (film)
Kaapalika
a series
Shaivism

Parameshvara
Shiva
Sadasiva
Bhairava
Rudra
Virabhadra
Shakti
Parvati
Sati
Durga
Kali
Ganesha
Kartikeya
Forms of Shiva
Others
Vedas
Agama
Tantras
Shivasutras
Tirumurai
Vachanas
Svetasvatara
Siddhanta Shikhamani
Pati

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