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facing stones. Rather than a single building it turned out to be 4 buildings joined together, in an orthogonal layout, by pebbled pathways. The remains of the building on Level 3 had large walls on a completely different orientation. Small finds included bronze pins, beads, molds for casting bronze blades, lithic artifacts, and a finely carved greenish
Akkadian period stone
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Area E - In the northern part of the Lower town. A single occupation level. A monumental building (damaged during the construction of the modern road and other buildings possibly lost) and a small house were found. The monumental building had walls are least 20 meters long, with stone footings. The
384:
705:
Kepinski, Christine, and Aline Tenu, "Kunara, ville majeure de la haute vallée du
Tanjaro", Routes de l'Orient (2014) Marchand, Florine. "L'industrie Lithique de Kunara". Journée Chainop-Études des chaînes opératoires: Regards croisés sur le site de Kunara (Kurdistan irakien, IIIe millénaire av.
297:
Tell Kunara consists of two oval mounds, the western one higher than the eastern, separated by a modern road. The western mound is designated as the Upper Town (excavation area A) and the eastern mound is designated as the Lower Town (excavation areas B, C, D, and E). Overall the site extends to
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Area C – A large but shallow excavation at the outer edge of the site. Iron Age pottery shards were found at the surface level and radiocarbon dating of material returned c. 1110−909 BC. To the south, Level 1 remains are fragmentary but appear to be related to food production. Levels 2 and 3 so
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Area B – In the Lower Town, designed to explore the monumental building identified by the survey. A simple poorly preserved building was found on Level 1. On level 2 lay the monumental building that had appeared on the survey. It had 1.6 meter thick wall footings made out of massive stones with
243:
592:
Kepinski, C., "Research in the
Suleymaniyah Province (Iraq): The upper Tanjaro Survey", P. Bieliński et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East 30 April – 4 May 2012, University of Warsaw, Volume 2, Wiesbaden, pp. 149–164,
531:
Marchand, Florine, "Kunara Lithic
Industry: A Preliminary Report", Proceedings of the 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East: Vol. 2: Field Reports. Islamic Archaeology, edited by Adelheid Otto et al., 1st ed., Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 243–52,
719:
Perello, Bérengère, Aline Tenu, and
Christine Kepinski, "A preliminary assessment on earthen architecture of Iraqi Kurdistan: the case of Kunara (Suleymanieh province) at the end of the 3rd mill. BC". Terra Lyon 2016-XIIe World Congress on Earthen Architecture.
310:
tablets were found in 2015 (most concerning flour) and another group in 2018 (most concerning grain) bringing the total to around 100. Quantities were listed in a new type of gur (volume measure) not previously attested as opposed to the expected
Akkadian Gur.
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The site was examined as part of a larger survey by C. Kepinski in 2011. A geomagnetic survey at Tell Kunara showed signs of a monumental (60 meters by 30 meters) building in the Lower Town It has been excavated in nine seasons since 2012 by a
604:
Tenu, Aline, "Kunara: an Early Bronze Age city in the Zagros foothills. The 2018 and 2019 Seasons of
Excavations", Proceedings of the 12th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, vol. 2, Harrassowitz, pp. 603-617,
208:
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Area D – several narrow trenches on the slope of the Lower Town to look for a defensive wall and examine the interrelationship with the Upper Town. Small finds here included beads, an obsidian flint, a lithic arrow head of
Akkadian
298:
roughly 600 meters by 400 meters or about 10 hectares. The site was first visited in 1943 when Sabri Shukri of the Iraqi
General Directorate of Antiquities in Baghdad conducted a survey, issuing a report dated November 10, 1943.
315:
Area A – On the upper mound. A monumental building was found, with a 2.6 meter wide wall built on a very large stone base foundation. The walls were constructed of "layers of rectangular mud bricks, protected by diluted
289:
709:
Kepinski, Christine, "Rapport préliminaire sur la première campagne de fouilles à Kunara (Mission Archéologique du
Peramagron 2012) niveaux fin Bronze Ancien, début Bronze Moyen", Mesopotamian Studies, 77,
616:
Tenu, A., Clancier, Ph., Marchand, F., Monerie, J., Sarmiento-Castillo, D., and Verdellet, C., "Kunara. Rapport préliminaire sur la cinquième campagne de fouilles (2017)", Akkadica 140, pp. 5-71, 2019
713:
Lafont, Bertrand, "Que se passait-il à Kunara il y a quatre mille ans...?", Parcours d'Orient. Recueil de textes offert à Christine Kepinski, hrsg. v. Bérengère Perello, Aline Tenu, pp. 147-154, 2016
685:
Tenu, Aline, "The 2016–2017 Excavation Seasons in Kunara (Iraqi Kurdistan)", 11th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Apr 2018, Munich Germany, pp. 435-444, 2018
511:
Tenu, Aline, and Christine Kepinski. "Kunara, a Bronze Age City on the Upper Tanjaro (Iraq)". 9th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 3, pp. 147–159, 2014
725:
Tenu, Aline, et al., "Kunara, une ville du IIIe millénaire dans les piémonts du Zagros. Rapport préliminaire sur la troisième campagne de fouilles (2015)", Akkadica 137.2, pp. 109–182, 2016
700:
Kepinski, C. et al. "Kunara, petite ville des piedmonts du Zagros à l'âge du Bronze. Rapport préliminaire sur la première campagne", 2012 (Kurdistan irakien)", Akkadica 136, pp. 51–88, 2015
625:"Kepinski, C. et al. "Kunara, small town in the foothills of the Zagros Mountains at the age of Bronze: preliminary report on the first campaign of excavations, 2012 (Iraqi Kurdistan)".
744:
Tenu, A., Clancier, Ph., Marchand, F., Monerie, J., Sarmiento-Castillo, D. and Verdellet, C., "Kunara. Rapport préliminaire sur la sixième campagne (2017)", Akkadica 140, pp. 5–71, 2019
741:
Tenu A. and Kepinski, Christine, "Prospection dans la haute vallée du Tanjaro. Mission archéologique française du Peramagron 2011", Études Mésopotamiennes – Mesopotamian Studies 1, 2020
522:
Tenu, Aline, "Kunara, a 4000 year-old city in Kurdistan", 3rd International Scientific Conference under slogan Archaeology and Heritage of Kurdistan held in Erbil, pp. 592–611, 2019
656:"Tenu, Aline, et al., "Kunara, a third millennium town in the peaks of Zagros. Preliminary report on the third excavation campaign (2015)", Akkadica, 137.2, pp. 109–182, 2016
247:
Clay tablet, freshly excavated, covered with mud to protect it. From Tell Kunara, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Now in the Sulaymaniyah Museum, Iraq
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portions of a monumental building with walls 1.4 meters in width. At the lowest floor were many storage jars. A number of fragmentary cuneiform tablets were found.
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pipe for drainage. The top of the mound had first been sealed and leveled by a several meter thick layer of sand. Small finds included a bronze pendant.
733:
Tenu, Aline, Michaël Seigle, and Cécile Verdellet, "Kunara. Rapport préliminaire sur la sixième campagne de fouilles (2018). Partie 2", Akkadica, 2020.
541:
Tenu, Aline, "Excavations at Kunara (Iraqi Kurdistan): New Results", Prehistoric and Historical landscapes & Settlement Patterns, pp. 653–663, 2018
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team led by Christine Kepinski and Aline Tenu. Since 2012 excavation has mainly focused on the lower town. A few 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter
784:
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Marchand, Florine, et al. "Kunara Rapport Préliminaire de la septième campagne de fouilles (2019)-Chantier E", Studia Mesopotamica 5, 2021
462:
A dagger, a turquoise piece, and a skeleton. Excavations at Tell Kunara, Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq
324:". The building, which overlays an earlier one with similar plan, was fronted by a 100 square meter courtyard with included a 10-meter
730:
Tenu, Aline, et al., "Kunara. Rapport préliminaire sur la quatrième campagne de fouilles (2016)", Akkadica 139.1, pp. 1–72, 2018
638:
Kepinski, Christine, and Aline Tenu. "Two Seasons of Excavations at Kunara (Upper Tanjaro): An Early and Middle Bronze Age City".
747:
Verdellet, Cécile, "Le matériel céramique de Kunara (Kurdistan irakien). Résultats préliminaires", Mesopotamian Studies 522, 2023
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French Excavations at Tell Kunara. Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Republic of Iraq, October 3, 2019
85:
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Tenu, Aline, et al., "Rapport préliminaire sur le septième campagne à Kunara (2019)", Studia Mesopotamica, 20, pp. 137-245, 2021
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Foundation-walls. Excavations at Tell Kunara. October 3, 2019. Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq
212:
French Excavations at Tell Kunara. Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Republic of Iraq, 3 October 2019
485:
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Drainage system. Excavations at Tell Kunara. October 3, 2019. Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq
293:
Akkadian cylinder seal, late third-millennium BCE. From Tell Kunara, Tanjro Valley, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq. Sulaymaniyah Museum
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Excavations at Tell Kunara. Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Republic of Iraq. October 3, 2019
48:
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Oct. 2015, French excavations at Tell Kunara. Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq
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Oct. 2015, French excavations at Tell Kunara, Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq
474:
Excavations at Tell Kunara. October 3, 2019, Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq
414:
Excavations at Tell Kunara. Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq. October 3, 2019
263:
periods. The excavators have speculated that the city, with its monumental buildings, was the capital of the
557:
Tenu, Aline, et al., "Kunara. Preliminary report on the fifth excavation campaign (2017)", Akkadica, 2019
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Epigraphic evidence shows the city had an ensi (governor) but under what auspices is unknown at present.
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house was about 36 square meters in area with three rooms. The largest room was about 15 square meters.
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Wall. Excavations at Tell Kunara, Akkadian-Lullubian, 2300–2000 BCE. Sulaymaniyah Governorate, Iraq
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Kunara radio program at radiofrance - Archaeology of Iraqi Kurdistan - Sunday, 31 March 2019
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Tenu, Aline, et al. "Kunara. Preliminary report on the fourth excavation campaign (2016)".
569:"New Discovery: Clay Tablet & Cylinder Seal from Tell Kunara, Iraq - October 13, 2015"
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state. There were three occupational levels (levels 1 and 2 have been radiocarbon dated)
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and jointed with a mortar containing crushed bones, alternated with about 0.60 m of
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is an ancient Near East archaeological site about 10 kilometers southwest of
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Archaeological Research in the Kurdistan of Iraq and the Adjacent Areas
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Level 2 – End of Early Bronze (2200–2000 BC) (in Areas, B, and E)
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Level 3 – Early Bronze Age (2350–2200 BC) (in Areas A and D)
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Level 1 – Middle Bronze Age (2000–1900 BC) (in Area C)
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Kunara page at National Archaeological Museum, France
759:"A Historical Treasure Bordering Ancient Mesopotamia"
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757:Jean-Baptiste Veyrieras (March 19, 2019).
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235:period to the early second millennium BC.
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491:Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement
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231:River. The site was occupied from the
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567:Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed.
251:The site was occupied in the
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785:Archaeological sites in Iraq
157:Akkadian, Ur III, Isin-Larsa
642:, Oxford, pp. 139–145, 2016
223:in the Kurdistan region of
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573:World History Encyclopedia
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178:C. Kepinski, Aline Tenu
353:Excavation photographs
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669:139.1, pp. 1–72, 2018
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167:Excavation dates
101:35.51944°N 45.35944°E
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233:Chalcolithic
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217:Tell Kunara
137: 2300
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80:Coordinates
31:Tell Kunara
497:References
326:terracotta
261:Isin-Larsa
162:Site notes
148:Bronze Age
120:settlement
92:45°21′34″E
89:35°31′10″N
308:cuneiform
191:Ownership
183:Condition
170:2012-2023
779:Category
667:Akkadica
627:Akkadica
480:See also
253:Akkadian
154:Cultures
72:Location
761:. CNRS.
318:bitumen
265:Lullubi
239:History
229:Tanjaro
144:Periods
130:Founded
125:History
37:{{{1}}}
259:, and
257:Ur III
194:Public
186:Ruined
18:Kunara
344:type.
720:2016
710:2018
605:2023
593:2014
580:2022
532:2020
322:pisé
225:Iraq
117:Type
75:Iraq
202:Yes
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255:,
139:BC
134:c.
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