33:
139:
670:
it means "to fix or correct something". Sometimes the distinction is very clear, although not always. Differences of opinion among reference works are not uncommon; one dictionary may say the kanji are equivalent, while another dictionary may draw distinctions of use. As a result, native speakers of
535:
are not considered to be part of the internal reading of the character, although they are part of the reading of the word. A beginner in the language will rarely come across characters with long readings, but readings of three or even four syllables are not uncommon. This contrasts with
2297:
2148:
2344:
1091:
2143:
424:
2384:
1770:
276:
1765:
1058:
1033:
1008:
1249:
116:
1650:
2356:
2075:
172:
2029:
2024:
1550:
1084:
2198:
417:
54:
1256:
2039:
1755:
97:
2170:
2009:
1568:
540:, which are only one or two syllables, as they were adapted from Chinese characters, which are almost all monosyllabic.
50:
956:
Further, some Jōyō characters have long non-Jōyō readings (students learn the character, but not the reading), such as
69:
1903:
1883:
1687:
1640:
671:
the language may have trouble knowing which kanji to use and resort to personal preference or by writing the word in
2019:
1893:
1077:
648:
word. Typically when this occurs, the different kanji refer to specific shades of meaning. For instance, the word
76:
43:
2304:
2282:
2070:
410:
389:
354:
2339:
2277:
2267:
2231:
2129:
2080:
2004:
1979:
1588:
360:
339:
1645:
185:
1723:
146:
83:
1740:
584:
2221:
2110:
1583:
1129:
1119:
65:
2272:
2095:
1999:
1873:
1675:
1610:
1124:
346:
283:
2321:
2203:
2175:
2090:
1670:
1615:
907:
The nominalization removes the okurigana, hence increasing the reading by one mora, yielding 4+1=5.
2292:
375:
2351:
2213:
2100:
2034:
1924:
1919:
1632:
1374:
727:
2180:
1620:
1456:
1405:
138:
2115:
2085:
1888:
1707:
1692:
1665:
1660:
1598:
1536:
1511:
1446:
1364:
1320:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1139:
1100:
1054:
1029:
1004:
645:
619:
589:
453:
205:
2309:
2287:
2065:
1861:
1702:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1477:
1425:
1369:
1330:
1266:
1222:
1207:
839:. These unusually long readings are due to a single character representing a compound word:
618:, denoting a Chinese unit of measurement (about 30 mm or 1.2 inch), has no native
396:
365:
321:
1830:
833:
250:
195:
180:
2334:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1697:
1470:
1381:
1281:
1242:
1237:
1198:
1178:
1463:
691:, the first three of which have only very subtle differences. Another notable example is
210:
190:
90:
2379:
2329:
1680:
1655:
1578:
1558:
1531:
1482:
1434:
1398:
1352:
1296:
1291:
1271:
580:
288:
848:
is a single character for a compound verb, one component of which has a long reading.
2373:
2120:
1866:
1845:
1563:
1415:
1359:
1227:
1217:
1193:
1183:
1173:
509:
481:, which is the reading based on the original Chinese pronunciation of the character.
2105:
1934:
1499:
1393:
1337:
1306:
1301:
1114:
628:
613:
167:
675:. This latter strategy is frequently employed with more complex cases such as もと
2160:
1388:
32:
832:
have five syllables represented by a single kanji, the longest readings in the
2189:
2155:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1835:
975:
545:
477:
235:
734:
associated with them, in which case this reading is formally classified as a
521:
are usually between one and three syllables in length, not counting trailing
1969:
1898:
1878:
1820:
527:
316:
1840:
1825:
507:
are characterized by the strict (C)V syllable structure of
Japanese words (
263:
255:
2249:
2134:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1732:
1573:
672:
522:
311:
242:
230:
17:
2226:
2165:
1782:
565:
2244:
1777:
1745:
743:
644:
In a number of cases, multiple kanji were assigned to cover a single
1069:
2239:
1787:
1750:
980:
731:
489:
472:
464:
160:
695:"sake cup", which may be spelt as at least five different kanji:
1797:
558:
468:
223:
1073:
738:, because the character is being used for meaning, not sound.
722:
Local dialectical readings of kanji are also classified under
475:
when it was introduced. This pronunciation is contrasted with
26:
488:
readings are used for simple, singular words, including most
895:
This is due to its being derived from a noun-verb compound,
730:. Further, in rare cases gairaigo (borrowed words) have a
131:
Kanji reading based on the native
Japanese pronunciation
664:, means "to heal an illness or sickness". When written
1026:
Language
Contact in Japan: A Socio-Linguistic History
2320:
2260:
2212:
2054:
1912:
1854:
1796:
1731:
1722:
1631:
1597:
1549:
1522:
1445:
1319:
1147:
1138:
1107:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
747:, Japanese-created Chinese characters, only have
496:readings are used for compound, technical words.
1053:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–126.
437:
961:
942:
933:
920:
911:
896:
883:
877:
864:
852:
843:
823:
812:
801:
779:
768:
757:
714:
708:
707:; of these, the first two are common—formally
702:
696:
686:
680:
665:
659:
649:
611:
601:
563:
446:
1085:
418:
8:
755:by analogy with similar characters, such as
517:are two to three syllables long, while verb
679:, which has at least five different kanji:
553:for the same kanji, and some kanji have no
1728:
1603:
1144:
1092:
1078:
1070:
751:, although some have back-formed a pseudo-
425:
411:
133:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
557:at all. For instance, the character for
991:
331:
298:
152:
145:
726:, most notably readings for words in
452:
7:
55:adding citations to reliable sources
777:, and there are even some, such as
851:It has an alternative spelling as
592:already had two words for "east":
25:
606:had the latter readings added as
458:
1028:. Clarendon Press. p. 163.
882:is a nominalization of the verb
471:that matches the meaning of the
137:
31:
941:It has an alternative spelling
42:needs additional citations for
650:
1:
2385:Japanese writing system terms
1049:Shibatani, Masayoshi (2008).
2236:Kanji pronunciation sources
2010:Katakana Phonetic Extensions
1001:Writing Systems of the World
2345:Speculative fiction writers
1904:Transcription into Japanese
788:"gland", that have only an
622:equivalent; it only has an
438:
2401:
1263:Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
513:). Most noun or adjective
1606:
999:Coulmas, Florian (1991).
962:
943:
934:
921:
912:
897:
888:which has a long reading
884:
878:
865:
853:
844:
824:
813:
802:
780:
769:
758:
715:
709:
703:
697:
687:
681:
666:
660:
612:
610:. In contrast, the kanji
602:
564:
447:
2130:Sino-Japanese vocabulary
1589:Yokohama Pidgin Japanese
549:, there can be multiple
2076:Godan and ichidan verbs
1894:Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai
1051:The Languages of Japan
1003:. Wiley. p. 125.
938:is a triple compound.
463:is the way of reading
2181:Court lady language (
1651:Southern Amami Ōshima
1584:Yilan Creole Japanese
1024:Loveday, Leo (1996).
467:characters using the
357: / ISO 3602
2000:Small Kana Extension
1611:Eastern Old Japanese
1250:Northern Izu Islands
469:native Japanese word
284:Japanese punctuation
51:improve this article
1551:Pidgins and creoles
713:is a small cup and
277:Typographic symbols
2352:Classical Japanese
2199:Gender differences
2035:Extended shinjitai
860:, hence (1+1)+3=5.
728:Ryukyuan languages
461:"meaning reading")
454:[kɯɰ̃jomi]
2367:
2366:
2071:Verb conjugations
2050:
2049:
1718:
1717:
1599:Japonic languages
1545:
1544:
1537:Okinawan Japanese
1101:Japanese language
632:, with no native
600:. Thus the kanji
473:Chinese character
435:
434:
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2392:
2310:Polivanov system
2171:Honorific speech
2066:Japanese grammar
1729:
1604:
1145:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1021:
1015:
1014:
996:
965:
964:
950:, hence 1+2+2=5.
946:
945:
937:
936:
924:
923:
915:
914:
900:
899:
887:
886:
881:
880:
868:
867:
858:u(ke)-tamawa(ru)
856:
855:
847:
846:
828:
827:
826:
817:
816:
815:
806:
805:
804:
784:
783:
782:
773:
772:
771:
762:
761:
760:
732:single character
718:
717:
712:
711:
706:
705:
700:
699:
690:
689:
684:
683:
669:
668:
663:
662:
653:
652:
617:
616:
605:
604:
586:
570:
569:
568:
462:
460:
456:
450:
449:
443:
427:
420:
413:
397:Polivanov system
378:(keyboard input)
147:Japanese writing
141:
134:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2316:
2261:Transliteration
2256:
2232:Sound symbolism
2208:
2190:Role language (
2149:from Portuguese
2081:Irregular verbs
2059:
2057:
2046:
1995:Kana Supplement
1990:Kana Extended-B
1985:Kana Extended-A
1908:
1884:Historical kana
1850:
1792:
1771:by stroke count
1762:Kanji radicals
1756:by stroke count
1714:
1627:
1593:
1569:Hawaiian Creole
1541:
1518:
1441:
1315:
1134:
1103:
1098:
1068:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1011:
998:
997:
993:
989:
972:
910:Compare common
870:u(ke)-tsu(keru)
863:Compare common
822:
811:
800:
798:
778:
767:
756:
658:, when written
642:
562:
502:
500:Characteristics
444:
431:
402:
401:
392:
382:
381:
372:
351:
342:
332:Transliteration
327:
326:
307:
294:
293:
279:
269:
268:
260:
247:
226:
216:
215:
202:
177:
163:
132:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2398:
2396:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2372:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2132:
2127:
2121:Native words (
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1726:
1724:Writing system
1720:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1579:Pseudo-Chinese
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Bamboo English
1555:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1532:Amami Japanese
1528:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1066:
1060:978-0521369183
1059:
1041:
1035:978-0198235590
1034:
1016:
1010:978-0631180289
1009:
990:
988:
985:
984:
983:
978:
971:
968:
954:
953:
952:
951:
931:
930:
929:
908:
905:
875:
874:
873:
861:
797:
794:
641:
638:
581:Middle Chinese
501:
498:
433:
432:
430:
429:
422:
415:
407:
404:
403:
400:
399:
393:
388:
387:
384:
383:
380:
379:
371:
370:
369:
368:
363:
350:
349:
343:
338:
337:
334:
333:
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
314:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
289:Iteration mark
286:
280:
275:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
259:
258:
253:
246:
245:
240:
239:
238:
227:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
206:Jinmeiyō kanji
201:
200:
199:
198:
193:
188:
176:
175:
170:
164:
159:
158:
155:
154:
150:
149:
143:
142:
130:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2397:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:Cyrillization
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Wāpuro rōmaji
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2123:yamato kotoba
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2111:Counter words
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1846:Kana ligature
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1741:Script reform
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
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1108:Earlier forms
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902:kokoro-za(su)
894:
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837:character set
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719:a large cup.
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510:yamato kotoba
506:
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390:Cyrillization
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71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2298:In Esperanto
2268:Romanization
2222:Pitch accent
2204:Dictionaries
2191:
2183:nyōbō kotoba
2182:
2136:
2135:Loan words (
2122:
2106:Topic marker
2020:ARIB STD B24
1766:by frequency
1646:Amami Ōshima
1523:
1512:
1471:
1457:
1447:
1435:
1422:East San'in
1406:
1382:
1353:
1331:
1321:
1257:
1208:
1164:
1149:
1130:Early Modern
1120:Early Middle
1050:
1044:
1025:
1019:
1000:
994:
957:
955:
948:mi-koto-nori
947:
925:
919:2+1=3, from
916:
901:
890:kokoroza(su)
889:
869:
857:
834:
829:
818:
807:
799:
789:
785:
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763:
752:
748:
742:
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735:
723:
721:
692:
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655:
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627:
623:
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583:
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544:
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537:
532:
526:
518:
514:
508:
504:
503:
493:
485:
483:
476:
439:
436:
355:Kunrei-shiki
306:Syllabograms
211:Hyōgai kanji
191:Kyōiku kanji
168:Stroke order
128:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2278:Nihon-shiki
2161:Wasei-kango
2096:Possessives
2056:Grammar and
1889:Modern kana
1874:Punctuation
1855:Orthography
1676:Tokunoshima
1288:Gifu-Aichi
1258:Tōkai–Tōsan
1125:Late Middle
819:kokorozashi
808:uketamawaru
588:. However,
484:Generally,
361:Nihon-shiki
2374:Categories
2322:Literature
2192:yakuwarigo
2176:Honorifics
2156:Wasei-eigo
2144:from Dutch
2091:Adjectives
2058:vocabulary
1836:Hentaigana
1831:Man'yōgana
1671:Okinoerabu
1375:Okuyoshino
987:References
958:omonpakaru
830:mikotonori
682:元, 基, 本, 下
251:Man'yōgana
236:Hentaigana
196:Tōyō kanji
181:Jōyō kanji
153:Components
107:March 2024
77:newspapers
66:"Kun'yomi"
2214:Phonology
2101:Particles
2040:Half/Full
1970:Shift JIS
1899:Yotsugana
1879:Kanazukai
1821:Okurigana
1733:Logograms
1345:Shiramine
1190:Southern
1170:Northern
698:杯, 盃, 巵/卮
533:Okurigana
528:okurigana
317:Okurigana
2137:gairaigo
2116:Numerals
2086:Pronouns
2025:Enclosed
2005:Katakana
1980:Hiragana
1976:Unicode
1931:ISO/IEC
1913:Encoding
1816:Furigana
1811:Katakana
1806:Hiragana
1708:Yonaguni
1688:Southern
1666:Okinawan
1661:Kunigami
1641:Northern
1633:Ryukyuan
1574:Kyowa-go
1505:Tsushima
1495:Nagasaki
1490:Kumamoto
1478:Chikuzen
1342:Kanazawa
1332:Hokuriku
1267:Shizuoka
1234:Eastern
1223:Kanagawa
1214:Western
1159:Hokkaidō
1140:Dialects
970:See also
926:hana(su)
796:Examples
749:kun'yomi
736:kun'yomi
724:kun'yomi
693:sakazuki
673:hiragana
646:Japanese
634:kun'yomi
620:Japanese
608:kun'yomi
590:Japanese
555:kun'yomi
551:kun'yomi
543:As with
523:hiragana
519:kun'yomi
515:kun'yomi
505:Kun'yomi
492:, while
486:kun'yomi
440:Kun'yomi
312:Furigana
243:Katakana
231:Hiragana
173:Radicals
18:Kun-yomi
2340:Writers
2273:Hepburn
2227:Rendaku
2166:Engrish
1862:Braille
1783:Ryakuji
1703:Yaeyama
1621:grammar
1616:Hachijō
1513:Satsugū
1472:Hichiku
1458:Hōnichi
1412:San'yō
1407:Chūgoku
1383:Shikoku
1322:Western
1282:Nagaoka
1278:Echigo
1243:Tochigi
1238:Ibaraki
1199:Nairiku
1179:Tsugaru
1150:Eastern
976:On'yomi
917:hanashi
790:on'yomi
766:, from
753:on'yomi
624:on'yomi
594:higashi
579:, from
577:on'yomi
575:as its
546:on'yomi
538:on'yomi
525:called
494:on'yomi
478:on'yomi
347:Hepburn
322:Braille
91:scholar
2335:Poetry
2283:Kunrei
2245:Kan-on
2016:Other
1925:EUC-JP
1841:Sōgana
1826:Gojūon
1778:Kokuji
1746:Kanbun
1698:Tarama
1693:Miyako
1483:Hakata
1448:Kyūshū
1436:Umpaku
1399:Sanuki
1365:Banshū
1354:Kansai
1297:Mikawa
1292:Nagoya
1272:Narada
1165:Tōhoku
1057:
1032:
1007:
821:, and
744:kokuji
701:, and
685:, and
571:, has
376:Wāpuro
340:Rōmaji
264:Gojūon
256:Sōgana
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2380:Kanji
2357:texts
2330:Books
2250:Tō-on
2240:Go-on
1867:Kanji
1788:Ateji
1751:Kanji
1681:Yoron
1656:Kikai
1524:Other
1426:Inshū
1416:Bingo
1370:Kishū
1360:Awaji
1228:Tokyo
1218:Gunma
1209:Kantō
1194:Kesen
1184:Akita
1174:Nanbu
981:Kanji
866:受け付ける
741:Most
656:naosu
640:Usage
598:azuma
490:verbs
465:kanji
161:Kanji
98:JSTOR
84:books
1965:0213
1960:0212
1955:0211
1950:0208
1945:0201
1941:JIS
1935:2022
1798:Kana
1500:Saga
1464:Ōita
1394:Tosa
1338:Kaga
1307:Hida
1302:Mino
1055:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1005:ISBN
960:for
854:受け賜る
835:jōyō
677:moto
596:and
585:tung
559:east
459:lit.
299:Uses
224:Kana
186:list
70:news
2288:JSL
2030:EIS
1920:EUC
1389:Iyo
1115:Old
944:御言宣
898:心指す
786:sen
651:なおす
629:sun
448:訓読み
366:JSL
53:by
2376::
966:.
963:慮る
922:話す
892:.
885:志す
845:承る
810:,
803:承る
792:.
775:dō
764:dō
667:直す
661:治す
654:,
636:.
626:,
573:tō
561:,
531:.
457:,
451:,
2194:)
2185:)
2139:)
2125:)
1093:e
1086:t
1079:v
1063:.
1038:.
1013:.
935:詔
928:.
913:話
904:.
879:志
872:.
825:詔
814:志
781:腺
770:動
759:働
716:盃
710:杯
704:坏
688:素
614:寸
603:東
566:東
445:(
426:e
419:t
412:v
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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