Kumeyaay - Knowledge (XXG)

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blows it three times, causing the heavens to rise up and form the sky. He draws a line from east to west, named Y-nak and A-uk. He draws a line from north to south, named Ka-tulk and Ya-wak. He tells Yo-ko-mat-is that from the east three or four men are coming from the east, and from the east three or four Indians are coming, and he makes hills and valleys with hollows of water so the humans will not die of dehydration. He makes forests so humans will not die of cold. Then he makes humans out of mud, who can walk but never get tired, and tells them that they must walk to the east towards the light. When the humans reach the Sun, he makes the Moon, and tells the men they must run races when the Moon is small. Later, when there is less food and water, Tuchaipa calls together the men without the women and gives them three choices; to die forever; to live for a time and return; or to live forever. The men are divided over what to choose, and talk and talk without knowing what to do. Then the

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their bodies to make land. Then Tcaipakomat makes a type of black bird with a flat bill (xanyil) to come into being, but they were lost without their roosts, so Tcaipakomat takes red clay, yellow clay, and black clay to make a round flat object, and throws it into the sky to make a dimly-shining moon (halya). Tcaipakomat tries again with another piece of clay to make the brighter sun (inyau). Then he takes a light colored piece of clay (mutakwic), and splits it up, making a man, and the a woman (Sinyaxau, First Woman). The children of this man and this woman are people (ipai).

638: 541:, and other smaller groups on the Colorado River. The Spanish mediated peace talks between the two warring factions in the mid-1770s, largely siding with the Quechan-aligned alliance. However, increased tensions between the Spanish and the Quechan led to resumed conflict in 1781, but with the Spanish being denied overland access to Alta California and siding with the Maricopa-aligned coalition. The Spanish would then refocus their attention westwards to secure their maritime access to Alta California on 'Iipay-Tiipay-Kumeyaay lands. 616:

south at the end of the decade threatened to cut off San Diego from the rest of the Centralist Republic of Mexico. The Kumeyaay made preparations to lay siege on San Diego in the early 1840s and launched a second attack on San Diego in June 1842. However, San Diego managed to defend itself once more. While the siege failed, the Kumeyaay managed to control much of the south, east, and most of the north of the settlement, with the town becoming dependent on sea access maintain connections to the rest of Mexico. Together with

891: 450: 902:(1982) to operate high-stakes bingo games, leading to the expansion of many Kumeyaay bingo operators into the casino industry. This helped establish Las Vegas-style gaming operations in the reservations in the region, evaporating reservation unemployment and poverty in a short time. In total, the Kumeyaay operate six casinos: Barona Valley Ranch Resort and Casino, Sycuan Resort and Casino, Viejas Casino & Resort, Valley View Casino and Hotel, Golden Acorn Casino and Travel Center, and Jamul Casino. 972: 785: 1025: 5266: 1176: 5739: 486:, were called the Luiseño. The Spaniards brought with them new, non-native, invasive flora and domestic animals, which brought about some level of degradation to local ecology. This included grazing and foraging livestock animals such as pigs, goats, sheep, cattle, horses, donkeys, and various birds, like chickens, pheasants and ducks; the latter dirtying local water sources considerably. 1052:, was inherited from the father to son, although widows were sometimes permitted to assume the position. It was the Kwaapaay's role to protect traditions, hold ceremonies, and resolve disputes and was responsible for political, religious, and economic activities of the sib. Future Kwaapaays were often selected by a Kwaapaay of another with no family relations to ensure impartiality. 1165: 1077: 369: 1261:

One Kumeyaay creation story involves the original state of the world as being covered with salt water and tule, without land. The older brother Tuchaipa (also known as Tu-chai-pai, Tcaipakomat) and the younger twin brother Yokomatis (Yo-ko-mat-is) make the world. Tuchaipa rubs tobacco in his hand and

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and the Pacific Ocean up until the Mexican–American War, further threatening Mexican control of the southern Alta California coast. The Kumeyaay prevented Mexican usage of the ranchos around San Diego and evicted most of the Californios in the area by 1844, and continued launching raids deep into the

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Further Kumeyaay raids on El Cajon (1836) and Rancho Jamul (1837) threatened the security of San Diego, as many residents of San Diego fled the city. The Kumeyaay were able to attack San Diego in the late 1830s. Kumeyaay advancements into Rancho Bernardo in the north and San Ysidro and Tijuana to the

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Various disputes culminated to a skirmish between the Kumeyaay and Mexican soldiers stationed in San Diego in 1826, killing 26 Kumeyaay. This provoked Lt. Juan M. Ibarra to lead several attacks on Kumeyaay-controlled lands, and killed 28 people in his attack on Santa Ysabel on April 5th of that year.

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In another story, Tcaipakomat and Yokomatis have their eyes closed from the blinding salt water. Yokomatis tries to see atop the water, but opens his eyes and is blinded. Tcaipakomat goes on top of the water and sees nothing, so he makes little red ants (miskiluiw, ciracir) which fill the water with

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The Kumeyaay has a continuous song and dance culture, of which many are still passed on to the next generation during special occasions. Occasions like the mourning of an important figure was honored by an Eagle Dance, and a War Dance accompanied those heading for battle. Men often sang songs with a

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Upon Spanish arrival, woven baskets were highly prized by the Europeans, as these baskets were so well made that they could hold water and it was possible to cook food with these baskets in an open fire. The strong demand for Californian woven baskets in Mexican and European markets strengthened the

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created reservations in the area, and additional lands were placed under trust patent status after the passage of the 1891 Act for the Relief of Mission Indians. The reservations tended to be small and lacked adequate water supplies. The situation was made worse during the famine of 1880–1881, which

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Kumeyaay generally lived in dome-shaped homes made from branches and covered with leaves of willow or tule, called 'ewaa. These structures had a hole at the top to let smoke out and rocks along its base to keep out wind and small animals. Some Kumeyaay who lived in the mountains made their home out

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One view holds that historic 'Iipai-Tiipai emerged around one millennium ago, though a "proto-'Iipai-Tiipai culture" had been established by about 5000 B.C. Katherine Luomola suggests that the "nucleus of later Tipai-Ipai groups" came together around A.D. 1000. The Kumeyaay themselves traditionally

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In the late eighteenth century, it is estimated that the Kumeyaay population was between 3,000 and 9,000. In 1828, 1,711 Kumeyaay were recorded by the missions. The 1860 federal census recorded 1,571 Kumeyaay living in 24 villages. The Bureau of Indian Affairs recorded 1,322 Kumeyaay in 1968, with

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to serve the Kumeyaay-Diegueño Nation, and describes its mission as "to support cultural identity, sovereignty, and self-determination while meeting the needs of native and non-native students". The college's focus is on "Kumeyaay History, Kumeyaay Ethnobotany and traditional Indigenous arts" It

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from an area south of the Salton Sea. Within the Tipai-Ipai, the coastal Kumeyaay traded salt, seaweed, and abalone shells for acorns, agave, mesquite beans, and gourds from the mountain Kumeyaay. They also traded along the Pacific coast to obtain Olivella shell beads from the Chumash, as well as

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The Kumeyaay practiced arranged marriage made by parents of different sibs. The future husband was expected to demonstrate his ability to hunt and needed to present the future bride the game he had killed. The bride would move into the husband's sib once they were married. Marriage relations were

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were made up of male or female priests, doctors, and other specialists in the fields of health, ecology, resource management, tradition, and religion. Kuseyaays could be called by the kwaapaay to provide information or to make decisions for the sib's welfare. Each family in the sib was allowed to

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construction accelerated in 2020 and Kumeyaay representatives at the border to protect and preserve Kumeyaay artifacts were turned away from the construction area. This sparked protests among the bands and Kumeyaay women organized to lead a protest at the border in July. The La Posta Band filed a

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In 1851, San Diego County unilaterally charged property taxes on Native American tribes in the county and threatened to confiscate land and property should they fail to pay up. This led to the San Diego Tax Rebellion of 1851 or "Garra's Revolt", with the destruction of Warner's Ranch led by the

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which were grounded in family lineages with each sib home for 5 to 15 families. Each sib had their own territory and had the right to enforce land property rights in punishing thieves and trespassers. However, Kumeyaay did recognize the right to water and were also obligated to share food with

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The Kumeyaay reservations on the Mexican side of the border have largely retained their traditional heritage. Some reservations faced water shortages, making it difficult to continue agricultural operation. This led many communities to enter wine-tasting and tourism industries in the Guadalupe

653:. A Kumeyaay leader, Panto, called on the Mexicans to cease hostilities with the Americans so that the Kumeyaay could tend to the wounded Americans, to which provided Panto and the San Pasqual Kumeyaay resupplied the Americans and helped ensure the American capture of the 1698: 1328:

points out that this estimate depended on calculations of rates of baptisms at the Mission, and as such "ignores the unbaptized". She suggests that the region could have supported 6,000–9,000 people. Florence C. Shipek goes further, estimating 16,000–19,000 inhabitants.

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The Kumeyaay used archery in order to hunt prey. The arrows were made of wood, reeds, or cane, as well as chamise or greasewood plant for larger animals. Bows were made of mesquite or ash, as well as animal hides. They also equipped with throwing sticks better known as

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in 1836, forcing the alcalde of San Diego to send an expedition to suppress the Kumeyaay, but returned unsuccessfully. Because of the failed venture, Mexico failed to adequately suppress talk of Californian secession from American settlers in northern Alta California.

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Evidence of the settlement in what is today considered Kumeyaay territory may go back twelve millennia. Circa 7000 B.C. marked the emergence of two cultural traditions: the California Coast and Valley tradition and the Desert tradition. The Kumeyaay had land along the

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Kumeyaay people supported themselves by farming and agricultural wage labor; however, a 20-year drought in the mid-20th century crippled the region's dry farming economy. For their common welfare, several reservations in the US formed the non-profit Kumeyaay, Inc.

482:, incorporating the village into the settlement of San Diego. In 1769, under the Spanish Mission system, bands living near Misión San Diego de Alcalá (overlooking the San Diego River, in present-day Mission Valley), were called Diegueños; later bands, living near 998:

In 1998, the Kumeyaay established the Kumeyaay Border task force to work with federal immigration officials to secure free passage of Baja Kumeyaay bands to visit the US Kumeyaay bands and ensure their rights to protected graves and artifacts protected by the

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Many Kumeyaay there have moved into urban areas to seek better employment opportunities compared to their agrarian employment on the reservation. The depopulation of their reservations has allowed neighboring non-native Ejidos to encroach on their lands.

758:, negotiated to protect Indian land rights. After the 18 Treaties were completed, the documents were sent to the United States Senate for approval. Under pressure from white settlers and the California Senate delegation, the treaties were all rejected. 1202:

The Kumeyaay's maritime economy relied on shell fishing, and they built fishing boats, either balsa rafts made of reeds or dugout canoes. To support their maritime economy, they manufactured fishing spears, hooks, and nets made of agave fiber.

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During warm seasons, men wore nothing except for a hide breechcloth to hold tools while women wore an apron or a skirt made from willow or elderberry bark. In the colder months, they would wear blankets made from willow bark or rabbit skins.

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were also stone-ground and consumed. The Kumeyaay stored these grains in basket granaries made of willow leaves. They also consumed the leaves and fruits of the prickly pear and copal cactus, as well as cherries, plums, elderberries, and

48: 1517: 1815: 1738: 1431: 3724: 1390: 3811: 588:, trespassers, rebels, or fugitives. This increased tensions between the Kumeyaay and the Mexican settlers as the economic instability threatened the security of Mexican and American merchants transiting through the area. 1851: 1587: 741:

threatened to intervene in the conflict if they committed any atrocities on tribes along the border, due to a mix of Mexican sympathies towards the Native Californians and a fear of refugees coming across the border.

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maintained a policy of opposition to any growth in tribal expansion under any circumstance in fears that land would be used to build more casinos, which broke down relations between the County and the Kumeyaay,

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They wore agave sandals made from yucca and agave fibers when going over long distances, over sharp rocks, or hot sand. Some would wear bead necklaces as jewelry, with beads made of clam, abalone, or

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and Bajeno tribes, who sought work in the city, transforming the village into a neighborhood integrated into the city fabric. The village was then demolished in the early 1900s in preparation for the

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Cuts in Native American welfare programs under the Reagan and Bush Sr. administrations forced the reservation to find other means of income and capitalize on industries not possible off-reservation.

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The Kumeyaay started to abandon much of their traditional clothing after coming in contact with the Spanish, and adopted European-style clothing, wearing clothes that were normal in Latin America.

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comes and says to choose to die forever, and so the men choose to be done with life and die forever. This is the reason why the fly rubs his hands together, to beg the forgiveness of humans.

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On the Mexican side of the border, Kumeyaay reservations manufacture traditional craftwork to sell on the American side of the border with partnering Kumeyaay souvenir gift shops and casinos.

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AMERICAN PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CORPORATION, PETITIONER, V. THE SUPERIOR COURT OF SAN DIEGO COUNTY, RESPONDENT; U.S. GRANT HOTEL VENTURES, LLC, REAL PARTY IN INTEREST. NO. D060868. MAY 24, 2012.

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The Kumeyaay had a system of trail runners who carried messages and announcements between bands, which notified the presence of the Spaniards prior to Cabrillo's arrival in San Diego.

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rattle, while women supported the song through dance. Through the Mission, the Kumeyaay picked up skills in Western musical instruments, and joined the Mission choirs and orchestras.

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During the Mexican–American War, the Kumeyaay were initially neutral. The Kumeyaay of the San Pasqual pueblo were evacuated as the Americans approached the town. The Mexicans and the

5622: 1000: 804: 1252: 5198: 4500:; Rick, Torben C.; Jones, Terry L.; Porcasi, Judith F. (2010). "One If by Land, Two If by Sea: Who Were the First Californians?". In Jones, Terry L.; Klar, Kathryn A. (eds.). 604:. The Kumeyaay pueblo fought against hostile bands and protected Mexican settlers, with a decisive victory over an anti-Christian uprising and capturing its leader, Claudio. 4917: 4443: 3463: 855:

businesses in the region, and may have even smuggled Chinese-Mexican refugees to the American side of the border. By the end of June, the rebellion was suppressed by the

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in 1821. The following year, Mexican troops confiscated all coastal lands from the Kumeyaay in 1822, granting much of the land to Mexican settlers, who became known as

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along with two others. Missionaries and church leaders “apologized” and forgave the Kumeyaay, rebuilding their mission closer to the Kumeyaay village of Nipaquay or

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hold that they have lived in San Diego since 10,000 B.C. At the time of European contact, Kumeyaay comprised several autonomous bands with thirty patrilineal clans.

327:). Native speakers contend that, within their territory, all Kumeyaay ('Iipay/Tiipay) can understand and speak to each other, if even after a brief familiarization. 5184: 980:

Valley. Many bands began launching wine tours and festivals to attract tourists and foreign visitors from southern California and cruise passengers stopping at the

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gained the support of the Kumeyaay with an enthusiastic base, particularly in the Tecate region; many Kumeyaay from both sides of the border were enticed by their

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and other forms of communal living were lifted and the Kumeyaay were able to resume their traditional communal way of life legitimately with their communities in

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The relative success of gaming operations on many reservations has allowed them to buy naming rights of infrastructure around the San Diego region, such as the

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dictatorship. The Kumeyaay supported the Magonistas as guides throughout the land, whose aid allowed them to control Mexicali, Tecate, and Tijuana during the

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using metal-tipped whips (by Mission staff), the Tiipay-Kumeyaay villages led a revolt against the Spanish, burning down Mission San Diego and killing Father

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considered that the wide range of dialect variations reflected only two distinct languages, 'Iipai and Tiipai, a view mostly supported by other researchers.

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lawsuit in August against the Trump administration seeking to block further construction of the border wall through their sacred cemetery (burial sites).

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loosely divided the 'Iipay and the Tiipai historical homelands, while the Kamia lived in the eastern desert areas. The 'Iipai lived to the north, from

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Some Kumeyaay chose not to establish a reservation inland and sought work in San Diego, many of whom migrated to the Kumeyaay village in what is now

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led by the Florida Canyon Kumeyaay Band. The village experienced growth after receiving immigrants from other Kumeyaay bands as well as from other

4354: 5165: 3919: 3896: 1403: 1199:. Granite was also plentiful in Kumeyaay lands, which was used to trade for pestles, steatite, eagle feathers, and colored minerals for paint. 796: 4642:. San Ángel, Del. Álvaro Obregón, México, 01000, DF: Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. pp. 30–31. 3963: 948:. Additionally, Sycuan also became the first Native American tribe to own part of a professional soccer franchise by becoming the co-owner of 6079: 5608: 4817: 4765: 4742: 4715: 4688: 4647: 4628: 4603: 4578: 4557: 4536: 4509: 3403: 3541: 1068:

also made between sibs and other neighboring tribal groups as a gesture of peace between warring groups or as part of a trade relationship.

600:, some of the Kumeyaay from Mission San Diego were allowed to resettle and establish San Pasqual pueblo in 1835, who would later become the 211: 164: 4677:

Native Americans:Southwest-California-Northwest Coast-Great Basin–Plateau Native Americans: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture and Peoples

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on April 26th with the support of the Quechan, resulting in three dead Mexican soldiers and a fort that would never return to service.

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forced many Kumeyaay to survive by accepting charity from whites, as they faced diseases, starvation and attacks from white settlers.

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in Kumeyaay Studies with courses at its Rancho San Diego campus, as well as at Kumeyaay Community College on the Sycuan reservation.

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The Kumeyaay withdrew from the war after the capitulation of the Cahuilla to the US and the failed attempt to capture Fort Yuma.

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resistance in the east, the Kumeyaay cut off Alta California of all land routes to the rest of the Mexican republic between the

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as they waited for ships, hoping to evacuate from San Diego as Kumeyaay victories challenged their ability to hold the pueblo.

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However, not all Kumeyaay bands fought on the same side of the Yuma war; the San Pasqual Band of Kumeyaay fought against the

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Compared to other California tribes, the Kumeyaay did not face the same magnitude of destruction and exploitation under the

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These structures were often temporary. When families moved or if someone died in the house, they were often burned down.

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is related to the Kumeyaay peoples. The Kumeyaay tribe also used to inhabit what is now a popular state park, known as

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message of indigenous liberation from the Mexican and American colonial nation-states starting with the end of the

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From 1870 to 1910, American settlers seized lands, including arable and native gathering lands. In 1875, President

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proposed that the population of the Kumeyaay in the San Diego region in 1770 had been about 3,000. More recently,

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Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. In 1925,

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435 living on reservations. By 1990, an estimated 1,200 lived on reservation lands, while 2,000 lived elsewhere.

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Mexican controlled coast up until the start of the Mexican–American War. The Mexican settlers became refugees on

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Naomi Sussman. “Indigenous Diplomacy and Spanish Mediation in the Lower Colorado-Gila River Region, 1771-1783.”

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tribal reservation governments. This San Diego County Board of Supervisors repealed these policies in May 2021.

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were secularized in 1833, and Ipai and Tipais lost their lands; band members had to choose between becoming

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Shipek, Florence C. (1978). "History of Southern California Mission Indians". In Heizer, Robert F. (ed.).

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On January 7, 1852, representatives of a number of Kumeyaay clans, including Panto, met with Commissioner

4872:"Social Differentiation and Exchange among the Kumeyaay Indians during the Historic Period in California" 6028: 5109:, Vol. XVII, No. LXVI. p. 185-8 ; Vol. XIX. No. LXXII pp. 52–60 and LXXIII. pp. 145–64. . 4410: 3425: 2651: 2632: 2335: 2157: 2127: 2095: 2055: 1033: 971: 650: 626: 574: 475: 446:, thus giving the region of San Diego its name; however, this also did not lead to colonial settlement. 395: 235: 4346: 2119: 1152:

Kamia Kumeyaay in the Imperial Valley practiced some forms of agriculture, producing maize, beans, and

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Shipek, Florence C. (1986). "The Impact of Europeans upon Kumeyaay Culture". In Starr, Raymond (ed.).

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follow and participate in the decision making, or could leave the sib and pursue their own decision.

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Kumeyaay fell victim to smallpox and malaria epidemics in 1827 and 1832, reducing their population.

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tribes along the Gulf of California and in the American Southwest as far east as to trade with the

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in 1542. He had initially met with the Kumeyaay, but this did not lead to any colonial settlement.

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After years of sexual assaults from the Spanish soldiers in the Presidio, and physical torture of

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by the Sycuan Band with the focus on research and policy related to the tribal gaming industry.

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Du Bois, Constance Goddard. 1904–1906. "Mythology of the Mission Indians: The Mythology of the

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All languages and dialects spoken by the Kumeyaay belong to the Delta–California branch of the

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Viejas (Baron Long) Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians of the Viejas Reservation

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San Diego becomes Major League Soccer's 30th franchise in landmark moment for sport's hotbed

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expansion team, and the second to have an ownership stake in any professional sports team.

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berries. They also fermented many of these plants with water and honey to create alcohol.

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Kumeyaay.info: The Kumeyaay Tribes Guide — Tribal Bands of the Kumeyaay Nation (Diegueño)

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Sycuan: Our People, Our Culture, Our History: Honoring the Past, Building the Future

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Language Ideology and Hegemony in the Kumeyaay Nation: Returning the Linguistic Gaze

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Kumeyaay living and farming on the San Diego River were removed to make way for the

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In the east, the Kamia-Kumeyaay were engaged in an armed regional conflict in the

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campaign to attack San Diego and defeated the Quechan in the San Pasqual Valley.

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anchored in San Diego Bay and, once on land, traveled to the Kumeyaay village of

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Engaging Native American Publics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Collaborative Key

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Barona Group of Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians of the Barona Reservation

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Hatam's Village (within the former Native American neighborhood in San Diego) (

811:, further cutting down the agricultural capacity of the Kumeyaay reservations. 17: 5943: 5938: 5791: 5734: 5459: 5407: 5402: 5316: 5286: 5265: 5220: 5208: 4854: 4828: 4568: 2419: 2314: 1240: 1164: 1007: 824: 538: 494: 330:

Nomenclature and tribal distinctions are not widely agreed upon. According to

259: 196: 137: 93: 4756:. Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 4594:. Vol. 8: California. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 4055: 3142: 1518:

Santa Ysabel Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Santa Ysabel Reservation

1223:, which were used to knock out small animals and were sometimes used in war. 5993: 5953: 5781: 5569: 5473: 5423: 5386: 5301: 4784: 4440:"Kumeyaay Sense of the Land and Landscape - Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians" 2430: 2423: 2272: 2237: 2199: 1816:

La Posta Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the La Posta Indian Reservation

1739:

Cuyapaipe Community of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Cuyapaipe Reservation

1139: 1134: 717: 566:, to develop the land for agriculture, beginning the California rancho era. 5948: 5336: 5156: 4913:"Kumeyaay Cultural Landscapes of Baja California's Tijuana River Watershed" 4777:

The Impact of European Exploration and Settlement on Local Native Americans

4296: 2926:"KUMEYAAY MAP 1776 Kumeyaay Territory, 2005 California Indian Reservations" 1432:

Mesa Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Mesa Grande Reservation

1118:

Acorns were a staple of the Kumeyaay diet, and made acorn mush they called

1076: 697: 5072:"Excavation and Analysis of a Stone Enclosure Complex in San Diego County" 4466:"San Diego Indians and the Federal Government Years of Neglect, 1850-1865" 3099:"Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcala" 1391:

Inaja Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Inaja and Cosmit Reservation

716:

warriors, but made no military commitments to attack San Diego or capture

5917: 5801: 5766: 5518: 5512: 5381: 5311: 5296: 5281: 4734: 4680: 4521:"Recontextualizing Kumeyaay oral literature for the twenty-first century" 3776: 2485: 2444: 2394: 2387: 1191: 1184: 1130: 1125:

which could be used in dough to make bread by grinding with a mano and a

936:. Some reservations have also diversified their economic profile such as 754:

and negotiated the Treaty of Santa Ysabel. The agreement was part of the

705: 701: 686: 518: 474:

to recover and resupply. After their recovery, the Spanish established a

442:

also visited in 1602 and met with a band of Kumeyaay during the feast of

411: 255: 5087: 5071: 5062: 5046: 5037: 5021: 5012: 4988: 4979: 4963: 4930: 4912: 4895: 4871: 4640:

La utopía del norte fronterizo: La revolución anarcosindicalista de 1911

47: 27:

Kumeyaay Indians of Baja California, Mexico and Southern California, USA

5912: 5821: 5761: 5720: 5710: 5670: 5544: 5496: 5490: 5450: 5445: 5417: 5365: 5361: 5347: 4887: 2451: 2225: 1852:

Manzanita Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Manzanita Reservation

1146: 1120: 1048:

The Kumeyaay had a patriarchal society where the position of chief, or

840: 724: 713: 709: 617: 534: 526: 316: 145: 1588:

Campo Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of the Campo Indian Reservation

5816: 5685: 5680: 5579: 5528: 5523: 5480: 5465: 5133: 4588:

Luomala, Katharine (1978). "Tipai-Ipai". In Heizer, Robert F. (ed.).

3016: 2220: 1153: 1126: 312: 251: 141: 79: 5176:

Religious Practices of the Diegueño Indians, by T.T. Waterman, 1910.

3920:"Border Report: Kumeyaay Band Sues to Stop Border Wall Construction" 669:, Kumeyaay lands were split between the U.S. and Mexico through the 368: 4846: 4133: 1055:

Kwaapaays were also accompanied by assistants and had a council of

900:

Barona Group of the Capitan Grande Band of Mission Indians v. Duffy

5826: 5690: 5589: 5564: 5559: 5549: 5412: 5376: 5371: 2192: 1174: 1168:

Kumeyaay coiled basket, woven by Celestine Lachapa, 19th century,

1163: 1075: 1023: 970: 940:-based Muht Hei inc which oversees the reservation's wind farm or 889: 863: 783: 636: 367: 160: 5136:— in San Diego County, California + Baja California state, México 4953:(1990). Redden, James E. (ed.). "Diegueño: how many languages?". 4570:

A Teacher's Guide to Historical and Contemporary Kumeyaay Culture

3717:"County may lift barriers to tribes expanding their reservations" 1190:

The Ipai-Tipai Kumeyaay traded with the Kamia Kumeyaay to obtain

1156:. Like other Kumeyaay, though, they largely relied on gathering. 558:

assumed ownership of Kumeyaay lands after defeating Spain in the

5485: 5391: 5357: 5047:"Pipes and Tobacco Use Among Southern California Yuman Speakers" 3369:

Cruz, Debbie; Mohebbi, Emilyn; Ruth, Brooke (December 6, 2023).

1556:

Laguna Indian Reservation (Kwaaymii Reservation) (defunct 1989)

1303: 930: 585: 5604: 5236: 1145:

They hunted for animals such as birds, rabbits, squirrels, and

4779:. San Diego: Cabrillo Historical Association. pp. 13–25. 4151:

San Diego History Center | San Diego, CA | Our City, Our Story

4120:

Du Bois, Constance Goddard. “The Mythology of the Diegueños.”

1263: 242:, while the Tiipai lived to the south, in lands including the 5195:

Corpus of Kumiai and Ko’alh spoken in Baja California, Mexico

5161:

Kumeyaay Studies Program in conjunction with Cuyamaca College

5123:. El Cajon, Calif.: Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation, 2006. 4968:

California Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology

3777:"Campo Kumeyaay Nation | Muht Hei, Inc. | Kumeyaay Wind Farm" 1624:

Capitan Grande Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California

5145: 5139: 4704:

A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture and Peoples

3611:"Kumeyaay Land: Baja California's Endangered Rural Heritage" 5151: 4957:. Carbondale, IL: University of Southern Illinois: 184–190. 4502:

California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture and Complexity

5148:, information website of Larry Banegas, Barona Reservation 4829:"Kumeyaay Language Variation, Group Identity and The Land" 4320: 1471:

San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians of California

4955:

Proceedings of the 1990 Hokan-Penutian Languages Workshop

3590: 3588: 2912: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2716:

negotiated the Treaty of Santa Ysabel on January 7, 1852.

1036:, the Kumeyaay were organized into bands or clans called 607:

With conditions worsening, the Kumeyaay led an attack on

276:

The Kumeyaay or 'Iipai-Tiipai were formerly known as the

5171:

Mythology of the Mission Indians, by Du Bois, 1904-1906.

3889:"Native Kumiai Finding a New Way - The Baja Storyteller" 994:

Indigenous conflicts on the Mexico–United States barrier

66:

As of 1990, 1,200 on reservations; 2,000 off-reservation

4002:"Native Americans of Southern California: The Kumeyaay" 254:. The Kamia lived to the east in an area that included 4278:"Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs" 4244: 4242: 4240: 3044: 3042: 1001:

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

960:

Kumeyaay-Mexican economy and the wine tourism industry

550:

First Mexican Empire and First Mexican Republic period

4725:

Pritzker, Barry M.; Johansen, Bruce E., eds. (2007).

3747:"San Diego County Supervisors repeal tribal policies" 3261:"Historic California Posts: Fuerte de Laguna Chapala" 2955:"A Glossary of Proper Names in California Prehistory" 2868: 2866: 2864: 1253:

Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

803:

and Reservoir and relocated their inhabitants at the

580:

After decades of debates and delays, the missions in

5199:

Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America

5070:

Van Wormer, Stephen R.; Carrico, Richard L. (1993).

641:

Battle of San Pasqual, picturing the Kumeyaay pueblo

214:. The Kumeyaay consist of three related groups, the 5926: 5840: 5754: 5638: 5190:

A.R. Royo, "The Kumeyaay: San Diego County and Baja

4911:Gamble, Lynn H.; Wilken-Robertson, Michael (2008). 704:. The Kumeyaay agreed to join the revolt alongside 131: 103: 70: 60: 5076:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5051:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5026:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4918:Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 870:, Peña Blanca, and their five other reservations. 746:Establishment of Kumeyaay reservations in the U.S. 295:translates as "People of the west", with the word 5222:Viejas Reservation - Lesson 1 How to say Kumeyaay 5152:Kumeyaay Indian Language and Culture by Sam Brown 4964:"A Shaman's "Sucking Tube" from San Diego County" 4941:(1925). "Handbook of the Indians of California". 4523:. In Kroskrity, Paul V.; Meek, Barbra A. (eds.). 1235:They also had animal companions and domesticated 905:In response to the casino construction boom, the 4796:. San Diego, CA: University of California Press. 4567:Hoffman, Geralyn Marie; Gamble, Lynn H. (2006). 2187:Present-day cities with Kumeyaay village origins 288:. They are referred to as the Kumiai in Mexico. 5185:Survey of California and Other Indian Languages 5105:and Diegueño Indians of Southern California." 4504:. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press. pp. 53–62. 4347:"Last Full-Blooded Kwaaymii Indian Dies at 87" 3306:"History: 1769 - The Arrival of the Spaniards" 3300: 3298: 3296: 1342:Kumeyaay reservations and village communities 815:Kumeyaay in the Mexican Revolution (1910–1911) 353:(Southern Digueño) in northern Baja California 5616: 5248: 5107:The Journal of the American Folk-Lore Society 4870:Gamble, Lynn H.; Zepeda, Irma Carmen (2002). 4834:International Journal of American Linguistics 4108: 4096: 4084: 4042: 4030: 2800: 879:Kumeyaay-American economy and casino industry 168:Michael Connolly, from San Diego, pronounces 8: 4706:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4374: 4372: 851:tribes in raiding on small towns or looting 602:San Pasqual Band of Diegueno Mission Indians 573:In retaliation, the Kamia-Kumeyaay attacked 40: 4380:"bajacalifology.org - Kumeyaay Place Names" 3223: 3221: 3219: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 2374:Spring Valley, San Diego County, California 1207:basket weaving economy among the Kumeyaay. 781:, displacing the residents of the village. 434:The first European to visit the region was 5623: 5609: 5601: 5255: 5241: 5233: 4989:"Seri Bands in Cross-Cultural Perspective" 4315: 4313: 4203:"College expands Kumeyaay studies program" 3670: 3668: 3456:"Kumeyaay Sense of the Land and Landscape" 3371:"Prosecuting overdose deaths as homicides" 1340: 649:were victorious over the Americans at the 46: 39: 5142:, with educational materials for teachers 4409:Felix-Ibarra, Ana Patricia (2021-08-17). 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3690:(1). San Diego History Center Quarterly. 3333: 3331: 3133:, vol. 66, no. 2, Apr. 2019, pp. 329–52. 898:In 1982, the Barona Band won its case in 788:Kumeyaay were displaced to construct the 280:, the former Spanish name applied to the 4291:. January 14, 2015. pp. 1942–1948. 3956:"The Kumeyaay Millennium - Land History" 3605: 3603: 2888: 2759: 2404:Milh 'Ewa (Michegua) (Sycramore Canyon, 700:, opening up a new western front of the 448: 6065:History of San Diego County, California 5205:, Alamo-Neji, Necua and San Jose Tecate 5166:Kumeyaay Department at Cuyamaca College 4731:Encyclopedia of American Indian History 4248: 4231: 4066:from the original on September 22, 2021 3949: 3947: 3945: 3684:The Journal of San Diego History Center 3283: 3157:"Give Thanks and Remember Your Cousins" 3079:from the original on September 29, 2020 3048: 3027:from the original on September 28, 2016 2872: 2824: 2745: 1181:Universidad Autónoma de Baja California 4962:O’Neil, Dennish (Summer–Winter 1983). 4805:Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes 4655: 4357:from the original on December 24, 2020 4264: 3677:"Indian Gaming in the Kumeyaay Nation" 3655: 3639: 3621:from the original on February 21, 2020 3515: 3204:from the original on November 26, 2020 2639:Hwat Nyaknyuma (Ejido Lázaro Cárdenas) 1179:Kumeyaay willow storage basket at the 5119:Miskwish, Michael C, and Joel Zwink. 4943:Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 4124:, vol. 14, no. 54, 1901, pp. 181–85. 4012:from the original on November 7, 2020 3966:from the original on October 16, 2020 3918:Srikrishnan, Maya (August 17, 2020). 3839:from the original on October 16, 2020 3594: 3466:from the original on November 1, 2022 3426:"San Diego History: Garra's Uprising" 3316:from the original on February 2, 2021 3240:from the original on October 23, 2020 3017:"The Kumeyaay of Southern California" 2997:from the original on October 11, 2016 2900: 2812: 1274:Reservation era Kumeyaay institutions 195:in Mexico and the southern border of 52:Anthony Pico, former chairman of the 7: 5344:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki) 5022:"Kumeyaay Socio-Political Structure" 4546:Gray-Kanatiiosh, Barbara A. (2010). 4390:from the original on October 1, 2022 4201:Huard, Christine (August 15, 2016). 4000:Bacich, Damian (November 13, 2019). 3930:from the original on August 20, 2020 3350:from the original on August 12, 2020 3111:from the original on August 12, 2020 1735:Ewiiaapaayp Band of Kumeyaay Indians 592:Centralist Republic of Mexico period 453:Location of the Kumeyaay village of 430:Spanish exploration and colonization 71:Regions with significant populations 5210:Kumeyaay Indians of Baja California 5116:. El Cajon, CA: Sycuan Press, 2007. 5020:Shipek, Florence C. (Winter 1982). 4987:Sheridan, Thomas E. (Summer 1982). 4464:Carrico, Richard L. (Summer 1980). 4213:from the original on April 11, 2018 3899:from the original on August 7, 2020 3869:from the original on March 17, 2022 3497:from the original on March 31, 2022 3436:from the original on April 11, 2021 3155:Gurling, Sara (November 22, 2018). 2837:Barfield, Chet (November 2, 2005). 2583:Mat'haina:l (Villareal de San José) 517:east of the Colorado River and the 191:who live at the northern border of 4754:Handbook of North American Indians 4591:Handbook of North American Indians 3727:from the original on April 8, 2021 3534:"The Kumeyaay Threat of 1860-1880" 3396:"The Indian Tax Rebellion of 1851" 3310:SanPasqualBandofMissionIndians.org 2990:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve 2959:Society for California Archaeology 1888:Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation 1778:Jamul Indian Village of California 988:Kumeyaay and the US-Mexican border 420:Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve 199:in the United States. They are an 189:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 183:or by the historical Spanish name 25: 3544:from the original on July 3, 2023 3406:from the original on May 17, 2021 3167:from the original on July 3, 2023 3065:Yagi, George (October 11, 2017). 2773:"The Indians of San Diego County" 2720:Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming 2557:Wanya pu:wam (Cerro de Bonifacia) 1940:Recognized communities in Mexico 1300:Sycuan Institute on Tribal Gaming 862:After the revolution, the ban on 779:1915 Panama-California Exposition 6075:Indigenous peoples of California 5737: 5271:Indigenous peoples of California 5264: 5045:Underwood, Jackson (2002–2004). 4827:Field, Margaret (October 2012). 4638:Muñoz, Gabriel Trujillo (2012). 4472:. San Diego Historical Society. 4470:The Journal of San Diego History 4345:Ray, Nancy (December 23, 1989). 4122:The Journal of American Folklore 3757:from the original on May 6, 2021 3487:"Kumeyaay – California Genocide" 2560:We-ilmex (near Presa El Carrizo) 681:Yuma War and California genocide 4476:from the original on 2011-12-20 4446:from the original on 2022-11-01 4421:from the original on 2021-12-28 4327:from the original on 1996-12-27 4157:from the original on 2023-05-26 4006:The California Frontier Project 3810:Zeigler, Mark (May 18, 2023). " 3697:from the original on 2021-11-29 3574:from the original on 2021-07-25 3460:Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians 3230:"Kumeyaay – The Mexican Period" 2936:from the original on 2018-12-10 2783:from the original on 2020-11-01 2704:Kumeyaay traditional narratives 2542:Other former villages in Mexico 2232:Other former villages in the US 2052:Playas de Rosarito Municipality 1356:Associated Kumeyaay village(s) 1316:Population of Native California 1257:Kumeyaay traditional narratives 529:-led coalition, along with the 484:Mission San Luis Rey de Francia 201:indigenous people of California 5442:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute) 5005:10.1080/00231940.1982.11760572 3715:Mapp, Lauren (April 3, 2021). 3675:Banegas, Ethan (Winter 2017). 2671:'Ui'cikwar (Real del Castillo) 2608:Kwat' Kunšapax (Las Calabazas) 513:region against a coalition of 1: 3893:Baja Bound Insurance Services 2722:at San Diego State University 2592:Uap 'cu:l uit (Cañon Manteca) 212:Yuman–Cochimí language family 6080:Indigenous peoples in Mexico 5632:Indigenous peoples of Mexico 5181:Kumeyaay (Diegueño) language 5140:Kumeyaay Information Village 4289:Government Publishing Office 4176:"Kumeyaay Community College" 3960:www.americanindiansource.com 3833:Kumeyaay Information Village 3021:Kumeyaay Information Village 2930:Kumeyaay Information Village 2665:Jiurr-jiurr (Agua Escondida) 2617:Mutu Cata (Cañon del Cansio) 2598:Hacamum/Ha'kumum (Agua Tule) 1514:Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel 525:. The Kumeyaay aligned with 299:meaning "steep" or "cliff". 5197:by Margaret Field from the 4698:Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). 4671:Pritzker, Barry M. (1998). 4552:. ABDO Publishing Company. 4384:www.sandiegoarchaeology.org 4207:The San Diego Union-Tribune 3816:The San Diego Union-Tribune 3721:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2843:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2589:Mat'kwoho:l (Cañon Manteca) 1953:Aguaje de la Tuna (Tecate) 907:San Diego County government 837:Magonista rebellion of 1911 756:"18 Treaties" of California 675:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 596:Under territorial governor 560:Mexican War of Independence 6098: 6070:History of Baja California 6055:California Mission Indians 5157:Kumeyaay Community College 3067:"The Battle for San Diego" 2730:San Diego State University 1313: 1280:Kumeyaay Community College 1250: 991: 684: 480:Misión San Diego de Alcalá 402:and extending east to the 269: 29: 5732: 5277: 4616:A grammar of Jamul Tiipay 4109:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 4097:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 4085:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 4043:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 4031:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 3818:. Retrieved May 20, 2023. 2801:Hoffman & Gamble 2006 2674:Yiu kwiñi:l (Ojos Negros) 2554:Kwa-kwa (Cuero de Venado) 2379:'Aa Kuskilly (Apusquel) ( 2367:National City, California 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1160:Economy and communication 739:Baja California Territory 478:over the village and the 398:in the north to south of 374:Arthur Carl Victor Schott 136: 108: 75: 65: 45: 32:Kumeyaay (disambiguation) 5639:More than 100,000 people 5114:Kumeyaay: A History Book 4792:Smith, Kalim H. (2005). 4662:: CS1 maint: location ( 4519:Field, Margaret (2017). 4060:San Diego History Center 3344:San Diego History Center 3143:10.1215/00141801-7298819 3104:San Diego History Center 2652:Municipality of Ensenada 2633:Municipality of Mexicali 2595:Ja-kwak-wak (Las Juntas) 2285:'Iilh Taawaa (Ystagua) ( 1302:was also established at 975:Valle de Guadalupe, B.C. 916:Kuupangaxwichem (Cupeño) 545:Early Mexican rancho era 5755:20,000 – 100,000 people 5540:Plains and Sierra Miwok 5399:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai) 4136:. Accessed 26 May 2023. 2611:Cukwapa:l (El Compadre) 2548:Municipality of Tijuana 2257:Nyip 'ewai (Nipaquay) ( 1532:Elcuanan (Santa Ysabel) 1337:Tribes and reservations 912:Payomkawichum (Luiseño) 505:Colorado River conflict 436:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 54:Viejas Band of Kumeyaay 5927:Less than 1,000 people 5219:Samuel Brown recounts 4876:Historical Archaeology 4802:Waldman, Carl (2014). 3568:American Indian Source 3265:www.militarymuseum.org 3259:Ruhge, Justin (2005). 2626:Ha'kume (Ejido Jacume) 2577:Municipality of Tecate 2566:Mat Hasil Ewik Kakap ( 2443:Tehayiiw/Ajopunquile ( 1567:Inyahkai? Aha-Hakaik? 1187: 1172: 1170:San Diego Museum of Us 1084: 1029: 976: 895: 792: 775:indigenous Californian 642: 458: 381: 172: 5841:1,000 – 20,000 people 5509:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu) 5342:Eel River Athapaskans 5112:Miskwish, Michael C. 4945:(78). Washington, DC. 4411:"Kumeyaay Placenames" 4321:"U.S. Census website" 2913:Erlandson et al. 2010 2677:Ha'cur (San Salvador) 2668:Kwar Nuwa (El Sauzal) 2393:Matt Tumau (Matamo) ( 2336:North City, San Diego 2264:Matt Xtaat (Choyas) ( 2158:Ensenada Municipality 2128:Ensenada Municipality 2096:Ensenada Municipality 2056:Ensenada Municipality 1928:Language affiliation 1350:Language affiliation 1314:Further information: 1178: 1167: 1079: 1027: 992:Further information: 974: 893: 787: 685:Further information: 655:Pueblo de Los Ángeles 651:Battle of San Pasqual 640: 575:Fort Romualdo Pacheco 515:Yuman speaking tribes 462:Missionization period 452: 396:Oceanside, California 371: 309:Yuman language family 270:Further information: 167: 132:Related ethnic groups 6060:History of San Diego 4683:. pp. 196–197. 4613:Miller, Amy (2001). 4529:Taylor & Francis 4306:on February 9, 2015. 2965:on December 28, 2012 2623:Ha'mat'tai (Jamatay) 2620:Jat'ám (Santa Clara) 2531:Rockwood, California 2517:Imperial, California 2294:Tijuana River Valley 2292:Milh Ixox (Melijo) ( 2044:San José de la Zorra 1362:Federal recognition 1129:. Other grains like 790:El Capitan Reservoir 752:Oliver M. Wozencraft 667:Mexican–American War 633:Mexican-American War 385:Pre-European contact 30:For other uses, see 4810:Infobase Publishing 3432:. August 10, 1992. 3194:"Kumeyaay Timeline" 2849:on October 11, 2016 2827:, pp. 184–190. 2603:Valle de las Palmas 2524:Brawley, California 2522:Sitcarknyewa (near 2466:Ballena, California 2352:County of San Diego 2301:San Clemente Canyon 2020:Tecate Municipality 1990:Tecate Municipality 1960:Tecate Municipality 1636:'E-quilsch a-mahk ( 1343: 1282:was created by the 954:Major League Soccer 944:acquisition of the 894:Barona Resort Hotel 868:Valle de Las Palmas 829:anarcho-syndicalist 735:California genocide 691:California genocide 673:resulting from the 444:San Diego de Alcalá 272:California Missions 42: 4888:10.1007/BF03374351 4531:. pp. 41–59. 4182:on October 8, 2007 3924:Voice of San Diego 2985:"Native Americans" 2709:Kumeyaay astronomy 2660:Valle de Guadalupe 2459:Ramona, California 2406:Santee, California 2399:Dehesa, California 2381:Bonita, California 2329:Rancho Penasquitos 2308:Downtown San Diego 2242:(City of San Diego 2216:Sinyweche (Santee) 1925:Village community 1652:0.00032 (0.00083) 1341: 1291:began offering an 1188: 1173: 1088:of slabs of bark. 1085: 1030: 977: 896: 821:Mexican Revolution 809:Viejas Reservation 805:Barona Reservation 793: 643: 468:Portolá expedition 459: 440:Sebastián Vizcaíno 382: 341:(Northern Digueño) 173: 6037: 6036: 5598: 5597: 4951:Langdon, Margaret 4819:978-1-438-11010-3 4767:978-0-16004-574-5 4744:978-1-851-09818-7 4717:978-0-19513-877-1 4690:978-0-874-36836-9 4649:978-6-07791-683-3 4630:978-3-110-86482-3 4621:Mouton de Gruyter 4605:978-0-16004-574-5 4580:978-0-92561-351-6 4559:978-1-617-84911-4 4538:978-1-31736-128-2 4511:978-0-75911-960-4 4498:Erlandson, Jon M. 4351:Los Angeles Times 4056:"San Diego Brews" 3781:www.campo-nsn.gov 3597:, pp. 30–31. 3430:Los Angeles Times 3402:. June 12, 2006. 3375:KPBS Public Media 2320:Sinyau-Pichkara ( 2206:Pa-tai (Ensenada) 2179: 2178: 2120:San Antonio Necua 1326:Katharine Luomala 1322:Alfred L. Kroeber 1183:cultural museum, 1032:Prior to Western 938:Campo Reservation 927:San Diego Trolley 923:Sycuan Green Line 358:Katherine Luomala 284:living along the 258:and bordered the 208:Kumeyaay language 165: 159: 158: 16:(Redirected from 6087: 5853:Chichimeca Jonaz 5747: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5625: 5618: 5611: 5602: 5269: 5268: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5234: 5223: 5211: 5183:overview at the 5091: 5066: 5041: 5016: 4983: 4974:(1/2): 245–247. 4958: 4946: 4934: 4907: 4866: 4823: 4798:Master's Thesis. 4797: 4788: 4771: 4748: 4737:. p. 1071. 4721: 4694: 4667: 4661: 4653: 4634: 4609: 4584: 4563: 4542: 4515: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4415:ArcGIS StoryMaps 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4332: 4317: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4299:. Archived from 4287:. Vol. 80. 4285:Federal Register 4282: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4246: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4178:. Archived from 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4143: 4137: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 3997: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3951: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3859:"Juntas de Nejí" 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3825: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3787: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3696: 3681: 3672: 3663: 3653: 3647: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3615:SohoSanDiego.org 3607: 3598: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3564:"Jose Hatam Bio" 3560: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3532:Connolly, Mike. 3529: 3523: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3485:Connolly, Mike. 3482: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3382: 3366: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3335: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3302: 3291: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3228:Connolly, Mike. 3225: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3190: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3152: 3146: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3062: 3056: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2961:. Archived from 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2870: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2845:. Archived from 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2788: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2714:O. M. Wozencraft 2386:Tapin/Jacunmat ( 2226:Tecuan (Tijuana) 1896:San Diego County 1860:San Diego County 1824:San Diego County 1786:San Diego County 1748:San Diego County 1707:San Diego County 1672:San Diego County 1632:San Diego County 1596:San Diego County 1563:San Diego County 1527:San Diego County 1479:San Diego County 1440:San Diego County 1399:San Diego County 1365:Area in mi (km) 1344: 1293:associate degree 1289:Cuyamaca College 1020:Social structure 982:Port of Ensenada 946:U.S. Grant Hotel 874:Contemporary era 859:administration. 763:Ulysses S. Grant 472:Cosoy (Kosa'aay) 416:San Diego County 408:Cuyamaca complex 400:Ensenada, Mexico 378:Sorony & Co. 332:Margaret Langdon 244:Laguna Mountains 187:, is a tribe of 179:, also known as 166: 61:Total population 50: 43: 21: 6097: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6033: 5922: 5836: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5730: 5634: 5629: 5599: 5594: 5456:Northern Paiute 5273: 5263: 5261: 5221: 5209: 5130: 5098: 5096:Further reading 5069: 5044: 5019: 4986: 4961: 4949: 4937: 4910: 4869: 4826: 4820: 4801: 4791: 4774: 4768: 4751: 4745: 4724: 4718: 4697: 4691: 4670: 4654: 4650: 4637: 4631: 4612: 4606: 4587: 4581: 4566: 4560: 4545: 4539: 4518: 4512: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4479: 4477: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4449: 4447: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4424: 4422: 4408: 4407: 4403: 4393: 4391: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4360: 4358: 4344: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4328: 4319: 4318: 4311: 4303: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4247: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4216: 4214: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4185: 4183: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4083: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 3999: 3998: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3954:Pico, Anthony. 3953: 3952: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3870: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3842: 3840: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3794: 3785: 3783: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3753:. May 6, 2021. 3745: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3666: 3654: 3650: 3638: 3634: 3624: 3622: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3593: 3586: 3577: 3575: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3514: 3510: 3500: 3498: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3409: 3407: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3380: 3378: 3377:(Podcast). KPBS 3368: 3367: 3363: 3353: 3351: 3338:Farris, Glenn. 3337: 3336: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3304: 3303: 3294: 3282: 3278: 3269: 3267: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3227: 3226: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3192: 3191: 3180: 3170: 3168: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3047: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2939: 2937: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2911: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2871: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2747: 2743: 2700: 2695: 2648: 2629: 2573: 2544: 2539: 2509:Imperial County 2505: 2484:Hortluke (near 2464:Shpank/Epegam ( 2348: 2322:Rancho Bernardo 2287:Sorrento Valley 2248:'Iipay Kumeyaay 2234: 2189: 2184: 2151:Santa Catarina 2070: 1983:Juntas de Neji 1703:Tiipay, 'Iipay 1668:Tiipay, 'Iipay 1628:Tiipay, 'Iipay 1573:1947 (defunct) 1339: 1318: 1312: 1276: 1259: 1249: 1229: 1216: 1162: 1116: 1105:olivella shells 1097: 1074: 1022: 1017: 996: 990: 962: 881: 876: 853:Chinese-Mexican 817: 748: 693: 683: 671:Mexican Cession 663: 661:Late modern era 657:and San Diego. 635: 594: 582:Alta California 552: 547: 507: 491:Mission Indians 464: 432: 387: 366: 345:Kumeyaay proper 305: 286:San Diego River 282:Mission Indians 274: 268: 232:San Diego River 210:belongs to the 193:Baja California 161: 99: 84:Baja California 56: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Kumeyaay people 15: 12: 11: 5: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6029:Western Apache 6026: 6024:Tohono Oʼodham 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5628: 5627: 5620: 5613: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5463: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5421: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5217: 5206: 5192: 5187: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5154: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5129: 5128:External links 5126: 5125: 5124: 5117: 5110: 5097: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5082:(3): 234–246. 5067: 5042: 5032:(2): 296–303. 5017: 4999:(4): 185–213. 4984: 4959: 4947: 4939:Kroeber, A. L. 4935: 4925:(2): 127–152. 4908: 4867: 4855:10.1086/667451 4847:10.1086/667451 4841:(4): 557–573. 4824: 4818: 4799: 4789: 4772: 4766: 4749: 4743: 4722: 4716: 4695: 4689: 4668: 4648: 4635: 4629: 4610: 4604: 4585: 4579: 4564: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4516: 4510: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4456: 4431: 4401: 4368: 4337: 4309: 4269: 4257: 4236: 4224: 4193: 4167: 4138: 4134:10.2307/533630 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4047: 4035: 4023: 3977: 3941: 3910: 3880: 3850: 3820: 3803: 3792: 3768: 3738: 3707: 3664: 3648: 3632: 3599: 3584: 3555: 3524: 3508: 3477: 3447: 3417: 3387: 3361: 3327: 3292: 3276: 3251: 3215: 3178: 3147: 3122: 3090: 3057: 3038: 3008: 2976: 2946: 2917: 2905: 2903:, p. 557. 2893: 2891:, p. 140. 2881: 2860: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2764: 2762:, p. 145. 2744: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2655: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2628: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2587: 2586:Cikaú (Tanama) 2584: 2580: 2572: 2571: 2568:Islas Coronado 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2529:Matakal (near 2527: 2520: 2512: 2504: 2503: 2500:Ocotillo Wells 2496: 2493:Ocotillo Wells 2489: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2416: 2413:Imperial Beach 2409: 2402: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2363: 2355: 2347: 2346: 2339: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2290: 2283: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2259:Mission Valley 2254: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2155: 2154:Tiipay, Kamia 2152: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2116: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2059: 2049: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934:Kumeyaay name 1932: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1856:Tiipay, Kamia 1854: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1818: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1807:0.023 (0.060) 1805: 1802: 1801:0.023 (0.060) 1799: 1796: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1742: 1737:(formerly the 1731: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1704: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655:24.88 (64.43) 1653: 1650: 1649:24.88 (64.43) 1647: 1644: 1641: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1615:25.76 (66.73) 1613: 1610: 1609:25.76 (66.73) 1607: 1604: 1601: 1600:Meelqsh G'tay 1598: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1548:23.42 (60.67) 1546: 1543: 1542:23.42 (60.67) 1540: 1537: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1521: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1481: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1437: 1434: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1338: 1335: 1311: 1308: 1275: 1272: 1248: 1245: 1228: 1225: 1215: 1212: 1161: 1158: 1115: 1112: 1096: 1093: 1073: 1070: 1028:Kumeyaay items 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 989: 986: 961: 958: 880: 877: 875: 872: 816: 813: 801:El Capitan Dam 747: 744: 682: 679: 662: 659: 634: 631: 622:Colorado River 593: 590: 556:Mexican Empire 551: 548: 546: 543: 511:Colorado River 506: 503: 463: 460: 431: 428: 404:Colorado River 386: 383: 365: 362: 355: 354: 348: 342: 304: 301: 267: 264: 157: 156: 134: 133: 129: 128: 106: 105: 101: 100: 98: 97: 87: 76: 73: 72: 68: 67: 63: 62: 58: 57: 51: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6093: 6092: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5745:Mexico portal 5735: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5637: 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5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4806: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4651: 4645: 4641: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4457: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4402: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4338: 4326: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4267:, p. 19. 4266: 4261: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4234:, p. 88. 4233: 4228: 4225: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4168: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4111:, p. 39. 4110: 4105: 4102: 4099:, p. 29. 4098: 4093: 4090: 4087:, p. 21. 4086: 4081: 4078: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4045:, p. 27. 4044: 4039: 4036: 4033:, p. 19. 4032: 4027: 4024: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3978: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3793: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3769: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3556: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3509: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3478: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3448: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3376: 3372: 3365: 3362: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3277: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3166: 3162: 3161:Latino Rebels 3158: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3078: 3074: 3073: 3068: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2915:, p. 62. 2914: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889:Pritzker 2000 2885: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2815:, p. 12. 2814: 2809: 2806: 2803:, p. 81. 2802: 2797: 2794: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2760:Pritzker 2000 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2736: 2735:Viejas Casino 2733: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2653: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2569: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418:Hayal/Jayal ( 2417: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358:Chaip/Chayp ( 2357: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2330: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2313:Totakamalam ( 2312: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2280:Pacific Beach 2277: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2240: 2239:Tepacul Watai 2231: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2211:Pawai (Poway) 2209: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1879:7.17 (18.58) 1878: 1875: 1873:7.17 (18.58) 1872: 1869: 1866: 1864:Snyaawkwatun 1863: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1843:6.39 (16.56) 1842: 1839: 1837:6.39 (16.56) 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1771: 1769:8.55 (22.14) 1768: 1765: 1763:8.55 (22.14) 1762: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1690:9.31 (24.12) 1689: 1686: 1684:9.31 (24.12) 1683: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1511: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1345: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1221:rabbit sticks 1213: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1094: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1004: 1002: 995: 987: 985: 983: 973: 969: 965: 959: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 942:Sycuan Band's 939: 935: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 913: 908: 903: 901: 892: 888: 885: 878: 873: 871: 869: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833:Porfirio Díaz 830: 826: 822: 814: 812: 810: 806: 802: 798: 795:In 1932, the 791: 786: 782: 780: 776: 772: 767: 764: 759: 757: 753: 745: 743: 740: 736: 731: 728: 726: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 692: 688: 680: 678: 676: 672: 668: 660: 658: 656: 652: 648: 639: 632: 630: 628: 623: 619: 613: 610: 609:Rancho Tecate 605: 603: 599: 598:José Figueroa 591: 589: 587: 583: 578: 576: 570: 567: 565: 561: 557: 549: 544: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 504: 502: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 466:In 1769, the 461: 456: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 429: 427: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 394:from present 393: 392:Pacific Ocean 384: 379: 375: 372:Engraving by 370: 363: 361: 359: 352: 349: 346: 343: 340: 337: 336: 335: 333: 328: 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 302: 300: 298: 294: 289: 287: 283: 279: 273: 265: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 224: 219: 218: 213: 209: 204: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 181:'Iipai-Tiipai 178: 171: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 102: 95: 91: 90:United States 88: 85: 81: 78: 77: 74: 69: 64: 59: 55: 49: 44: 33: 19: 5999:Motozintleco 5983: 5772:Chontal Maya 5531:(Gabrieliño) 5515:(Fernandeño) 5420:(Bear River) 5396: 5146:Kumeyaay.com 5120: 5113: 5106: 5079: 5075: 5054: 5050: 5029: 5025: 4996: 4992: 4971: 4967: 4954: 4942: 4922: 4916: 4882:(3): 71–91. 4879: 4875: 4838: 4832: 4804: 4793: 4776: 4753: 4730: 4727:"Tipai-Ipai" 4703: 4700:"Tipai-Ipai" 4676: 4673:"Tipai-Ipai" 4639: 4615: 4589: 4569: 4548: 4524: 4501: 4491:Bibliography 4478:. 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Retrieved 2777:Kumeyaay.com 2776: 2767: 2726:Viejas Arena 2649: 2630: 2614:'Ui'ha'tumer 2574: 2545: 2506: 2491:Winal (near 2479:Anza-Borrego 2438:Solana Beach 2349: 2334:Ahwell-ewa ( 2327:Awil-Nyawa ( 2266:Barrio Logan 2245: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2194: 2054: 2013:Peña Blanca 1917:1.28 (3.31) 1911:1.28 (3.31) 1726:2.51 (6.50) 1720:2.51 (6.50) 1505:2.24 (5.79) 1499:2.24 (5.79) 1462:2.73 (7.06) 1456:2.73 (7.06) 1445: 1423:1.34 (3.48) 1417:1.34 (3.48) 1406: 1369: 1347:Reservation 1331: 1319: 1297: 1277: 1268: 1260: 1237:mockingbirds 1234: 1230: 1217: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1189: 1151: 1144: 1119: 1117: 1109: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1080:Frame of an 1066: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1041: 1037: 1034:assimilation 1031: 1005: 997: 978: 966: 963: 950:San Diego FC 934:Viejas Arena 920: 904: 899: 897: 886: 882: 861: 818: 794: 768: 760: 749: 732: 729: 722: 694: 664: 644: 614: 606: 595: 579: 571: 568: 553: 508: 498: 488: 465: 443: 433: 424: 388: 356: 329: 306: 296: 292: 290: 277: 275: 240:Lake Henshaw 227: 221: 215: 205: 184: 180: 176: 174: 169: 37:Ethnic group 5535:Tübatulabal 5353:Halchidhoma 5332:Coast Miwok 5292:Ahwahnechee 5057:(1): 1–12. 4265:Shipek 1986 4186:October 10, 4016:October 31, 3970:October 31, 3656:Shipek 1978 3640:Shipek 1978 3548:October 16, 3516:Shipek 1978 3501:October 16, 3244:October 16, 3031:October 10, 3001:October 10, 2853:October 10, 2601:Metot'tai ( 2536:Hacamikalau 2498:Wi-i (near 2411:Alyshuhwi ( 2360:Chula Vista 2343:Balboa Park 1937:Population 1488:San Pasqual 1484:Ahmukatlatl 1359:Population 1284:Sycuan Band 1241:roadrunners 1008:border wall 819:During the 771:Balboa Park 647:Californios 564:Californios 521:led by the 414:complex in 6044:Categories 5939:Chiricahua 5903:Qʼanjobʼal 5883:Mexicanero 5460:Kucadikadi 5403:Lake Miwok 5317:Chemehuevi 5287:Acjachemen 4480:2010-06-22 4450:2021-12-28 4425:2021-12-28 4331:2017-03-21 4251:, p. 4161:2023-05-26 3786:2023-07-06 3701:2021-05-12 3658:, p. 3642:, p. 3595:Muñoz 2012 3578:2021-08-03 3518:, p. 3400:HistoryNet 3381:2023-12-07 3286:, p. 3270:2024-08-13 3072:HistoryNet 3051:, p. 2969:August 12, 2940:2018-12-09 2901:Field 2012 2875:, p. 2813:Smith 2005 2787:2020-10-29 2741:References 2450:Hamashaw ( 2436:Kulaumai ( 2420:Olivenhain 2315:Point Loma 2089:La Huerta 2064:Mat Purjao 2024:'Ui'hapal 1753:Ewiiaapaay 1711:Matkwatay 1516:(formerly 1310:Population 1251:See also: 1135:chia seeds 1131:pinon nuts 1045:visitors. 825:Magonistas 665:After the 627:Point Loma 539:Chemehuevi 495:Luis Jayme 457:in yellow. 260:Salton Sea 197:California 94:California 5994:Mezcalero 5964:Kaqchikel 5954:Ixcatecos 5898:Pima Bajo 5812:Tojolabal 5696:Purépecha 5646:Chinantec 5570:Wukchumni 5474:Ramaytush 5470:Costanoan 5431:(Klamath) 5424:Mechoopda 5387:Kitanemuk 5322:Chimariko 5302:Bay Miwok 5203:La Huerta 5159:and its * 4904:161306672 4863:147262714 4658:cite book 4217:April 11, 3135:EBSCOhost 2692:Hameskiny 2658:Jhlumúk ( 2645:Hakwisiay 2563:Mat g'tay 2431:Encinitas 2424:Encinitas 2273:Otay Mesa 2200:San Diego 2193:Kosa'aay 1964:Ha'samen 1931:Location 1446:Kumehall 1368:Includes 1353:Location 1243:as pets. 1140:Manzanita 1061:Kuseyaays 1057:Kuseyaays 1042:shiimull, 1006:However, 1003:of 1990. 718:Fort Yuma 410:, a late 291:The term 278:Diegueños 236:Escondido 104:Languages 6050:Kumeyaay 5934:Awakatek 5908:Qʼeqchiʼ 5888:Ocuiltec 5878:Lacandon 5873:Jakaltek 5868:Guarijio 5822:Wixarika 5807:Tepehuán 5802:Popoluca 5782:Cuicatec 5706:Tlapanec 5701:Rarámuri 5519:Timbisha 5513:Tataviam 5397:Kumeyaay 5382:Kawaiisu 5312:Cahuilla 5297:Atsugewi 5282:Achomawi 5088:27825522 5063:23799624 5038:27825128 5013:30247342 4980:27825148 4931:27825888 4896:25616993 4785:17346424 4735:ABC-CLIO 4681:ABC-CLIO 4549:Kumeyaay 4474:Archived 4444:Archived 4419:Archived 4388:Archived 4355:Archived 4325:Archived 4211:Archived 4155:Archived 4070:April 6, 4064:Archived 4010:Archived 3964:Archived 3928:Archived 3897:Archived 3867:Archived 3837:Archived 3755:Archived 3731:April 6, 3725:Archived 3692:Archived 3619:Archived 3572:Archived 3542:Archived 3495:Archived 3464:Archived 3434:Archived 3404:Archived 3348:Archived 3314:Archived 3238:Archived 3202:Archived 3165:Archived 3109:Archived 3077:Archived 3025:Archived 2995:Archived 2934:Archived 2781:Archived 2698:See also 2689:Hacukpin 2686:Hakwisay 2642:Wekwilul 2486:Ranchita 2457:Canapu ( 2445:La Costa 2429:Hakutl ( 2395:El Cajon 2388:El Cajon 2306:Tisirr ( 2182:Villages 2067:Iškišup? 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