239:
278:
45:
422:
38:
264:
63:
368:
Barzanji attempted to expand his influence outside his designated region, and used
British subsidies, provided for salaries and to assist recovery from the ravages of war, in order to consolidate his power base, buying the loyalty of chieftains. This led to deteriorating relations with the British,
389:
Tribal fighters from both Iran and Iraq quickly allied themselves with Sheykh Mahmud as he became more successful in opposing
British rule. According to McDowall, the Sheykh's forces "were largely Barzinja tenantry and tribesmen, the Hamavand under Karim Fattah Beg, and disaffected sections of the
385:
Using his authority as a religious leader, Sheykh Mahmud called for a jihad against the
British in 1919 and thus acquired the support of many Kurds indifferent to the nationalist struggle. Although the intensity of their struggle was motivated by religion, Kurdish peasantry seized the idea of
485:
go in more detail about its design, stating "The flag designed in 1919 was green with a red circle and white crescent inside the circle." flaglog.com, an online index of flags, likewise corroborates that "Mahmud
Barzanji revolted against the British under a green Kurdish flag. The revolt was
405:, crossed the Piyaw Valley to join Sheykh Mahmud Barzanji. Even though they were ambushed several times on the way, Barzani and his men managed to reach Sheykh Mahmud's location, however were too late to aid the revolt. The Barzani fighters were only a part of the Sheykh's 500-person force.
346:
sought to break away from the
Ottomans and create an autonomous southern Kurdistan under British supervision. He was elected as the head of government by a council of Kurdish notables in the Sulaimaniya region, and as soon as the British captured
408:
As the
British became aware of the sheykh's growing political and military power, they were forced to respond militarily, and two brigades defeated the 500-strong Kurdish force in the Bazyan Pass on 18 June, and occupied
377:
On 23 May 1919, a few months after being appointed governor of
Sulaymaniyah, Barzanji raised 300 tribal fighters, expelled British supervisors and proclaimed himself "Ruler of all Kurdistan", initiating the first of the
382:. Early in the rebellion, the Kurds saw some success with the successful ambush of a light British column that strayed beyond Chamchamal. On both sides of the border, tribes proclaimed themselves for Shaykh Mahmud.
351:(25 October 1918) he captured Ottoman troops present in his district and declared the end of Ottoman rule, pledging allegiance to Britain. Other Kurdish regions followed suit, such as Rania and Keuisenjaq.
360:) They did not recognize the Kurdish state. In contrast, British officials on the ground chose to accept Kurdish cooperation, despite officially lacking a well-defined policy on southern Kurdistan.
327:
that was used by
British officials in London and the Middle East to describe this polity during its existence. Saad Eskander argues that this term is incorrect, as it was not fully independent.
798:
481:
Ilhan Kilic states that the government "raised the
Kurdish flag" upon rebellion on 23 May 1919, though he does not provide any details about its design. However, the authors of
793:
643:
390:
Jaf, Jabbari, Sheykh
Bizayni and Shuan tribes". The popularity and numbers of Sheykh Mahmud's troops only increased after their ambush of a British military column.
365:
Mahmud Barzanji was designated by the British as governor of Kurdish area B, which extended from south of the Lesser Zab River to the old Ottoman-Persian frontier.
442:
British involvement was restricted to a role of supervision, and the local government retained autonomy in regards to matters relating to judiciary and revenue.
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740:
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was the head of government when the Kurdish state was established. On 1 December 1918, British authorities recognized him as
356:
The Ottoman position was that the region was still legally under their rule, despite the armistice. (Further information:
655:
Willing to Face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces — the Peshmerga — from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq
421:
475:
315:
Though it was initially subordinate to Britain, it was eventually dissolved following an anti-British rebellion.
44:
505:
379:
37:
499:
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271:
386:"national and political liberty for all" and strove for "an improvement in their social standing".
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736:
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397:, who was to become the future leader of the Kurdish nationalist cause and a commander of the
83:
715:
In summer 1919, this state was disposed of, after the British suppressed a Kurdish rebellion.
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HISTORY OF THE GREAT WAR BASED ON OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. THE CAMPAIGN IN MESOPOTAMIA 1914-1918
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644:"Chapter 1: Introduction: The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the
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suppressed in June but Barzanji would return in 1922 to declare an unrecognized
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703:
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forces. Barzani and his men, following the orders of Barzani tribal Shekyh
727:
MacArthur-Seal, Daniel-Joseph; Barlas, Dilek; Hale, William (2022-12-26).
691:. School of History of the University of East Anglia. pp. 182–183.
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on the 28th, ending the Kurdish state and defeating the rebellion.
420:
296:
393:
Among the supporters of Sheykh Mahmud was also the 16-year-old
657:(Thesis). Florida State University. p. 11. Archived from
564:. Vol. 4. His Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 276.
756:
704:"Britain's Policy Towards The Kurdish Question, 1915-1923"
538:"Britain's Policy Towards The Kurdish Question, 1915-1923"
342:
With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in October 1918,
733:
From Enemies to Allies: Turkey and Britain, 1918–1960
483:
From Enemies to Allies: Turkey and Britain, 1918–1960
502:- new attempt at a Kurdish state a few years later.
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685:Britain's Kurdish Policy and Kurdistan 1918 -1923
452:as political officer responsible for supervision.
799:States and territories disestablished in 1919
312:that existed from October 1918 to June 1919.
8:
54:(left: until May 1919, right: May–June 1919)
729:"Chapter 3 - The Emergence of Turkish Iraq"
794:States and territories established in 1918
621:(3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. p. 158.
466:the status of being an official language.
369:setting the stage for an eventual revolt.
61:
18:
592:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 155–160.
105:(governor), then "Ruler of all Kurdistan"
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439:(governor) of Sulaymaniya division.
757:"World Flag Chart 1919 - Flag Log"
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308:was an autonomous government in
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36:
194:• anti-British rebellion
1:
789:Former Kurdish states in Iraq
619:A Modern History of the Kurds
615:"The Kurds, Britain and Iraq"
589:A Modern History of the Kurds
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642:Lortz, Michael G. (2005).
476:flag of the United Kingdom
613:McDowall, David (2007) .
474:This government used the
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735:. Taylor & Francis.
586:McDowall, David (1997).
558:Moberly, James (1927).
506:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
380:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
80:Official languages
547:. pp. 49–57, 182.
490:under the same flag."
429:
323:"Kurdish state" is an
204:• Disestablished
184:• Kurdish area B
682:Kilic, Ilhan (2018).
428:, head of government.
424:
16:Autonomous government
500:Kingdom of Kurdistan
488:Kingdom of Kurdistan
462:The government gave
373:Rebellion and defeat
272:Kingdom of Kurdistan
664:on 29 October 2013.
174:• Established
430:
310:Southern Kurdistan
742:978-1-000-81886-4
711:etheses.lse.ac.uk
628:978-1-85043-416-0
599:978-1-86064-185-5
545:etheses.lse.ac.uk
448:was appointed by
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146:• 1918-1919
133:Political officer
118:• 1918-1919
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478:until May 1919.
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395:Mustafa Barzani
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344:Mahmud Barzanji
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188:1 December 1918
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178:25 October 1918
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123:Mahmud Barzanji
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713:. p. 55.
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358:Mosul Question
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338:Establishment
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23:Kurdish state
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764:. Retrieved
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659:the original
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227:Succeeded by
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208:28 June 1919
102:
74:Sulaymaniyah
761:flaglog.com
446:Edward Noel
222:Preceded by
198:23 May 1919
151:Edward Noel
783:Categories
766:2022-12-15
512:References
417:Government
91:Demonym(s)
646:Peshmerga
399:Peshmerga
29:1918–1919
494:See also
458:Language
437:hukumdar
103:hukumdar
464:Kurdish
411:Halabja
333:History
161:History
84:Kurdish
70:Capital
739:
625:
596:
349:Kirkuk
325:exonym
164:
136:
108:
707:(PDF)
689:(PDF)
662:(PDF)
651:(PDF)
541:(PDF)
52:Flags
737:ISBN
623:ISBN
594:ISBN
470:Flag
319:Name
304:The
297:Iraq
96:Kurd
785::
759:.
731:.
709:.
670:^
653:.
617:.
570:^
543:.
520:^
769:.
745:.
648:"
631:.
602:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
