516:
up of one bone instead of two or three. The prefrontal is only exposed on the skull roof and does not reach the eye socket. The nasal bone does not reach the snout side and is limited to the snout top and the large, more centrally placed, opening around the nostril. This opening, which is completely located in the nasal bone, is large compared to the maxillary part of the snout and fully accessible from above and the side. The maxilla vertically attains the full height of the skull, reaching to the prefrontal on the skull roof. The hindmost tooth is positioned under the rear edge of the eye socket.
2679:
545:
599:
353:
494:
2674:
1149:
132:
450:. It consists of an almost complete skeleton with skull, containing the vertebral column up to the middle tail, the left shoulder girdle, the left arm minus the hand, the pelvis, both thighbones and most of the body armour. Both the bones and the armour are largely articulated. In the belly region remains have been found of the animal's last meal. The specimen represents the most complete dinosaur skeleton ever found in Eastern
111:
2702:
394:
566:, including small ossicles, small keeled scutes on the body ordered in parallel longitudinal rows, large scutes without keels on the snout, large keeled scutes on the neck, shoulders, and possibly tail, spike-like scutes on the hips, and a combination of ridged and keeled scutes and triangular plates on the tail. There was one preserved ring of scutes around the neck. A sacral shield is absent.
1601:
524:
instead of bone, so that many brain nerves must have had their exits in a single large opening, rather than separate small ones. The inner ear is very large compared with the skull as a whole and differs from that of all other known
Dinosauria in the ear vestibule not being separated from the brain cavity, the floor for the
515:
were established. The roof of the skull is almost perfectly flat, apart from a limited convex profile of the postorbital bone and the nasal bone. The edges of the skull top, formed by the prefrontal, supraorbital and postorbital bones, make a right angle with the skull sides. The supraorbital is made
523:
is directed vertically. The pterygoid bones do not touch each other with their rear ends at the braincase, totally separated by the basisphenoid. The quadrate is vertically oriented. The coronoid process of the lower jaw is strongly protruding. The side of the braincase largely consists of cartilage
1214:
to a given fragment's long axis. Because of the small size of the fragments, they have been interpreted as having been nibbled from plants or chopped in the mouth, evidence of some method of retaining food in the mouth. These small fragments may have come from twigs or stems, but their size is more
1219:
suggest that the animal relied on oral processing instead of gastroliths or grit to grind food. The seeds (0.3 mm across) and fruiting bodies (4.5 mm across) were apparently swallowed whole. Comparisons with gut contents and scat from other modern herbivores like
569:
The exact arrangement of armour on the tail is unclear, although it appears that there were triangular plates that ran on the sides of the tail, with long scutes forming a row along the top of the tail. While most of the tail is not preserved, some of the relatives of
1420:
Soto-Acuña, Sergio; Vargas, Alexander O.; Kaluza, Jonatan; Leppe, Marcelo A.; Botelho, Joao F.; Palma-Liberona, José; Simon-Gutstein, Carolina; Fernández, Roy A.; Ortiz, Héctor; Milla, Verónica; Aravena, Bárbara (2021-12-01).
480:
because it did not share any unique features with the type specimen. It was found in a layer belonging to the
Toolebuc Formation, which directly underlies the Allaru Mudstone and dates to the middle-upper
485:. The specimen consists of a partial skull associated with elements from the postcrania. Unfortunately, most of the postcranial skeleton remains in limestone and therefore not ready for description.
549:
1374:
Frauenfelder, Timothy G.; Bell, Phil R.; Brougham, Tom; Bevitt, Joseph J.; Bicknell, Russell D. C.; Kear, Benjamin P.; Wroe, Stephen; Campione, Nicolás E. (2022-03-28).
2787:
1210:
or vascular fragments, which are typically rather uniform in size at 0.6 to 2.7 millimetres (0.024 to 0.106 inches) long and have clean cuts at their ends,
2807:
2678:
2797:
1633:
1555:
Arbour VM, Currie PJ. 2015. Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosauriddinosaurs. Journal of
Systematic Palaeontology
454:(Australia, Antarctica, Madagascar and India) and the most complete ankylosaurian skeleton from the entirety of the Gondwanan continents.
2802:
2792:
1171:: gut contents are known from the well-preserved nearly complete holotype specimen, found in the abdominal cavity in front of the left
536:
are flat or at most have a low keel. There are no squamosal or quadratojugal horns or bosses on the upper skull corners or the cheeks.
1577:
1503:
2695:
1245:
2812:
2673:
1591:
131:
1376:"New Ankylosaurian Cranial Remains From the Lower Cretaceous (Upper Albian) Toolebuc Formation of Queensland, Australia"
427:
honours Mr Ian Ivers, the property manager who originally found the fossil. The description was limited to the skull.
1626:
1568:; Clifford, H. Trevor (2001). "An ankylosaurian cololite from Queensland, Australia". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
622:
544:
562:, in the skin on its head, back, abdomen, legs and along the tail. Several types of armour are known in place in
1360:
1724:
390:. The new information led to the conclusion that the species could be named in a separate genus of ankylosaur.
1311:
sp. (Ornithischia: Thyreophora) from the Lower
Cretaceous Allaru Mudstone of Richmond, Queensland, Australia"
421:
2722:
2754:
1751:
1619:
661:
598:
281:
352:
365:
2782:
2705:
1434:
431:
was one of eighteen dinosaur taxa from 2015 to be described in open access or free-to-read journals.
369:
1305:
Lucy G. Leahey; Ralph E. Molnar; Kenneth
Carpenter; Lawrence M. Witmer; Steven W. Salisbury (2015).
2111:
2008:
1207:
372:, the skeleton was discovered of an ankylosaurian. In January 1990 it was secured by a team led by
493:
1847:
1466:
529:
469:
376:. In 1996, in a provisional description, Molnar concluded that it could be referred to the genus
126:
2759:
1148:
2604:
1868:
1573:
1499:
1458:
1450:
1397:
1342:
1196:
417:
402:
2069:
2016:
1854:
1605:
1536:
1442:
1387:
1332:
1322:
590:-like structure at the end of the tail, formed by expanded triangular flattened osteoderms.
559:
505:
439:
378:
30:
2534:
2498:
2438:
2404:
2397:
2290:
2231:
2103:
2000:
1916:
1876:
1709:
1184:
975:
853:
669:
657:
614:
386:
sp. Subsequently, the specimen was further prepared by an acid bath and investigated by a
335:
240:
1438:
1270:"Preliminary report a new ankylosaur from the Early Cretaceous of Queensland, Australia"
110:
2597:
2583:
2569:
2477:
2450:
2346:
2327:
2242:
2188:
2053:
2023:
1993:
1956:
1337:
1306:
1269:
1039:
939:
806:
721:
638:
630:
2776:
2560:
2470:
2463:
2415:
2359:
2306:
2272:
2173:
2119:
2094:
2076:
1979:
1925:
1898:
1890:
1470:
1422:
1211:
891:
822:
769:
697:
582:
520:
320:
68:
393:
2590:
2576:
2505:
2389:
2313:
2258:
2209:
2181:
2166:
2153:
2126:
2045:
2030:
1986:
1966:
1833:
1815:
1793:
1763:
1736:
1684:
1642:
1565:
1487:
1172:
952:
843:
665:
642:
634:
610:
406:
373:
357:
224:
192:
468:
In 2022, a specimen collected in 2005 by
Benjamin P. Kear from Warra Station near
2745:
656:
to belong to a distinctive basal lineage of
Southern Hemisphere ankylosaurs, the
2625:
2542:
2491:
2431:
2382:
2224:
2202:
2134:
2083:
1883:
1861:
1693:
1023:
792:
208:
43:
1541:
1520:
1446:
2618:
2611:
2549:
2424:
2375:
2367:
2320:
2265:
2251:
2217:
2195:
2061:
1905:
1840:
1392:
1375:
1216:
1203:
999:
745:
587:
533:
508:
dinosaur. Its length has been estimated at 2.5–3.5 metres (8.2–11.5 ft).
447:
327:
88:
53:
1454:
1401:
1167:. Unlike most herbivorous dinosaurs, there is direct evidence of the diet of
2632:
2512:
2299:
2279:
2141:
2038:
1940:
1423:"Bizarre tail weaponry in a transitional ankylosaur from subantarctic Chile"
1164:
908:
576:
331:
143:
93:
37:
1521:"A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica: reappraisal of
1462:
1346:
1236:
individual had a more sophisticated process for cutting up plant material.
2739:
2639:
1675:
1666:
782:
649:
on qualitative considerations such a position was indeed deemed likely.
451:
435:
387:
323:
176:
163:
118:
83:
78:
63:
58:
48:
2527:
2519:
1327:
1221:
1152:
525:
313:
98:
73:
1660:
1215:
suggestive of vascular bundles in leaves. The clean cuts and lack of
482:
443:
405:, Lawrence M. Witmer and Steven W. Salisbury named and described the
153:
2716:
1307:"Cranial osteology of the ankylosaurian dinosaur formerly known as
2484:
1519:
Soto Acuña, Sergio; Vargas, Alexander O.; Kaluza, Jonatan (2024).
1229:
1188:
1147:
597:
543:
492:
392:
351:
316:
528:
not being made of bone and the vestibule being so large that the
2646:
1200:
1192:
2720:
1653:
1615:
1611:
1572:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 399–412.
1498:. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 341–362.
476:
However, the describing authors refrained from referring it to
1225:
637:, i.e. was too "primitive" to be included in either the
1589:
1183:
The gut contents consist of fragments of fibrous or
511:
In 2015, some distinguishing traits of the skull of
2729:
2559:
2449:
2414:
2345:
2289:
2241:
2152:
2093:
1965:
1954:
1915:
1813:
1762:
1735:
1708:
550:Australian Age of Dinosaurs Natural History Museum
360:localities: 8 denotes where the holotype was found
1627:
1415:
1413:
1411:
8:
1263:
1261:
472:, SAMA P40536 was described and referred to
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
420:language of the local Wunumara people. The
2717:
2455:
2351:
2158:
1971:
1962:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1741:
1714:
1705:
1650:
1634:
1620:
1612:
401:In 2015, Lucy G. Leahey, Ralph E. Molnar,
109:
20:
1540:
1391:
1336:
1326:
1155:of the skull, showing internal components
558:had bony protrusions, also known as body
652:In 2021, Sergio Soto-Acuña et al. found
442:, marine sediments dating from the late
438:, QM F1801, was found in a layer of the
2788:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Australia
1596:
1490:(2001). "Armor of the small ankylosaur
1482:
1480:
1257:
629:was recovered as a basal member of the
457:Five specimens earlier referred to a
7:
1361:"The Open Access Dinosaurs of 2015"
1206:). The most common remains are the
1015:
991:
967:
945:
883:
859:
849:
798:
788:
761:
737:
713:
689:
682:
633:, QM F1801 had a basal position in
617:e.a. had entered QM F1801 and the
14:
412:. The genus name is derived from
2701:
2700:
2677:
2672:
1599:
1525:(Ankylosauria: Parankylosauria)"
1494:". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
1277:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum
312:(meaning "shield lizard") is an
130:
2808:Taxa named by Kenneth Carpenter
1246:Timeline of ankylosaur research
416:- the word for 'shield' in the
1159:As with other ankylosaurians,
1:
2798:Fossil taxa described in 2015
645:. In the 2015 description of
602:Reconstructions of the skull
668:to the clade formed by the
625:in their analysis. Whereas
623:operational taxonomic units
2829:
2803:Taxa named by Ralph Molnar
2793:Paleontology in Queensland
1542:10.12429/j.advps.2023.0036
1447:10.1038/s41586-021-04147-1
1380:Frontiers in Earth Science
609:was in 2015 placed in the
397:Skull from above and below
16:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
2690:
2670:
2458:
2354:
2161:
1974:
1828:
1824:
1809:
1790:
1744:
1717:
1704:
1649:
1529:Advances in Polar Science
1393:10.3389/feart.2022.803505
1268:Molnar, Ralph E. (1996).
1037:
1020:
1013:
996:
989:
972:
965:
950:
943:
905:
888:
881:
864:
857:
847:
820:
803:
796:
786:
766:
759:
742:
735:
718:
711:
694:
687:
532:are shortened. The skull
465:by the 2015 description.
461:sp. were not referred to
287:
280:
127:Scientific classification
125:
117:
108:
23:
504:was a small quadrupedal
497:Size compared to a human
446:, or possibly the early
334:. The genus contains a
1523:Antarctopelta oliveroi
1199:tissue (possibly from
1156:
603:
552:
498:
410:Kunbarrasaurus ieversi
398:
361:
294:Kunbarrasaurus ieversi
2755:Paleobiology Database
1570:The Armored Dinosaurs
1496:The Armored Dinosaurs
1151:
662:phylogenetic analyses
621:holotype as separate
601:
547:
496:
396:
364:In November 1989, at
355:
2813:Ornithischian genera
370:Richmond, Queensland
1439:2021Natur.600..259S
1232:indicate that this
530:semicircular canals
300:Leahey et al., 2015
260:Leahey et al., 2015
1328:10.7717/peerj.1475
1191:bodies, spherical
1157:
604:
553:
499:
470:Boulia, Queensland
399:
362:
2770:
2769:
2723:Taxon identifiers
2714:
2713:
2686:
2685:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2605:Nodocephalosaurus
2341:
2340:
2337:
2336:
1950:
1949:
1869:Serendipaceratops
1805:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1433:(7888): 259–263.
1140:
1139:
1131:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1049:
929:
928:
920:
919:
833:
832:
664:placed it as the
403:Kenneth Carpenter
305:
304:
261:
2820:
2763:
2762:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2718:
2704:
2703:
2681:
2676:
2456:
2352:
2159:
2070:Propanoplosaurus
2017:Glyptodontopelta
1972:
1963:
1855:Priodontognathus
1826:
1822:
1811:
1742:
1715:
1706:
1699:
1698:
1651:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1566:Molnar, Ralph E.
1562:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1488:Molnar, Ralph E.
1484:
1475:
1474:
1417:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1330:
1302:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1265:
1016:
992:
968:
946:
884:
860:
850:
799:
789:
762:
738:
714:
690:
683:
613:. The same year
440:Allaru Formation
366:Marathon Station
296:
292:
259:
252:
239:
223:
207:
191:
135:
134:
113:
103:
40:
36:105.3–99.7
31:Early Cretaceous
29:Temporal range:
21:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2758:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2682:
2652:
2555:
2535:Tianzhenosaurus
2499:Minotaurasaurus
2445:
2439:Zhongyuansaurus
2410:
2405:Zhejiangosaurus
2398:Liaoningosaurus
2333:
2291:Struthiosaurini
2285:
2237:
2232:Tatankacephalus
2148:
2104:Gargoyleosaurus
2089:
2001:Gargoyleosaurus
1959:
1946:
1917:Parankylosauria
1911:
1877:Sinankylosaurus
1818:
1797:
1778:
1758:
1731:
1725:Avemetatarsalia
1710:Avemetatarsalia
1700:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1640:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1304:
1303:
1288:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1242:
1181:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1105:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1051:
976:Liaoningosaurus
930:
921:
854:Parankylosauria
834:
670:Late Cretaceous
658:Parankylosauria
615:Victoria Arbour
596:
542:
491:
474:Kunbarrasaurus.
350:
301:
298:
290:
289:
276:
273:K. ieversi
258:
250:
241:Parankylosauria
237:
221:
205:
189:
129:
104:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
35:
34:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2826:
2824:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2775:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2751:
2735:
2733:
2731:Kunbarrasaurus
2727:
2726:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2598:Euoplocephalus
2594:
2587:
2584:Anodontosaurus
2580:
2573:
2570:Akainacephalus
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2524:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2478:Crichtonsaurus
2474:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2451:Ankylosaurinae
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2355:
2349:
2347:Ankylosauridae
2343:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2328:Struthiosaurus
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2247:
2245:
2243:Panoplosaurini
2239:
2238:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2189:Niobrarasaurus
2185:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2131:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:Polacanthoides
2050:
2042:
2035:
2027:
2024:Horshamosaurus
2020:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1994:Dongyangopelta
1990:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1960:
1957:Euankylosauria
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1933:Kunbarrasaurus
1929:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1718:
1712:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1609:
1608:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1557:
1548:
1511:
1504:
1476:
1407:
1366:
1352:
1286:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1238:
1234:Kunbarrasaurus
1187:plant tissue,
1180:
1177:
1169:Kunbarrasaurus
1161:Kunbarrasaurus
1145:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:Ankylosaurinae
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1004:
995:
990:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
971:
966:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
949:
944:
942:
940:Euankylosauria
936:
935:
932:
931:
927:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
914:
913:
904:
901:
900:
897:
896:
887:
882:
880:
877:
876:
873:
872:
868:Kunbarrasaurus
863:
858:
856:
848:
846:
840:
839:
836:
835:
831:
830:
827:
826:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
807:Huayangosaurus
802:
797:
795:
787:
785:
779:
778:
775:
774:
765:
760:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
741:
736:
734:
731:
730:
727:
726:
722:Scutellosaurus
717:
712:
710:
707:
706:
703:
702:
693:
688:
686:
681:
654:Kunbarrasaurus
647:Kunbarrasaurus
639:Ankylosauridae
631:Ankylosauridae
607:Kunbarrasaurus
595:
592:
586:, had a large
572:Kunbarrasaurus
564:Kunbarrasaurus
556:Kunbarrasaurus
541:
538:
513:Kunbarrasaurus
502:Kunbarrasaurus
490:
487:
463:Kunbarrasaurus
429:Kunbarrasaurus
349:
346:
336:single species
309:Kunbarrasaurus
303:
302:
299:
285:
284:
278:
277:
269:
267:
263:
262:
255:Kunbarrasaurus
248:
244:
243:
235:
228:
227:
219:
212:
211:
203:
196:
195:
187:
180:
179:
174:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
122:
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
41:
28:
25:Kunbarrasaurus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2825:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2707:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2680:
2675:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2561:Ankylosaurini
2558:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2471:Crichtonpelta
2468:
2466:
2465:
2464:Bissektipelta
2461:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:Shamosaurinae
2413:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:Ahshislepelta
2357:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2307:Hungarosaurus
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2273:Panoplosaurus
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:Ahshislepelta
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2120:Hoplitosaurus
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2095:Polacanthinae
2092:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:Rhadinosaurus
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1980:Acanthopholis
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1926:Antarctopelta
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1899:Tianchisaurus
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:Stegosaurides
1888:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1772:
1771:
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1767:
1765:
1761:
1753:
1749:
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1734:
1726:
1722:
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1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1695:
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1688:
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1679:
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1673:
1670:
1668:
1664:
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1658:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1593:
1581:
1579:0-253-33964-2
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1535:(1): 78–107.
1534:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1505:0-253-33964-2
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1363:. PLOS Paleo.
1362:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1212:perpendicular
1209:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
994:
993:
987:
986:
983:
982:
979:
978:
977:
970:
969:
963:
962:
959:
958:
955:
954:
948:
947:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
925:
924:
916:
915:
912:
911:
910:
903:
902:
899:
898:
895:
894:
893:
892:Antarctopelta
886:
885:
879:
878:
875:
874:
871:
870:
869:
862:
861:
855:
852:
851:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
829:
828:
825:
824:
823:Stegosauridae
818:
817:
814:
813:
810:
809:
808:
801:
800:
794:
791:
790:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
773:
772:
771:
770:Scelidosaurus
764:
763:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
747:
740:
739:
733:
732:
729:
728:
725:
724:
723:
716:
715:
709:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
699:
698:Lesothosaurus
692:
691:
685:
684:
680:
678:
677:Antarctopelta
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
600:
593:
591:
589:
585:
584:
583:Antarctopelta
579:
578:
573:
567:
565:
561:
557:
551:
546:
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
521:lacrimal bone
517:
514:
509:
507:
503:
495:
488:
486:
484:
479:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
426:
423:
422:specific name
419:
415:
411:
408:
404:
395:
391:
389:
385:
381:
380:
375:
371:
367:
359:
354:
347:
345:
343:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
322:
321:ankylosaurian
318:
315:
311:
310:
297:
295:
286:
283:
282:Binomial name
279:
275:
274:
268:
265:
264:
257:
256:
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
204:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
133:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
32:
26:
22:
19:
2730:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2591:Dyoplosaurus
2589:
2582:
2577:Ankylosaurus
2575:
2568:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2506:Pinacosaurus
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2403:
2396:
2390:Hylaeosaurus
2388:
2381:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2326:
2319:
2314:Pawpawsaurus
2312:
2305:
2298:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2259:Denversaurus
2257:
2250:
2230:
2223:
2216:
2210:Peloroplites
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2182:Borealopelta
2180:
2172:
2167:Acantholipan
2165:
2154:Nodosaurinae
2140:
2133:
2127:Peloroplites
2125:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2052:
2046:Mymoorapelta
2044:
2037:
2031:Hylaeosaurus
2029:
2022:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1992:
1987:Anoplosaurus
1985:
1978:
1967:Nodosauridae
1939:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1834:Cryptosaurus
1832:
1816:Ankylosauria
1794:Ankylosauria
1792:
1764:Ankylosauria
1752:Ornithischia
1737:Ornithischia
1689:
1685:Ornithischia
1680:
1671:
1643:Ankylosauria
1569:
1560:
1551:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1514:
1495:
1491:
1430:
1426:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1355:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1280:
1276:
1233:
1182:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1144:Paleobiology
1038:
1022:
1021:
998:
997:
974:
973:
953:Nodosauridae
951:
907:
906:
890:
889:
867:
866:
865:
844:Ankylosauria
821:
805:
804:
768:
767:
744:
743:
720:
719:
696:
695:
676:
672:
666:sister taxon
653:
651:
646:
643:Nodosauridae
635:Ankylosauria
626:
618:
611:Ankylosauria
606:
605:
581:
575:
574:, including
571:
568:
563:
555:
554:
518:
512:
510:
501:
500:
477:
473:
467:
462:
458:
456:
433:
428:
424:
413:
409:
407:type species
400:
383:
377:
374:Ralph Molnar
363:
358:thyreophoran
340:
339:
308:
307:
306:
293:
288:
272:
271:
254:
253:
231:
225:Ankylosauria
215:
199:
193:Ornithischia
183:
170:
24:
18:
2783:Ankylosaurs
2626:Scolosaurus
2543:Tsagantegia
2492:Jinyunpelta
2432:Shamosaurus
2383:Chuanqilong
2225:Silvisaurus
2203:Patagopelta
2135:Polacanthus
2084:Sauroplites
1884:Spicomellus
1862:Sarcolestes
1694:Thyreophora
1217:gastroliths
1165:herbivorous
1024:Shamosaurus
793:Stegosauria
489:Description
356:Australian
209:Thyreophora
2777:Categories
2694:See also:
2619:Platypelta
2612:Oohkotokia
2550:Zaraapelta
2425:Gobisaurus
2376:Cedarpelta
2368:Aletopelta
2321:Stegopelta
2266:Edmontonia
2252:Animantarx
2218:Sauropelta
2196:Nodosaurus
2062:Priconodon
1906:Vectipelta
1841:Dracopelta
1773:see below↓
1676:Dinosauria
1283:: 653–668.
1252:References
1000:Gobisaurus
746:Emausaurus
588:macuahuitl
548:Models at
540:Osteoderms
534:osteoderms
478:K. leversi
448:Cenomanian
341:K. ieversi
328:Cretaceous
177:Dinosauria
2746:Q21685996
2633:Talarurus
2513:Saichania
2300:Europelta
2280:Texasetes
2142:Taohelong
2039:Invictarx
1941:Stegouros
1659:Kingdom:
1606:Dinosaurs
1471:244799975
1455:1476-4687
1402:2296-6463
1321:: e1475.
1204:sporangia
1197:vesicular
909:Stegouros
673:Stegouros
594:Phylogeny
577:Stegouros
348:Discovery
332:Australia
326:from the
319:of small
266:Species:
150:Kingdom:
144:Eukaryota
121:skeleton
2740:Wikidata
2706:Category
2696:Timeline
2640:Ziapelta
2112:Gastonia
2009:Gastonia
1667:Chordata
1665:Phylum:
1661:Animalia
1463:34853468
1347:26664806
1240:See also
1189:fruiting
1185:vascular
783:Eurypoda
660:. Their
506:armoured
452:Gondwana
436:holotype
414:Kunbarra
388:CAT scan
324:dinosaur
164:Chordata
160:Phylum:
154:Animalia
140:Domain:
119:Holotype
2528:Tarchia
2520:Shanxia
1435:Bibcode
1338:4675105
1222:lizards
1208:fibrous
1153:CT scan
526:cochlea
425:ieversi
314:extinct
291:†
270:†
247:Genus:
2760:371997
1592:Portal
1576:
1502:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1427:Nature
1400:
1345:
1335:
1228:, and
1195:, and
560:armour
483:Albian
444:Albian
2485:Datai
1848:Minmi
1690:Clade
1681:Clade
1672:Clade
1492:Minmi
1467:S2CID
1315:PeerJ
1309:Minmi
1273:(PDF)
1230:geese
1193:seeds
1173:ilium
627:Minmi
619:Minmi
459:Minmi
384:Minmi
382:as a
379:Minmi
368:near
317:genus
232:Clade
216:Clade
200:Clade
184:Clade
171:Clade
2647:Zuul
1750:see
1723:see
1574:ISBN
1500:ISBN
1459:PMID
1451:ISSN
1398:ISSN
1343:PMID
1226:emus
1201:fern
1179:Diet
1163:was
675:and
580:and
519:The
434:The
418:Mayi
44:PreꞒ
1537:doi
1443:doi
1431:600
1388:doi
1333:PMC
1323:doi
641:or
330:of
2779::
2757::
2742::
1692::
1683::
1674::
1533:35
1531:.
1527:.
1479:^
1465:.
1457:.
1449:.
1441:.
1429:.
1425:.
1410:^
1396:.
1386:.
1384:10
1382:.
1378:.
1341:.
1331:.
1317:.
1313:.
1289:^
1281:39
1279:.
1275:.
1260:^
1224:,
1175:.
679:.
344:.
338:,
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