1147:, and thus inversely proportional to the frequency. At 12 GHz a 1-meter dish is capable of focusing on one satellite while sufficiently rejecting the signal from another satellite only 2 degrees away. This is important because satellites in FSS (Fixed Satellite Service) service (11.7-12.2 GHz in the U.S.) are only 2 degrees apart. At 4 GHz (C-band) a 3-meter dish is required to achieve this narrow angular resolution. Note the inverse linear correlation between dish size and frequency. For K
1764:
1123:
dish's size. As the power increases, the size of an antenna's dish will decrease. This is because the purpose of the dish element of the antenna is to collect the incident waves over an area and focus them all onto the antenna's actual receiving element, mounted in front of the dish (and pointed back towards its face); if the waves are more intense, fewer of them need to be collected to achieve the same intensity at the receiving element.
77:
3597:
140:
3607:
36:
3586:
3617:
1122:
band is not similarly restricted in power to avoid interference with terrestrial microwave systems, and the power of its uplinks and downlinks can be increased. This higher power also translates into smaller receiving dishes and points out a generalization between a satellite's transmission and a
970:
Measurements of rain attenuation in
Indonesia have been done for satellite communication links in Padang, Cibinong, Surabaya and Bandung. The DAH Model for rain attenuation prediction is valid for Indonesia, as is the ITU model. The DAH model has become an ITU recommendation since 2001
1217:
band due to its much narrower beam focus compared to C band for a dish of a given size. Position feedback accuracies are higher and the antenna may require a closed loop control system to maintain position under wind loading of the dish surface.
1126:
A major attraction of the band over lower frequency microwave bands is that the shorter wavelengths allow sufficient angular resolution to separate the signals of different communication satellites to be achieved with smaller terrestrial
1151:
satellites in DBS (Direct
Broadcast Satellite) service (12.2-12.7 GHz in the U.S.) dishes much smaller than 1-meter can be used because those satellites are spaced 9 degrees apart. As power levels on both C and
938:
Australia is part of ITU Region 3 and the
Australian regulatory environment provides a class license that covers downlinking from 11.70 GHz to 12.75 GHz and uplinking from 14.0 GHz to 14.5 GHz.
1246:
959:-band (11 – 18 GHz) in Indonesia. Using frequencies higher than 10 GHz in a heavy rain area usually gives poor results. This problem can be solved by using an appropriate
1709:
1102:
band to the fixed service (microwave towers), radio astronomy service, space research service, mobile service, mobile satellite service, radiolocation service (radar),
87:
1372:
737:
resonance peak at 22.24 GHz, (1.35 cm) which made the center unusable for long range transmission. In radar applications, it ranges from 12 to 18
644:
3653:
3569:
3541:
3536:
2561:
2497:
1199:, during heavy rain (100 mm/h). This problem can be mitigated by transmitting a higher powered signal from the satellite to compensate. Therefore, the K
3955:
3705:
906:
Segments in those regions are represented by ITU Region 1, and they are the 11.45 to 11.7 and 12.5 to 12.75 GHz bands are allocated to the FSS (
2222:
1458:
3994:
3563:
2370:
1702:
876:
3965:
3558:
3548:
3528:
3330:
2491:
948:
827:
796:
2469:
982:-band for satellite communications in tropical regions like Indonesia is becoming more frequent. Several satellites above Indonesia have K
1284:
4190:
4014:
3553:
3399:
1673:
3325:
1354:
1191:
band system. Around 10 GHz is the absorption peak due to orientation relaxation of molecules in liquid water. Above 10 GHz,
823:
3419:
1695:
637:
241:
223:
121:
63:
3646:
3204:
2752:
2554:
1227:
1106:, and radionavigation. However, not all of these services are actually operating in this band and others are only minor users.
898:
bandwidth running at 100 to 240 watts of power, allowing the use of receiver antennas as small as 18 inches (450 mm).
4230:
3315:
1393:
4127:
3310:
2861:
2294:
927:
887:
161:
3975:
3335:
2452:
784:
765:
3620:
1369:
1270:
overlap; satellite communications engineers would generally regard frequencies above 11.2 GHz as being part of the K
3902:
3610:
3371:
3268:
2811:
2578:
2215:
1451:
1308:
1171:
band is generally cheaper and enables smaller antennas (both because of the higher frequency and a more focused beam). K
630:
4200:
3639:
3600:
3107:
2547:
1810:
1649:
769:
204:
103:
176:
4173:
4142:
3887:
3797:
3459:
3381:
3320:
3027:
2446:
2378:
1805:
919:
891:
753:
955:
as Region P, countries with very high rain precipitation. This statement has made many people unsure about using K
150:
3231:
3192:
3037:
2937:
2866:
2799:
2626:
2327:
4225:
3590:
2832:
2767:
2720:
2606:
2105:
1718:
1634:
839:
695:
574:
397:
183:
157:
49:
1167:
band system's freedom from terrestrial operations simplifies finding a suitable dish site. For the end users K
4152:
4051:
4004:
3912:
3429:
3414:
3258:
3209:
3132:
3032:
2710:
2596:
2591:
2208:
2155:
1484:
1444:
907:
864:
749:
343:
4046:
3960:
3802:
3351:
3137:
2952:
2897:
2892:
2705:
2670:
2289:
1213:
The satellite operator's Earth station antenna requires more accurate position control when operating at K
190:
4147:
3970:
3950:
3253:
3057:
3022:
2942:
2922:
2844:
2732:
2653:
2306:
1156:
band satellites have increased over the years, dish beam-width has become much more critical than gain.
3775:
3715:
3700:
3695:
3167:
3127:
3097:
2854:
2789:
2680:
2301:
2279:
2115:
2110:
1619:
1604:
757:
518:
392:
387:
310:
172:
3882:
3753:
3177:
3117:
2876:
2838:
2695:
2636:
2621:
2359:
2337:
2150:
2145:
2120:
2100:
1851:
1589:
1514:
1499:
843:
741:
according to the formal definition of radar frequency band nomenclature in IEEE Standard 521–2002.
513:
402:
380:
353:
348:
1203:
band satellites typically require considerably more power to transmit than the C-band satellites.
4019:
3404:
3361:
3292:
3162:
3092:
3067:
3002:
2849:
2570:
2332:
2274:
2253:
2140:
1988:
1961:
1871:
1856:
1529:
1132:
358:
2200:
1135:, the diameter of a parabolic dish required to create a radiation pattern with a given angular
4132:
4009:
3444:
3366:
3280:
3263:
3226:
3112:
3072:
2902:
2871:
2737:
2631:
2284:
1996:
1992:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1350:
1210:
band. It is due to snow or ice accumulation on a dish significantly altering its focal point.
1128:
918:
band is used from 10.7 to 12.75 GHz (LOF Low 9.75 GHz, LOF High 10.6 GHz) for
4168:
4112:
3926:
3737:
3662:
3449:
3409:
3389:
3356:
3285:
3243:
3157:
3012:
2997:
2972:
2947:
2907:
2757:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2322:
2130:
1901:
1876:
1744:
1559:
860:
668:
413:
370:
1763:
4137:
4107:
3743:
3077:
2932:
2700:
2663:
2258:
2179:
2092:
1934:
1866:
1397:
1376:
971:(Recommendation No. ITU-R P.618-7). This model can create a 99.7% available link so that K
707:
332:
2675:
886:
The 12.2 to 12.7 GHz (LOF 11.25 to 11.75 GHz) segment is allocated to the BSS (
3631:
3747:
3275:
3147:
3122:
3082:
3052:
2927:
2762:
2648:
2423:
2248:
2125:
1909:
1574:
1467:
1192:
1087:
831:
508:
498:
375:
325:
963:
when designing the wireless communication link. Higher power can overcome the loss to
4219:
4122:
3847:
3727:
3666:
3424:
3197:
3187:
3102:
2992:
2987:
2977:
2962:
2784:
2643:
2419:
2243:
2135:
2072:
2053:
1957:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1544:
1115:
1103:
1027:
723:
715:
551:
533:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
365:
304:
197:
1388:
4194:
3669:
3302:
3142:
3087:
3017:
2982:
2917:
2816:
2806:
2658:
2514:
2475:
2409:
2011:
1677:
1140:
792:
99:
55:
803:
was the first television network to uplink a majority of its affiliate feeds via K
1285:"SpaceX seeks FCC permission for operating all first-gen Starlink in lower orbit"
4117:
3942:
3733:
3502:
3152:
3062:
3047:
3007:
2967:
2826:
2439:
2414:
2184:
1861:
1843:
1739:
987:
960:
734:
139:
1431:
1320:
3999:
3985:
3687:
3507:
3214:
2912:
2821:
2777:
2747:
2725:
2715:
2690:
2165:
1833:
1828:
1782:
1759:
1206:
Another weather-caused degradation called "snow fade" is not specific to the K
1144:
856:
788:
883:
per transponder, and requiring a 0.8-m to 1.5-m antenna for clear reception.
4091:
4086:
4081:
4071:
4062:
3921:
3492:
2957:
2772:
2528:
2174:
2021:
1797:
1775:
1754:
1729:
1196:
1083:
1063:
1055:
1043:
964:
952:
923:
895:
811:
703:
699:
1687:
1347:
Satellites: Operations and
Applications. The New Communication Technologies
814:
used by law enforcement to detect vehicles speeding, especially in Europe.
1321:"Radiocommunications (Communication with Space Object) Class Licence 1998"
822:
3812:
3765:
3723:
3487:
3477:
3394:
3219:
3042:
2403:
2189:
2006:
1984:
1979:
1949:
1749:
1071:
1059:
1031:
1019:
776:
602:
1410:
3807:
3761:
3482:
3467:
2044:
1436:
1007:
1002:, launched in December 2002 and positioned at 95° East, contains only K
991:
926:
satellites. The 11.7 to 12.5 GHz segment is allocated to the BSS (
727:
617:
607:
597:
556:
17:
1195:
takes over. The effect is a noticeable degradation, commonly known as
4076:
3892:
3866:
3861:
3820:
3771:
3757:
3512:
3472:
2794:
2586:
2539:
2458:
2395:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2000:
1929:
1267:
1163:
band also offers a user more flexibility. A smaller dish size and a K
1035:
1015:
911:
868:
834:
on a residence, which receives satellite television channels over a K
773:
612:
592:
569:
564:
538:
528:
523:
875:
band satellites orbiting over North
America, each carrying 12 to 48
1426:
3897:
3792:
3684:
3497:
3434:
2742:
2463:
2434:
2429:
2389:
2383:
2365:
1924:
1820:
1734:
1079:
1075:
1038:
at the same location, which launched in June 2018 and carries 54 K
999:
821:
738:
288:
273:
3439:
2353:
1919:
1914:
1136:
1067:
1023:
1011:
880:
863:
Frequency (LOF) 10.75 to 11.25 GHz), allocated to the FSS (
761:
4032:
3635:
2543:
2204:
1691:
1440:
855:
Segments in most of North and South
America are represented by
799:(ITU) into multiple segments that vary by geographical region.
787:
and particularly for satellite from remote locations back to a
2685:
1939:
800:
133:
70:
29:
686:
1762:
677:
683:
871:
from 14.0 to 14.5 GHz. There are more than 22 FSS K
95:
706:(GHz). The symbol is short for "K-under" (originally
1370:
674:
671:
1175:
band is also less vulnerable to rain fade than the K
810:
Some frequencies in this radio band are employed in
4161:
4100:
4060:
4039:
3984:
3941:
3911:
3875:
3840:
3833:
3785:
3714:
3683:
3676:
3521:
3458:
3380:
3344:
3301:
3242:
3176:
2885:
2577:
2507:
2484:
2346:
2315:
2267:
2236:
2164:
2091:
2020:
1948:
1900:
1842:
1819:
1796:
680:
295:
280:
265:
164:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1006:-band transponders with a footprint on Indonesia (
894:) normally carry 16 to 32 transponders of 27
1427:Frequency allocation information, mostly for U.S.
1098:Other ITU allocations have been made within the K
1050:band footprints. Other satellites that provides K
846:35,700 kilometres (22,000 miles) above the Earth.
2464:Multichannel Video and Data Distribution Service
714:), because it is the lower part of the original
1187:There are, however, some disadvantages of the K
733:) because of the presence of the atmospheric
3647:
2555:
2216:
1703:
1452:
638:
84:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2498:Multichannel multipoint distribution service
2231:Wireless video and data distribution methods
254:
3570:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1258:Note that in the band 11.2–12 GHz the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4029:
3837:
3680:
3654:
3640:
3632:
3606:
2562:
2548:
2540:
2223:
2209:
2201:
1779:
1710:
1696:
1688:
1477:
1459:
1445:
1437:
645:
631:
321:
253:
242:Learn how and when to remove this message
224:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Range of radio frequencies from 11-20 GHz
760:, and for specific applications such as
702:range of frequencies from 12 to 18
1349:(5 ed.). Burlington: Focal Press.
1239:
1046:satellite, launched in 2004 also uses K
1034:). NSS 6 is intended to be replaced by
583:
497:
412:
331:
324:
2371:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
922:services such as those carried by the
2492:Local multipoint distribution service
838:band microwave beam from a broadcast
828:direct-broadcast satellite television
797:International Telecommunication Union
718:, which was split into three bands (K
414:EU / NATO / US ECM
7:
3616:
2470:Multipoint Video Distribution System
1345:Mirabito, M; Morgenstern, B (2004).
752:, most notably the downlink used by
162:adding citations to reliable sources
1327:. Australian Government. 2012-03-21
975:-band can be applied in Indonesia.
914:14.0 to 14.5 GHz). In Europe K
1249:URL only available to IEEE members
783:band satellites are also used for
25:
791:network's studio for editing and
45:This article has multiple issues.
4188:
3615:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3584:
3205:Free-space optical communication
2415:Mobile broadband wireless access
1671:
1228:Multifunction Advanced Data Link
667:
138:
75:
34:
1325:Federal Register of Legislation
149:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
4128:Error detection and correction
928:broadcasting satellite service
888:broadcasting satellite service
859:2 from 11.7 to 12.2 GHz (
1:
2453:Educational Broadband Service
766:Tracking Data Relay Satellite
3591:Telecommunication portal
3372:Telecommunications equipment
795:. The band is split by the
4201:Comparison of radio systems
3108:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1811:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
892:direct broadcast satellites
770:International Space Station
754:direct broadcast satellites
748:band is primarily used for
98:, discuss the issue on the
4247:
4174:International broadcasting
4143:FM extended band in Brazil
2812:Telecommunications history
2447:Advanced Wireless Services
2379:Digital Video Broadcasting
1806:Very-high-energy gamma ray
1054:band covers Indonesia are
920:direct broadcast satellite
4182:
4028:
3579:
3420:Public Switched Telephone
3232:telecommunication circuit
3193:Fiber-optic communication
2938:Francis Blake (telephone)
2733:Optical telecommunication
2328:Satellite Internet access
1725:
1667:
1475:
1432:Spectrum allocation chart
1179:band frequency spectrum.
1143:) is proportional to the
772:(ISS) communications and
694:) is the portion of the
3331:Orbital angular-momentum
2768:Satellite communications
2607:Communications satellite
1719:Electromagnetic spectrum
1309:Radar Detectors Glossary
1042:-band transponders. The
840:communications satellite
750:satellite communications
696:electromagnetic spectrum
4153:Shortwave relay station
4052:Audio signal processing
3210:Molecular communication
3033:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2862:Undersea telegraph line
2597:Cable protection system
908:fixed satellite service
865:fixed satellite service
826:One use of the band is
4231:Satellite broadcasting
4047:Audio data compression
3352:Communication protocol
3138:Charles Sumner Tainter
2953:Walter Houser Brattain
2898:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2706:Information revolution
2290:Terrestrial television
1767:
847:
711:
4148:Multipath propagation
3971:MPEG-1 Audio Layer II
3841:Frequency allocations
3716:Frequency allocations
3326:Polarization-division
3058:Narinder Singh Kapany
3023:Erna Schneider Hoover
2943:Jagadish Chandra Bose
2923:Alexander Graham Bell
2654:online video platform
2307:Visual sensor network
1766:
1104:amateur radio service
825:
4101:Technical (emission)
3168:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3128:Almon Brown Strowger
3098:Charles Grafton Page
2753:Prepaid mobile phone
2681:Electrical telegraph
2302:Satellite television
1390:Water and Microwaves
818:Segments and regions
758:satellite television
158:improve this article
104:create a new article
96:improve this article
86:may not represent a
3118:Johann Philipp Reis
2877:Wireless revolution
2839:The Telephone Cases
2696:Hydraulic telegraph
2360:Long Term Evolution
2338:Wireless local loop
2280:Internet television
1852:Extreme ultraviolet
1247:IEEE Std 521 - 2002
844:geostationary orbit
262:
3316:Frequency-division
3293:Telephone exchange
3163:Charles Wheatstone
3093:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3068:Innocenzo Manzetti
3003:Reginald Fessenden
2738:Optical telegraphy
2571:Telecommunications
2333:Wireless broadband
2275:Amateur television
2254:Radio broadcasting
1857:Vacuum ultraviolet
1768:
1396:2019-07-29 at the
1375:2007-10-23 at the
1133:Rayleigh criterion
1129:parabolic antennas
848:
584:Other TV and radio
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4133:FM broadcast band
4040:Technical (audio)
3937:
3936:
3829:
3828:
3629:
3628:
3367:Store and forward
3362:Data transmission
3276:Network switching
3227:Transmission line
3073:Guglielmo Marconi
3038:Internet pioneers
2903:Mohamed M. Atalla
2872:Whistled language
2537:
2536:
2285:Mobile television
2198:
2197:
1902:Visible (optical)
1685:
1684:
1662:
1661:
902:Europe and Africa
655:
654:
408:
407:
320:
319:
252:
251:
244:
234:
233:
226:
208:
132:
131:
124:
106:, as appropriate.
68:
16:(Redirected from
4238:
4195:Radio portal
4193:
4192:
4191:
4169:History of radio
4113:AM expanded band
4030:
3913:Commercial radio
3838:
3681:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3633:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3460:Notable networks
3450:Wireless network
3390:Cellular network
3382:Types of network
3357:Computer network
3244:Network topology
3158:Thomas A. Watson
3013:Oliver Heaviside
2998:Philo Farnsworth
2973:Daniel Davis Jr.
2948:Charles Bourseul
2908:John Logie Baird
2617:Data compression
2612:Computer network
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2323:Mobile broadband
2225:
2218:
2211:
2202:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1689:
1678:Radio portal
1676:
1675:
1674:
1478:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1438:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1387:Martin Chaplin:
1385:
1379:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1275:
1262:definitions of K
1256:
1250:
1244:
1076:Koreasat 8/ABS-2
951:has categorized
861:Local Oscillator
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
673:
647:
640:
633:
340:
339:
322:
291:
282:Wavelength range
276:
263:
261:
247:
240:
229:
222:
218:
215:
209:
207:
166:
142:
134:
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
79:
78:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4226:Microwave bands
4216:
4215:
4214:
4205:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4157:
4138:FM broadcasting
4108:AM broadcasting
4096:
4056:
4035:
4024:
3980:
3933:
3907:
3876:Digital systems
3871:
3856:
3825:
3786:Digital systems
3781:
3710:
3672:
3660:
3630:
3625:
3585:
3583:
3575:
3517:
3454:
3376:
3340:
3297:
3246:
3238:
3179:
3172:
3078:Robert Metcalfe
2933:Tim Berners-Lee
2881:
2701:Information Age
2573:
2568:
2538:
2533:
2523:
2503:
2480:
2342:
2311:
2263:
2259:Satellite radio
2232:
2229:
2199:
2194:
2160:
2087:
2062:
2048:
2016:
1944:
1896:
1838:
1815:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1721:
1716:
1686:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1654:300 GHz/1 mm
1653:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1613:
1610:
1609:300 MHz/1 m
1608:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1568:
1565:
1564:300 kHz/1 km
1563:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1523:
1520:
1519:300 Hz/1 Mm
1518:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1471:
1465:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1398:Wayback Machine
1386:
1382:
1377:Wayback Machine
1368:
1364:
1357:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1202:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1121:
1112:
1101:
1096:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1005:
995:
985:
981:
974:
958:
945:
936:
917:
904:
874:
853:
837:
820:
806:
782:
747:
731:
721:
670:
666:
662:
651:
622:
579:
560:
547:
493:
316:
298:
286:
283:
271:
268:
267:Frequency range
259:
255:
248:
237:
236:
235:
230:
219:
213:
210:
167:
165:
155:
143:
128:
117:
111:
108:
93:
80:
76:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4244:
4242:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4218:
4217:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4087:Kahn-Hazeltine
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4034:Related topics
4033:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3982:
3981:
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3978:
3973:
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3963:
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3354:
3348:
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3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Space-division
3307:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3273:
3272:
3271:
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3256:
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3222:
3212:
3207:
3202:
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3200:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3148:Camille Tissot
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3123:Claude Shannon
3120:
3115:
3113:Tivadar Puskás
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:Antonio Meucci
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Charles K. Kao
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Harold Hopkins
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
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2955:
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2928:Emile Berliner
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2867:Videotelephony
2864:
2859:
2858:
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2852:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2763:Radiotelephone
2760:
2755:
2750:
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2740:
2735:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2649:Internet video
2641:
2640:
2639:
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2624:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
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2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
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2511:
2509:
2505:
2504:
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2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:Internet radio
2246:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1982:
1977:
1954:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
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1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
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1814:
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1800:
1794:
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1707:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1646:
1644:
1639:30 GHz/10 mm
1631:
1629:
1616:
1614:
1601:
1599:
1594:30 MHz/10 m
1586:
1584:
1571:
1569:
1556:
1554:
1549:30 kHz/10 km
1541:
1539:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1509:
1504:30 Hz/10 Mm
1496:
1494:
1481:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:Radio spectrum
1466:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1421:External links
1419:
1416:
1415:
1402:
1380:
1362:
1356:978-0240805863
1355:
1337:
1312:
1301:
1276:
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1263:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:Mie scattering
1188:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1119:
1114:Compared with
1111:
1108:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:Nusantara Satu
1051:
1047:
1039:
1003:
998:transponders.
993:
983:
979:
972:
956:
944:
941:
935:
932:
915:
903:
900:
872:
852:
849:
835:
832:satellite dish
819:
816:
807:band in 1983.
804:
780:
745:
729:
719:
660:
653:
652:
650:
649:
642:
635:
627:
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436:
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410:
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336:
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329:
328:
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308:
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284:
281:
278:
277:
269:
266:
257:
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249:
232:
231:
146:
144:
137:
130:
129:
90:of the subject
88:worldwide view
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4243:
4232:
4229:
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4224:
4223:
4221:
4202:
4199:
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4196:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
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4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Digital radio
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
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4008:
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3996:
3993:
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3990:
3987:
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3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
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3884:
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3878:
3874:
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3836:
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3822:
3819:
3816:
3814:
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3806:
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3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3773:
3770:
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3763:
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3742:
3739:
3735:
3732:
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3725:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:digital audio
3664:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3622:
3614:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
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3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
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3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
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3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3336:Code-division
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Time-division
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:and switching
3245:
3241:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3198:optical fiber
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Coaxial cable
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Radia Perlman
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2993:Lee de Forest
2991:
2989:
2988:Thomas Edison
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:Donald Davies
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2963:Claude Chappe
2961:
2959:
2956:
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2939:
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2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
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2875:
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2870:
2868:
2865:
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2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:Smoke signals
2805:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:Semiconductor
2783:
2779:
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2774:
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2764:
2761:
2759:
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2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2644:Digital media
2642:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2613:
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2420:IEEE 802.15.3
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1666:
1657:
1656:3 THz/0.1 mm
1652:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1641:300 GHz/1 mm
1637:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1626:30 GHz/10 mm
1624:3 GHz/100 mm
1622:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1611:3 GHz/100 mm
1607:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1579:3 MHz/100 m
1577:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1551:300 kHz/1 km
1547:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1536:30 kHz/10 km
1534:3 kHz/100 km
1532:
1531:
1525:
1522:
1521:3 kHz/100 km
1517:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1489:3 Hz/100 Mm
1487:
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1289:SpaceNews.com
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1183:Disadvantages
1182:
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1131:. From the
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1033:
1029:
1028:Nusa Tenggara
1025:
1021:
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833:
829:
824:
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813:
808:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:satellites. K
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
756:to broadcast
755:
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742:
740:
736:
732:
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312:
309:
306:
303:
302:
300:
297:Related bands
294:
290:
285:
279:
275:
270:
264:
246:
243:
228:
225:
217:
206:
203:
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196:
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189:
185:
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178:
175: –
174:
170:
169:Find sources:
163:
159:
153:
152:
147:This article
145:
141:
136:
135:
126:
123:
115:
105:
101:
97:
91:
89:
82:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4186:
3852:
3670:broadcasting
3303:Multiplexing
3178:Transmission
3143:Nikola Tesla
3133:Henry Sutton
3088:Samuel Morse
3018:Robert Hooke
2983:Amos Dolbear
2918:John Bardeen
2837:
2817:Telautograph
2721:Mobile phone
2676:Edholm's law
2659:social media
2592:Broadcasting
2519:
2515:Broadcasting
2485:Technologies
2476:Wireless USB
2410:Mobile WiMAX
2366:5G New Radio
2058:
1770:
1669:
1648:
1647:
1633:
1632:
1618:
1617:
1603:
1602:
1596:300 MHz/1 m
1588:
1587:
1581:30 MHz/10 m
1573:
1572:
1566:3 MHz/100 m
1558:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1528:
1527:
1513:
1512:
1506:300 Hz/1 Mm
1498:
1497:
1491:30 Hz/10 Mm
1483:
1482:
1405:
1389:
1383:
1365:
1346:
1340:
1329:. Retrieved
1324:
1315:
1304:
1293:. Retrieved
1291:. 2020-04-21
1288:
1279:
1259:
1254:
1242:
1212:
1205:
1186:
1158:
1125:
1113:
1097:
988:transponders
978:Use of the K
977:
969:
946:
937:
905:
890:). BSS (DBS
885:
879:, 20 to 120
877:transponders
854:
809:
793:broadcasting
743:
658:
656:
543:
238:
220:
211:
201:
194:
187:
180:
168:
156:Please help
151:verification
148:
118:
109:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
4118:Cable radio
4061:Technical (
3821:DVB-T2 Lite
3677:Terrestrial
3503:NPL network
3215:Radio waves
3153:Alfred Vail
3063:Hedy Lamarr
3048:Dawon Kahng
3008:Elisha Gray
2968:Yogen Dalal
2893:Nasir Ahmed
2827:Teleprinter
2691:Heliographs
2384:Terrestrial
2185:Medium wave
1862:Lyman-alpha
1844:Ultraviolet
1783:wavelengths
1776:frequencies
1740:Ultraviolet
990:, and even
961:link budget
735:water vapor
716:NATO K band
326:Radio bands
4220:Categories
4000:DirectBand
3986:Subcarrier
3688:modulation
3549:Antarctica
3508:Toasternet
3430:Television
2913:Paul Baran
2845:Television
2829:(teletype)
2822:Telegraphy
2800:transistor
2778:Phryctoria
2748:Photophone
2726:Smartphone
2716:Mass media
2166:Wavelength
2022:Microwaves
1834:Hard X-ray
1829:Soft X-ray
1798:Gamma rays
1730:Gamma rays
1409:TECH-FAQ:
1331:2016-07-06
1295:2020-04-23
1234:References
1145:wavelength
1110:Advantages
857:ITU Region
812:radar guns
789:television
712:Kurz-unten
184:newspapers
50:improve it
4063:AM stereo
3922:Sirius XM
3915:providers
3834:Satellite
3533:Americas
3522:Locations
3493:Internet2
3254:Bandwidth
2958:Vint Cerf
2855:streaming
2833:Telephone
2773:Semaphore
2664:streaming
2529:Microwave
2396:Satellite
2347:Standards
2180:Shortwave
2175:Microwave
1755:Microwave
1266:band and
1197:rain fade
1137:beamwidth
1084:Telkom-3S
1064:AsiaSat 5
1056:MEASAT-3b
965:rain fade
953:Indonesia
943:Indonesia
934:Australia
785:backhauls
768:used for
704:gigahertz
700:microwave
287:2.5–1.67
214:July 2014
173:"Ku band"
112:July 2014
100:talk page
56:talk page
4162:Cultural
4092:Magnavox
4065:formats)
4015:SCA/SCMO
4010:RDS/RBDS
3813:HD Radio
3803:DRM/DRM+
3798:DAB/DAB+
3601:Category
3488:Internet
3478:CYCLADES
3395:Ethernet
3345:Concepts
3269:terminal
3220:wireless
3043:Bob Kahn
2886:Pioneers
2711:Internet
2602:Cable TV
2404:IEEE 802
2398:(DVB-S2)
2390:Handheld
2190:Longwave
1950:Infrared
1750:Infrared
1394:Archived
1373:Archived
1222:See also
1072:Chinasat
1060:JCSAT-4B
1044:IPSTAR 1
1032:Moluccas
777:Starlink
403:12 (THF)
398:11 (EHF)
393:10 (SHF)
94:You may
3988:signals
3956:AMR-WB+
3808:FMeXtra
3621:Commons
3611:Outline
3564:Oceania
3483:FidoNet
3468:ARPANET
3281:circuit
2850:digital
2579:History
2508:Related
2466:(MVDDS)
2406:family
2392:(DVB-H)
2386:(DVB-T)
2356:family
2295:Digital
1781:longer
1774:higher
1745:Visible
1411:Ku band
1260:working
1020:Celebes
1008:Sumatra
851:America
698:in the
388:9 (UHF)
381:8 (VHF)
359:4 (VLF)
354:3 (ULF)
349:2 (SLF)
344:1 (ELF)
198:scholar
18:Ku-Band
4082:Harris
4077:C-QUAM
3966:HE-AAC
3943:Codecs
3927:Canada
3893:DVB-SH
3867:S band
3862:L band
3848:C band
3772:L band
3663:Analog
3559:Europe
3529:Africa
3513:Usenet
3473:BITNET
3410:Mobile
3286:packet
2795:MOSFET
2790:device
2587:Beacon
2500:(MMDS)
2494:(LMDS)
2472:(MVDS)
2459:HomeRF
2373:(MBMS)
2083:L band
2078:S band
2073:C band
2068:X band
2054:K band
2040:Q band
2035:V band
2030:W band
1935:Orange
1930:Yellow
1910:Violet
1821:X-rays
1735:X-rays
1353:
1268:X band
1116:C-band
1094:Others
1086:, and
1036:SES-12
1016:Borneo
986:-band
912:uplink
869:uplink
774:SpaceX
726:, and
708:German
376:7 (HF)
371:6 (MF)
366:5 (LF)
307:(NATO)
272:12–18
256:IEEE K
200:
193:
186:
179:
171:
4072:Belar
3898:S-DMB
3888:DAB-S
3793:CAM-D
3706:COFDM
3685:Radio
3542:South
3537:North
3498:JANET
3435:Telex
3425:Radio
3264:Nodes
3259:Links
3180:media
2758:Radio
2743:Pager
2671:Drums
2637:video
2632:image
2622:audio
2455:(EBS)
2449:(AWS)
2435:WiMAX
2430:Wi-Fi
2362:(LTE)
2268:Video
2237:Radio
2168:types
2093:Radio
1989:Bands
1962:Bands
1925:Green
1760:Radio
1470:(ITU)
1274:band.
1159:The K
1080:SES-8
1000:NSS 6
924:Astra
881:watts
842:in a
830:. A
499:IEEE
313:(ITU)
205:JSTOR
191:books
102:, or
4020:DARC
3995:AMSS
3976:DRA+
3857:band
3766:high
3665:and
3554:Asia
3440:UUCP
3400:ISDN
2524:band
2440:WRAN
2354:3GPP
2316:Data
2063:band
2049:band
2007:LWIR
1985:MWIR
1980:SWIR
1920:Cyan
1915:Blue
1351:ISBN
1141:gain
1074:11,
1068:ST-2
1024:Bali
1012:Java
996:band
947:The
762:NASA
663:band
657:The
333:ITU
260:band
177:news
4005:PAD
3961:HDC
3951:AAC
3903:SDR
3883:ADR
3817:CDR
3776:UHF
3762:mid
3758:low
3754:VHF
3445:WAN
3415:NGN
3405:LAN
2686:Fax
2627:DCT
2424:UWB
2156:ELF
2151:SLF
2146:ULF
2141:VLF
2121:VHF
2116:UHF
2111:SHF
2106:EHF
2101:THF
2012:FIR
1958:NIR
1940:Red
1892:UVA
1887:UVB
1882:UVC
1877:NUV
1872:MUV
1867:FUV
1650:THF
1635:EHF
1620:SHF
1605:UHF
1590:VHF
1530:VLF
1515:ULF
1500:SLF
1485:ELF
1118:, K
949:ITU
930:).
896:MHz
867:),
801:NBC
764:'s
739:GHz
603:III
519:UHF
514:VHF
311:SHF
274:GHz
160:by
4222::
3764:/
3760:/
3748:HF
3744:SW
3738:MF
3734:MW
3728:LF
3724:LW
3701:FM
3696:AM
2136:LF
2131:MF
2126:HF
1999:,
1995:,
1991::
1972:,
1968:,
1964::
1575:HF
1560:MF
1545:LF
1323:.
1287:.
1090:.
1082:,
1078:,
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
1018:,
1014:,
1010:,
967:.
910:,
722:,
710::
687:uː
678:eɪ
618:VI
608:IV
598:II
575:mm
509:HF
289:cm
59:.
3855:u
3853:K
3778:)
3774:(
3768:)
3756:(
3750:)
3746:(
3740:)
3736:(
3730:)
3726:(
3655:e
3648:t
3641:v
3572:)
3568:(
2563:e
2556:t
2549:v
2522:u
2520:K
2426:)
2422:(
2224:e
2217:t
2210:v
2061:u
2059:K
2047:a
2045:K
2003:)
2001:N
1997:M
1993:L
1987:(
1976:)
1974:H
1970:K
1966:J
1960:(
1786:→
1772:←
1711:e
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1697:v
1460:e
1453:t
1446:v
1413:.
1400:.
1359:.
1334:.
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1272:u
1264:u
1215:u
1208:u
1201:u
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1177:a
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1154:u
1152:K
1149:u
1139:(
1120:u
1100:u
1052:u
1048:u
1040:u
1004:u
994:a
992:K
984:u
980:u
973:u
957:u
916:u
873:u
836:u
805:u
781:u
746:u
744:K
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728:K
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720:u
690:/
684:j
681:ˈ
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669:/
665:(
661:u
659:K
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639:t
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239:(
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221:(
216:)
212:(
202:·
195:·
188:·
181:·
154:.
125:)
119:(
114:)
110:(
92:.
66:)
62:(
20:)
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