641:, and began to promote a language "standardization" program. In schools, "standard" Japanese was promoted, and portraits of the Japanese Emperor and Empress were introduced in classrooms. Many high-ranking Japanese military officers went to inspect Okinawan schools to ensure that the Japanization was functioning well in the education system. This measure did not meet expectations in the beginning, partly because many local children's shares of their heavy family labor impeded their presence in schools, and partly because people of the old Okinawan ruling class received a more Chinese-style education and were not interested in learning "standard" Japanese.
689:
816:
708:
697:
766:.The name-changing program in Taiwan was initiated by the colonial government, which aimed to assimilate Taiwanese into Japanese culture and claimed Taiwanese demonstrated imperial loyalty during Japan's war in China, leading many to wish to bear names similar to ethnic Japanese. Thirdly, the "recruitment of military volunteers"
790:
from
Taiwanese indigenous peoples during the Second World War. Takasagozoku, a positive Japanese name for Formosa, rather than savages by the emperor's direct order. They were encouraged to use Japanese names, pray at shrines, and perform military service. Due to a large number of volunteers, they
715:
The
Kominka movement (1937 to 1945) can be viewed as a continuation of the ongoing process of assimilation and a crucial part of the Japanese Empire's wartime mobilization, which was not intended to grant constitutional rights to the colonized. “Kominka” literally means "to transform the colonial
1015:
Simon, Scott. "Making
Natives: Japan and the Creation of Indigenous Formosa." Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy. Ed. Andrew D. Morris London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015. 89-90. SOAS Studies in Modern and Contemporary Japan. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Mar. 2024.
791:
had to draw lots to determine who would have the honor of joining the
Japanese military. Takasagozoku were known for their jungle survival ability and were organized into the Kaoru Special Attack Corps for a suicide mission. Fourthly, the religious reform promoted the Japanese
486:, "To japanize" means "To make or become Japanese in form, idiom, style, or character". Historically, areas occupied by Japan were subject to long-term colonisation and assimilation with a few (i.e., Hokkaido and Okinawa) remaining Japanized post-World War II.
538:
was practiced, during which Japan did not expand significantly. This increased political and economic stability and standardized laws and customs across the main
Japanese islands. Limited regional expansion north did, however, bring Japan into rivalry with
605:
and the privatization of traditional lands. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the
Japanese government also denied the rights of the Ainu to their traditional cultural practices, such as hunting, gathering, and speaking their native language.
618:, which was a tributary kingdom of both the Qing dynasty and the Empire of Japan. Prior to this time, however, the kingdom, while technically remaining a Chinese vassal state, had been under the long-term influence of the
843:
program, along with the teaching of
Japanese language and culture in schools instead of Korean culture and history. During the Second World War, the use of written Korean in education and publications was also banned.
945:
Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka
Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.” The Japanese Wartime Empire, 1931-1945, edited by Peter Duus et al., Princeton University Press, 1996, pp. 41. JSTOR,
831:
starting in 1592, Japan increasingly sought influence over Korea from Ming China. From 1910 to 1945, Korea was incorporated as a part of the Empire of Japan under the name Chōsen (朝鮮), the
Japanese reading of Joseon.
666:
in April 1895, Taiwan was ceded to the Empire of Japan as a result of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895. At the start, Taiwan was governed rather like a colony. In 1936, after the arrival of the 17th
563:("Southern Expansion Doctrine"). As a result, Japanization began to have a negative meaning because of military conquests and forced introduction of Japanese culture in colonized and conquered areas.
675:, there was a change in the Japanese governance in Taiwan. Kobayashi was the first non-civilian governor-general since 1919. He proposed three principles of the new governance: the Kōminka movement
795:
and attempted to eradicate traditional indigenous religion, a hybrid of
Buddhism, Daoism, and folk beliefs. The number of Japanese shrines in Taiwan increased significantly between 1937 and 1943.
644:
To promote assimilation, the Japanese government also discouraged some local customs. Initially the local people resisted these assimilation measures. But after China was defeated in the
482:
648:
in 1895, people lost confidence in China, and the resistance to Japanization became weaker, though it did not disappear. Men and women began to adopt more Japanese-styled names.
598:, historically suffered from economic and social discrimination, as both the Japanese government and mainstream population at the time regarded them as primitive and backwards.
1204:
867:), represented the Pacific islands taken from Germany in World War I and administered by Japan from 1914 until 1947. Japanization of the islands occurred as the increasing
1066:
847:
During this period, Koreans were forced to change their family name to a Japanese one. As part of the repression of Korean culture, the Japanese authorities in
1199:
1428:
637:, the Japanese language is not intelligible to monolingual speakers of the Ryukyuan languages. The Japanese government regarded the Ryukyuan languages as
582:) is the Japanese term historically used to refer to the people and the islands to the northeast of Honshu. This included the northern Japanese island of
828:
1106:
1586:
872:
740:. The number of "national language speakers" in Taiwan reached 51 percent of the population in 1940. Secondly, the "name changing campaign"
1172:
1059:
909:
1360:
1000:
868:
601:
The majority of Ainu were assimilated as petty laborers during the Meiji Restoration, which saw the annexation of Hokkaido into the
1707:
1653:
1820:
1052:
992:
347:
211:
56:
1316:
1101:
732:
promoted the Japanese language by teaching Japanese instead of Taiwanese Hokkien in the schools and by banning the use of
716:
peoples into imperial subjects". In general, the movement had four major programs. First, the "national language movement"
225:
70:
1725:
1564:
688:
1762:
1304:
1150:
1712:
668:
657:
143:
1825:
871:
saw a shift towards Japanese political, economic, and educational structures. After the war, the area became the
804:
1475:
1326:
1261:
1189:
441:
498:(794–1185), Chinese cultural influence began to wane and a Japanese identity began to form. By this time, the
1601:
1457:
1408:
645:
1742:
1111:
783:
366:
1544:
1507:
1463:
1075:
663:
1038:
Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 45.
1029:
Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 46.
977:
Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 55.
959:
Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 41.
893:"Japanization – definition of Japanization by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"
968:
Chou, Wan-yao, et al. “The Kōminka Movement in Taiwan and Korea: Comparisons and Interpretations.”: 54
1779:
1747:
638:
615:
1219:
1784:
1757:
1355:
1167:
1160:
787:
700:
188:
1440:
1128:
860:
630:
623:
527:
672:
892:
786:
and encouraged them to die in the service of the emperor. The Imperial Japanese Army recruited
1774:
1393:
996:
733:
634:
553:
began to follow the way of western imperialism and expansionism. Victories against Russia and
546:
913:
863:, formally the "Japanese Mandate for the Governance of the South Seas Islands" (委任統治地域南洋群島,
1752:
1685:
1617:
1413:
815:
477:
256:
101:
1799:
1719:
1697:
1680:
1487:
1452:
1293:
1283:
1239:
1234:
1133:
1096:
836:
737:
707:
602:
550:
848:
810:
17:
934:
1789:
1692:
1675:
1591:
1571:
1539:
1492:
1482:
1435:
1423:
1382:
1377:
1343:
1333:
1311:
1273:
1244:
1229:
1179:
1155:
1086:
540:
31:
1814:
1769:
1702:
1643:
1576:
1559:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1497:
1470:
1403:
1387:
1372:
1367:
1321:
1299:
1288:
1278:
1268:
1251:
1194:
1184:
1118:
763:
591:
499:
1648:
1627:
1596:
1581:
1554:
1549:
1502:
1447:
1398:
1350:
1256:
1224:
1214:
1209:
1091:
792:
759:
696:
619:
554:
523:
495:
263:
178:
108:
1017:
522:
By the late 16th century, Japan was politically reunified under the leadership of
1794:
1622:
1418:
1123:
820:
595:
559:
531:
512:
136:
1143:
1138:
157:
989:
Becoming "Japanese": Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation
947:
587:
583:
277:
164:
122:
1044:
557:
China saw the focus of expansionism also shift south with the policy of
685:, industrialization, and making Taiwan a base for southward expansion.
185:
535:
507:
503:
300:
480:
dominates, assimilates, or influences other cultures. According to
814:
706:
695:
687:
394:
319:
413:
1048:
571:
904:
902:
193:
510:
people. External trade also grew with the establishment of
169:
849:
Korea forced the Koreans to adopt and use Japanese names
483:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
148:
446:
87:
movement to make people become subjects of the emperor
282:
268:
127:
113:
371:
352:
1735:
1668:
1636:
1610:
440:
435:
412:
393:
388:
365:
346:
341:
318:
299:
294:
276:
262:
255:
250:
238:
224:
210:
205:
184:
177:
163:
156:
142:
135:
121:
107:
100:
95:
83:
69:
55:
50:
41:
839:was banned in schools after 1937 as part of the
775:
749:
725:
703:, a Shinto shrine constructed in Taipei in 1901
1018:http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781474220026.ch-004
769:
743:
719:
692:Military officials trainees Taiwan Pacific War
678:
418:
399:
1060:
230:
216:
75:
61:
8:
324:
305:
1607:
1067:
1053:
1045:
432:
338:
247:
92:
594:. The inhabitants of these islands, the
242:movement to make something more Japanese
884:
948:https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1mjqvc6.6
873:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
614:In 1879, Japan officially annexed the
38:
7:
782:drafted Taiwanese subjects into the
502:had also consolidated control over
25:
869:Japanese settlement in Micronesia
865:Nihon Inin Tōchi-ryō Nan'yō Guntō
27:Assimilation to Japanese culture
194:
170:
149:
993:University of California Press
447:
372:
353:
283:
269:
231:
217:
128:
114:
76:
62:
1:
910:"JPRI Occasional Paper No. 8"
1649:Romanization of the writings
530:. For much of the following
1763:Forced religious conversion
827:Beginning with two massive
776:
750:
726:
506:by dominating the northern
1842:
808:
802:
658:Taiwan under Japanese rule
655:
171:wong4 man4 faa3 wan6 dung6
29:
1726:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
1611:Assimilation by religions
1082:
987:Ching, Leo T. S. (2001).
805:Korea under Japanese rule
770:
744:
720:
679:
662:After the signing of the
463:
431:
419:
400:
337:
325:
306:
246:
91:
46:
18:Kōminka movement (Taiwan)
1637:Assimilation by writings
476:is the process by which
212:Traditional Chinese
206:Alternative Chinese name
57:Traditional Chinese
30:Not to be confused with
950:. Accessed 23 Mar. 2024
646:First Sino-Japanese War
635:Japonic language family
586:and sometimes included
373:hwangminhwa chŏngch'aek
226:Simplified Chinese
71:Simplified Chinese
1743:Cultural globalization
851:and identify as such.
824:
784:Imperial Japanese Army
712:
704:
693:
354:hwangminhwa jeongchaek
1821:Cultural assimilation
1076:Cultural assimilation
818:
758:replaced Taiwanese's
710:
699:
691:
664:Treaty of Shimonoseki
536:isolationst diplomacy
1780:Internal colonialism
1748:Cultural imperialism
1429:Northern Afghanistan
639:dialects of Japanese
348:Revised Romanization
195:hông-bîn-huà ūn-tōng
129:ㄏㄨㄤˊㄇㄧㄣˊㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄩㄣˋㄉㄨㄥˋ
1785:Jewish assimilation
1758:Forced assimilation
1296:or Castilianization
788:Takasago Volunteers
711:Takasago Volunteers
701:Taiwan Grand Shrine
574:(蝦夷) (also spelled
526:and his successor,
375:hwangminhwa untong
356:hwangminhwa undong
115:huángmínhuà yùndòng
1409:Montenegrinization
995:. pp. 93–95.
861:South Seas Mandate
829:invasions of Korea
825:
713:
705:
694:
631:Ryukyuan languages
528:Toyotomi Hideyoshi
150:waonminho yiuindon
1808:
1807:
1775:Identity politics
1664:
1663:
1394:Macedonianization
819:Korean newspaper
734:Taiwanese Hokkien
547:Meiji Restoration
467:
466:
459:
458:
453:
425:
406:
384:
383:
378:
367:McCune–Reischauer
359:
331:
312:
290:
289:
284:ㄖˋㄅㄣˇㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄩㄣˋㄉㄨㄥˋ
257:Standard Mandarin
201:
200:
102:Standard Mandarin
16:(Redirected from
1833:
1826:Culture of Japan
1753:Dominant culture
1736:Related concepts
1698:De-russification
1686:De-stalinization
1681:De-communization
1618:Christianization
1608:
1460:or Latinization
1414:Norwegianization
1390:or Hungarization
1364:
1205:Colombianization
1107:Native Americans
1069:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
951:
943:
937:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
916:on June 30, 2019
912:. Archived from
906:
897:
896:
889:
781:
779:
773:
772:
757:
756:
753:
747:
746:
731:
729:
723:
722:
684:
682:
681:
669:governor-general
624:invasion of 1609
541:Imperial Russia.
534:(1600–1868), an
478:Japanese culture
455:
454:
451:
433:
427:
426:
423:
408:
407:
404:
380:
379:
376:
361:
360:
357:
339:
333:
332:
329:
314:
313:
310:
286:
285:
272:
271:
270:rìběnhuà yùndòng
248:
234:
233:
220:
219:
197:
196:
173:
172:
152:
151:
131:
130:
117:
116:
93:
79:
78:
65:
64:
39:
21:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1800:Monoculturalism
1731:
1720:De-sinicization
1693:De-nazification
1669:Opposite trends
1660:
1632:
1606:
1488:Sanskritization
1453:Romanianization
1419:Pakistanization
1358:
1294:Hispanicization
1284:Hawaiianization
1240:Europeanization
1235:Estonianization
1190:Canadianization
1097:Americanization
1078:
1073:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1010:
1003:
986:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
954:
944:
940:
933:
929:
919:
917:
908:
907:
900:
891:
890:
886:
881:
857:
837:Korean language
835:The use of the
813:
807:
801:
777:shiganhei seidō
767:
754:
741:
717:
676:
673:Seizō Kobayashi
660:
654:
612:
603:Japanese Empire
569:
551:Empire of Japan
492:
449:
448:kōminka seisaku
421:
402:
374:
355:
327:
308:
239:Literal meaning
84:Literal meaning
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1839:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1790:Language shift
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1676:De-arabization
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1605:
1604:
1602:Zairianization
1599:
1594:
1592:Westernization
1589:
1587:Vietnamization
1584:
1579:
1574:
1572:Turkmenization
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1540:Talibanization
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1493:Serbianization
1490:
1485:
1483:Saffronization
1480:
1479:
1478:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1436:Persianization
1433:
1432:
1431:
1424:Pashtunization
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1383:Lithuanization
1380:
1378:Latvianization
1375:
1370:
1365:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1344:Japanification
1336:
1334:Italianization
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1312:Indigenization
1309:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1274:Georgification
1271:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1245:Westernization
1237:
1232:
1230:Dutchification
1227:
1222:
1220:Cypriotization
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:Bosniakization
1177:
1176:
1175:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1156:Belarusization
1153:
1151:Araucanization
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1087:Africanization
1083:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1008:
1001:
979:
970:
961:
952:
938:
927:
898:
883:
882:
880:
877:
856:
853:
803:Main article:
800:
797:
764:Japanese names
656:Main article:
653:
650:
633:belong to the
616:Ryūkyū Kingdom
611:
608:
568:
565:
491:
488:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
456:
444:
438:
437:
436:Transcriptions
429:
428:
416:
410:
409:
397:
391:
390:
386:
385:
382:
381:
369:
363:
362:
350:
344:
343:
342:Transcriptions
335:
334:
322:
316:
315:
303:
297:
296:
292:
291:
288:
287:
280:
274:
273:
266:
260:
259:
253:
252:
251:Transcriptions
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
228:
222:
221:
214:
208:
207:
203:
202:
199:
198:
191:
182:
181:
175:
174:
167:
161:
160:
158:Yue: Cantonese
154:
153:
146:
140:
139:
133:
132:
125:
119:
118:
111:
105:
104:
98:
97:
96:Transcriptions
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
73:
67:
66:
59:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
43:
32:Japanification
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1838:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1770:Globalization
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:Korenizatsiia
1701:
1700:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:Cyrillization
1642:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Ukrainization
1575:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:Turkification
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1545:Taiwanization
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1535:Swedification
1533:
1531:
1530:Swahilization
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1525:Sovietization
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1520:Slovakization
1518:
1516:
1515:Slavicization
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1200:Chilenization
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1185:Bulgarization
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500:Yamato people
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450:kōminka undō
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1724:
1708:Latinization
1654:Soviet Union
1628:Islamization
1597:Wolofization
1582:Uzbekization
1555:Thaification
1550:Tamilization
1503:Sinicization
1458:Romanization
1448:Polonization
1399:Malayization
1351:Javanization
1339:Japanization
1338:
1317:Indonezation
1257:Francization
1225:Czechization
1215:Croatization
1210:Creolization
1092:Albanization
1034:
1025:
1011:
991:. Berkeley:
988:
982:
973:
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941:
930:
918:. Retrieved
914:the original
887:
864:
858:
846:
841:naisen-ittai
840:
834:
826:
811:Sōshi-kaimei
793:State Shinto
714:
661:
643:
628:
620:Satsuma Clan
613:
600:
579:
575:
570:
558:
555:Qing dynasty
544:
524:Oda Nobunaga
521:
517:
511:
496:Heian period
493:
481:
474:Japanisation
473:
470:Japanization
469:
468:
442:Romanization
264:Hanyu Pinyin
179:Southern Min
144:Romanization
109:Hanyu Pinyin
51:Chinese name
42:Japanization
36:
1795:Melting pot
1623:Judaization
1359: [
1124:Arabization
920:February 8,
821:Chosun Ilbo
727:kokugo undō
629:Though the
560:Nanshin-ron
494:During the
295:Korean name
1815:Categories
1565:placenames
1305:placenames
1173:placenames
1102:immigrants
879:References
809:See also:
622:since the
545:After the
532:Edo period
513:nihonmachi
422:こうみんかうんどう
1441:societies
1129:Armenians
935:第一節 皇民化運動
751:kaiseimei
738:the press
420:こうみんかせいさく
1262:Brussels
823:1940.1.1
590:and the
588:Sakhalin
584:Hokkaido
567:Hokkaido
278:Bopomofo
165:Jyutping
123:Bopomofo
1713:Ukraine
1476:Finland
1134:Berbers
610:Okinawa
490:History
186:Hokkien
1139:Blacks
999:
652:Taiwan
516:abroad
508:Emishi
504:Honshu
452:(alt.)
424:(alt.)
405:(alt.)
403:皇民化運動
377:(alt.)
358:(alt.)
330:(alt.)
328:皇民化運動
311:(alt.)
309:황민화운동
301:Hangul
1508:Tibet
1464:names
1363:]
1327:names
1112:names
1020:>.
855:Nanyo
799:Korea
771:志願兵制度
762:with
680:皇民化運動
401:皇民化政策
395:Kanji
326:皇民化政策
320:Hanja
307:황민화정책
232:日本化运动
218:日本化運動
77:皇民化运动
63:皇民化運動
1161:soft
1144:Jews
1016:<
997:ISBN
922:2008
859:The
721:國語運動
596:Ainu
580:Yeso
576:Yezo
414:Kana
745:改姓名
736:in
578:or
572:Ezo
472:or
189:POJ
1817::
1361:ru
901:^
875:.
774:,
748:,
724:,
671:,
626:.
137:Wu
1068:e
1061:t
1054:v
1005:.
924:.
895:.
780:)
768:(
755:)
742:(
730:)
718:(
683:)
677:(
518:.
34:.
20:)
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