Knowledge (XXG)

Black belt (martial arts)

Source 📝

1992: 2002: 36: 146: 262:
Rank and belts are not equivalent between arts, styles, or even within some organisations. In some arts, a black belt may be awarded in three years or even less, while in others it takes dedicated training of ten years or more. Testing for black belt is commonly more rigorous and more centralised
289:
As a "black belt" is commonly viewed as conferring some status, achieving one has been used as a marketing gimmick. For example, a school might guarantee that one will be awarded within a certain period, or for a certain amount of money. Such schools are sometimes referred to as
329: 251: 362:
grade") is often used to describe those who hold a black belt rank. While the belt remains black, stripes or other insignia may be added to denote seniority, in some arts, very senior grades will wear differently colored belts.
370:, a sixth dan will wear a red-and-white belt. The red-and-white belt is often reserved only for ceremonial occasions, and a regular black belt is still worn during training. At 9th or 10th dan some schools award 553:. There are also associations that award higher dan grades for a fee: hence the proliferation of 8th and 9th degree 'grandmasters' in the USA, who have little to support their claim to such titles. . 207:
is associated with expertise, but may indicate only competence, depending on the martial art. The use of colored belts is a relatively recent invention dating from the 1880s.
320:
as a second degree or higher, as this denotes a greater degree of experience and a sensei must have this and grasp of what is involved in teaching a martial art.
426: 271:
In contrast to the "black belt as master" stereotype, a black belt commonly indicates the wearer is competent in a style's basic technique and principles.
53: 200: 519: 481: 611: 731: 1682: 646: 391: 310:(teacher). In others, a black belt student should not be called sensei until they are Sandan (third-degree black belt), or the titles 278:(for a first degree black belt), means literally the first/beginning step, and the next grades, nidan and sandan are each numbered as 238:
and black obi were used. This kind of ranking is less common in arts that do not claim a far Eastern origin, though it is used in the
100: 2031: 1677: 1531: 1364: 490: 239: 119: 72: 1667: 1650: 1645: 1496: 689: 79: 1234: 2041: 1630: 57: 2036: 1640: 1625: 86: 873: 302:
In some Japanese schools, after obtaining a black belt the student also begins to instruct, and may be referred to as a
1704: 1635: 579: 230:
instructors tended to provide rank certificates only. Initially the wide obi was used. As practitioners trained in a
68: 604: 560: 358:
grades and indicated by 'stripes' on the belt. Yūdansha (roughly translating from Japanese to "person who holds a
46: 2026: 1709: 434: 382:
rank and higher wear purple belts. These other colors are often still referred to collectively as "black belts".
1732: 948: 651: 2005: 1724: 1577: 1156: 804: 746: 699: 636: 529: 371: 1567: 504: 1658: 1066: 736: 719: 714: 641: 597: 349: 224: 1354: 1536: 1374: 1306: 851: 846: 741: 704: 684: 676: 631: 93: 1995: 1959: 1867: 1654: 1420: 1286: 1276: 1071: 1061: 1026: 991: 756: 726: 694: 524: 317: 303: 1991: 1766: 1696: 1443: 1291: 709: 1516: 1557: 1051: 863: 856: 486: 1672: 1211: 1171: 1093: 1081: 1046: 789: 784: 583: 564: 1926: 1617: 1561: 1501: 1458: 1428: 1161: 1056: 896: 836: 824: 779: 774: 2020: 1881: 1849: 1752: 1552: 1511: 1301: 1263: 1196: 1166: 1121: 1076: 958: 908: 901: 819: 275: 328: 1862: 1572: 1526: 1448: 1406: 1369: 1321: 1268: 1176: 1116: 1016: 953: 943: 886: 620: 550: 406: 1811: 1478: 1438: 1416: 1381: 1191: 891: 814: 250: 216: 35: 1714: 1468: 1396: 1326: 1296: 1281: 1252: 1240: 1206: 1136: 1031: 1011: 841: 401: 354: 235: 1969: 1964: 1954: 1914: 1909: 1844: 1839: 1799: 1794: 1737: 1719: 1521: 1433: 1401: 1359: 1349: 1311: 1186: 1151: 1141: 1041: 1000: 978: 831: 769: 337: 332:
Some martial art schools use embroidered bars to denote different levels of
215:
The systematic use of belt colour to denote rank was first used in Japan by
986: 1463: 1391: 1339: 1111: 1021: 968: 930: 918: 794: 555: 333: 1939: 1894: 1829: 1779: 1506: 1491: 1486: 1386: 1344: 1246: 1201: 1146: 1006: 963: 913: 375: 274:
Another way to describe this links to the terms used in Japanese arts;
145: 17: 1949: 1934: 1904: 1889: 1857: 1834: 1819: 1789: 1774: 1747: 1453: 1229: 1181: 1131: 1106: 379: 367: 307: 291: 255: 231: 161: 396: 1582: 1334: 1126: 1101: 459: 327: 249: 227: 180: 1944: 1899: 1824: 1784: 1036: 996: 938: 881: 809: 220: 27:
Indication of attainment of a high rank of skill in martial arts
1603: 664: 593: 589: 352:
the further subdivisions of black belt ranks may be linked to
29: 1221: 1923: 1878: 1808: 1763: 1693: 1614: 1545: 1477: 1415: 1320: 1262: 1220: 1092: 977: 929: 872: 755: 675: 179: 174: 160: 155: 134: 60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 482:Samurai fighting arts: the spirit and the practice 427:"Myths and Misconceptions Part 1 - Vol 44 No. 1" 286:is three, meaning second step, third step, etc. 311: 185: 605: 8: 166: 1611: 1600: 672: 661: 612: 598: 590: 520:"Michael Jai White Ignites Black Dynamite" 453: 451: 144: 549:Cotroneo, Christian. (November 26, 2006) 507:. Full Potential Martial Arts, San Diego. 505:"Karate Belt Ranks — History and Present" 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 418: 131: 7: 58:adding citations to reliable sources 458:Ohlenkamp, Neil (March 25, 2007). 392:Brazilian jiu-jitsu ranking system 150:A generic martial arts black belt. 25: 1532:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program 580:Origins of the Karate Rank System 503:Sensei, Brian (August 10, 2018). 240:Marine Corps Martial Arts Program 2000: 1990: 1497:Historical European martial arts 34: 2001: 485:, Kodansha International, 2003 45:needs additional citations for 69:"Black belt" martial arts 1: 556:Kicking it up at the McDojo. 312: 2058: 366:In judo and some forms of 223:in the 1880s. Previously, 1986: 1610: 1599: 671: 660: 627: 563:October 16, 2007, at the 559:Section: News; Page A12. 193: 186: 167: 143: 139: 2032:Martial arts terminology 1729:Former official sports 1157:Northern Praying Mantis 732:Mainland Southeast Asia 263:than for lower grades. 201:East Asian martial arts 1568:Professional wrestling 1235:Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu 460:"The Judo Rank System" 345: 259: 2042:Martial arts uniforms 1664:Demonstration sports 374:. In some schools of 350:Japanese martial arts 331: 253: 2037:Martial arts ranking 1924:Martial arts at the 1879:Martial arts at the 1809:Martial arts at the 1764:Martial arts at the 1744:Invitational sports 1694:Martial arts at the 1615:Martial arts at the 1537:Pencak Silat Harimau 1375:Pencak Silat Harimau 1307:Submission wrestling 1012:Luta Livre esportiva 336:, as shown on these 306:(senior student) or 258:black belts training 54:improve this article 1605:International games 1287:Full contact karate 1277:Professional boxing 992:Brazilian jiu-jitsu 525:Black Belt Magazine 431:Black Belt Magazine 318:Korean martial arts 294:or belt factories. 1767:Pan American Games 1444:Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu 1355:Jieitaikakutōjutsu 1292:Mixed martial arts 346: 340:1st, 2nd, and 3rd 260: 2014: 2013: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1595: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1558:Martial arts film 518:Pollard, Edward. 219:, the founder of 197: 196: 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 2049: 2027:Belts (clothing) 2004: 2003: 1994: 1612: 1601: 673: 662: 614: 607: 600: 591: 567: 547: 541: 540: 538: 537: 528:. Archived from 515: 509: 508: 500: 494: 477: 471: 470: 468: 467: 455: 446: 445: 443: 442: 433:. Archived from 423: 315: 189: 188: 170: 169: 148: 132: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2010: 1974: 1925: 1919: 1880: 1874: 1810: 1804: 1765: 1759: 1695: 1689: 1618:Summer Olympics 1616: 1606: 1587: 1541: 1473: 1411: 1325: 1316: 1267: 1258: 1216: 1212:Yoshukai Karate 1172:Shaolin kung fu 1088: 973: 949:Practice weapon 925: 868: 758: 751: 677:Regional origin 667: 656: 623: 618: 584:Wayback Machine 576: 571: 570: 565:Wayback Machine 548: 544: 535: 533: 517: 516: 512: 502: 501: 497: 479:Fumon, Tanaka; 478: 474: 465: 463: 457: 456: 449: 440: 438: 425: 424: 420: 415: 388: 334:black belt rank 326: 300: 269: 248: 213: 151: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 51: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2019: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2008: 1998: 1987: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1927:European Games 1921: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1886: 1884: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1769: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1727: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1673:Pistol dueling 1670: 1662: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1620: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1586: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1555: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1502:Huiyen Lallong 1499: 1494: 1489: 1483: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1472: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1459:Shorinji Kempo 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1429:American Kenpo 1425: 1423: 1413: 1412: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1260: 1259: 1257: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1237: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1214: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1162:Russian boxing 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 994: 989: 983: 981: 975: 974: 972: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 946: 941: 935: 933: 927: 926: 924: 923: 922: 921: 916: 909:Ranged weapons 906: 905: 904: 899: 897:Stick-fighting 894: 892:Knife fighting 884: 878: 876: 870: 869: 867: 866: 861: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 829: 828: 827: 822: 817: 812: 807: 799: 798: 797: 792: 787: 782: 777: 772: 763: 761: 753: 752: 750: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 723: 722: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 681: 679: 669: 668: 666:Classification 665: 658: 657: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 632:List of styles 628: 625: 624: 619: 617: 616: 609: 602: 594: 588: 587: 575: 574:External links 572: 569: 568: 542: 510: 495: 472: 462:. JudoInfo.com 447: 417: 416: 414: 411: 410: 409: 404: 399: 394: 387: 384: 325: 322: 299: 296: 268: 265: 247: 244: 212: 209: 195: 194: 191: 190: 183: 177: 176: 172: 171: 164: 158: 157: 153: 152: 149: 141: 140: 137: 136: 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2054: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2022: 2007: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1882:African Games 1877: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1692: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1598: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1553:Fighting game 1551: 1550: 1548: 1546:Entertainment 1544: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1517:Krabi–krabong 1515: 1513: 1512:Kalaripayattu 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1332: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1302:Shootfighting 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1270: 1269:combat sports 1265: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1198: 1197:Tien Shan Pai 1195: 1193: 1190: 1188: 1185: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1122:Choi Kwang-Do 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1002: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 984: 982: 980: 976: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 959:Pushing hands 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 934: 932: 928: 920: 917: 915: 912: 911: 910: 907: 903: 902:Swordsmanship 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 889: 888: 887:Melee weapons 885: 883: 880: 879: 877: 875: 871: 865: 862: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 834: 833: 830: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 800: 796: 793: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 767: 765: 764: 762: 760: 754: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 680: 678: 674: 670: 663: 659: 653: 652:Hard and soft 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 629: 626: 622: 615: 610: 608: 603: 601: 596: 595: 592: 585: 581: 578: 577: 573: 566: 562: 558: 557: 552: 546: 543: 532:on 2010-01-02 531: 527: 526: 521: 514: 511: 506: 499: 496: 492: 491:9784770028983 488: 484: 483: 476: 473: 461: 454: 452: 448: 437:on 2014-06-06 436: 432: 428: 422: 419: 412: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 385: 383: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 361: 357: 356: 351: 343: 339: 335: 330: 324:Higher grades 323: 321: 319: 314: 309: 305: 297: 295: 293: 287: 285: 281: 277: 272: 266: 264: 257: 252: 246:Relative rank 245: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 226: 222: 218: 210: 208: 206: 202: 192: 184: 182: 178: 175:Japanese name 173: 165: 163: 159: 154: 147: 142: 138: 133: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: –  70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 1863:Pencak silat 1573:Stage combat 1527:Mardani khel 1449:Jeet Kune Do 1407:Silat Melayu 1370:Pencak silat 1322:Self-defense 1264:Full contact 1251: 1239: 1177:Shoot boxing 1117:Chess boxing 1017:Malla-yuddha 954:Punching bag 944:Boxing glove 801:Leg strikes 780:Elbow strike 766:Arm strikes 621:Martial arts 554: 551:Toronto Star 545: 534:. Retrieved 530:the original 523: 513: 498: 480: 475: 464:. Retrieved 439:. Retrieved 435:the original 430: 421: 407:Rank in Judo 365: 359: 353: 347: 344:black belts. 341: 316:or sabom in 301: 288: 283: 279: 273: 270: 261: 214: 204: 198: 116: 110:January 2018 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 52:Please help 47:verification 44: 1812:Asian Games 1697:World Games 1659:Greco-Roman 1479:Battlefield 1439:Chun Kuk Do 1382:Suffrajitsu 1192:Tang Soo Do 1067:Greco-Roman 820:Knee strike 737:Philippines 282:is two and 217:Jigoro Kano 156:Korean name 2021:Categories 1854:2018 Only 1715:Kickboxing 1469:Qwan Ki Do 1397:To-Shin Do 1327:combatives 1297:Pankration 1282:Kickboxing 1253:Xingyiquan 1241:Baguazhang 1207:Wudangquan 1137:Kickboxing 1032:Shuai jiao 842:Joint lock 759:techniques 536:2009-12-27 466:2007-10-15 441:2010-01-29 413:References 402:Dan (rank) 205:black belt 135:Black belt 80:newspapers 1970:Wrestling 1965:Taekwondo 1915:Wrestling 1910:Taekwondo 1845:Wrestling 1840:Taekwondo 1800:Wrestling 1795:Taekwondo 1738:Taekwondo 1720:Muay Thai 1655:freestyle 1651:Wrestling 1646:Taekwondo 1522:Krav Maga 1434:Angampora 1402:Wing Chun 1360:Krav Maga 1350:Kajukenbo 1312:Vale Tudo 1187:Taekwondo 1152:Muay Thai 1142:Kun Khmer 1072:Mongolian 1062:freestyle 1042:Wrestling 1001:Para judo 979:Grappling 832:Grappling 770:Chokehold 700:Indonesia 338:taekwondo 1955:Muaythai 1705:Ju-jitsu 1578:Tricking 1562:Chanbara 1464:Unifight 1417:Eclectic 1392:Taekkyon 1340:Bartitsu 1222:Internal 1112:Capoeira 1094:Striking 1022:Pehlwani 969:Sparring 931:Training 919:Shooting 864:Stand-up 852:Takedown 805:Footwork 795:Headbutt 757:Unarmed 642:Timeline 561:Archived 386:See also 298:Teaching 225:Japanese 2006:Outline 1940:Fencing 1895:Fencing 1830:Jujutsu 1780:Fencing 1631:Fencing 1507:Jujutsu 1492:Bokator 1487:Banshay 1421:hybrids 1387:Systema 1345:Hapkido 1247:Tai chi 1202:Vovinam 1147:Lethwei 1052:Cornish 1007:Jujutsu 964:Randori 914:Archery 874:Weapons 747:Vietnam 720:Okinawa 710:Ireland 705:Italian 647:Records 637:History 376:jujutsu 292:McDojos 267:Ability 234:, only 94:scholar 18:Kuroobi 1996:Portal 1950:Karate 1935:Boxing 1905:Karate 1890:Boxing 1858:Kurash 1835:Karate 1820:Boxing 1790:Karate 1775:Boxing 1748:Aikido 1710:Karate 1683:Savate 1641:Karate 1626:Boxing 1454:Shooto 1230:Aikido 1182:Savate 1132:Karate 1107:Boxing 987:Barróg 815:Flying 790:Ground 785:Clinch 742:Russia 690:Europe 489:  380:shihan 378:, the 368:karate 308:sensei 304:senpai 276:shodan 256:aikido 232:kimono 211:Origin 203:, the 162:Hangul 96:  89:  82:  75:  67:  1960:Sambo 1868:Sambo 1850:Wushu 1753:Wushu 1733:Sambo 1678:Glima 1583:Wuxia 1365:MCMAP 1335:Arnis 1167:Sanda 1127:Dambe 1102:Bando 1082:shoot 1047:catch 1027:Sambo 857:Throw 847:Sweep 825:Stomp 775:Punch 727:Korea 715:Japan 695:India 685:China 586:copy) 313:kyosa 236:white 228:Koryu 181:Kanji 101:JSTOR 87:books 1945:Judo 1900:Judo 1825:Judo 1785:Judo 1725:Sumo 1668:Budō 1636:Judo 1057:folk 1037:Sumo 997:Judo 939:Kata 882:Duel 837:Hold 810:Kick 487:ISBN 254:Two 221:judo 73:news 1077:oil 493:p25 397:Kyū 372:red 360:dan 355:dan 348:In 342:dan 284:san 199:In 168:검은띠 56:by 2023:: 1657:, 1419:/ 522:. 450:^ 429:. 280:ni 242:. 187:黒帯 1661:) 1653:( 1564:) 1560:( 1324:/ 1266:/ 1003:) 999:( 613:e 606:t 599:v 582:( 539:. 469:. 444:. 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 50:. 20:)

Index

Kuroobi

verification
improve this article
adding citations to reliable sources
"Black belt" martial arts
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
Learn how and when to remove this message

Hangul
Kanji
East Asian martial arts
Jigoro Kano
judo
Japanese
Koryu
kimono
white
Marine Corps Martial Arts Program

aikido
shodan
McDojos
senpai
sensei
Korean martial arts

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.