74:
obvious physical differences and negative community attitudes to women who were involved with occupation troops. Scholarships and living allowances enabled some individuals to continue their studies through to senior high school and university, a result rare for other mixed-race children born in similar circumstances elsewhere in Japan.
60:
The Kure
Project was initially funded from private sources including American and Australian Christian churches concerned by the plight of the children, many of whom had been abandoned by their fathers and were suffering from poverty and discrimination. In the decade from 1962 about half the annual
90:
where the bulk of the U.S. military forces were based. ISSJ also arranged 15 inter-country adoptions from Kure between 1958 and 1965, in all but one case to families in the United States. The
Australian Government refused to allow the entry of the half-Japanese children to Australia because of the
73:
It has been estimated around 10,000 mixed-race children were left in Japan after the
Occupation. The Kure Project provided long-term assistance to 127 clients. Social workers organised group activities to help the children overcome social prejudice resulting from their disadvantaged backgrounds,
155:
A Japanese
Government survey in 1952 put the number at just under 4,000, but many families preferred not to admit they had a "konketsuji" (the now-taboo word for mixed-blood child). Hamilton, "Children of the Occupation", p.
128:
Wood, James. "The
Forgotten Force: The Australian Military Contribution to the Occupation of Japan 1945-1952". Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1998). Hamilton, "Children of the Occupation", pp. 58-60.
227:
237:
82:
In the decade following the end of the
Occupation in 1952, more than 2,000 mixed-race children were adopted abroad from Japan. Most had been born in or near Tokyo,
222:
65:
Memorial Fund established in 1964 in honour of a
Melbourne businessman, Alex Ferguson, who had done much to bring the issue before the Australian public.
45:
52:
until 1956. Servicemen from
Australia, the U.K., New Zealand, India and (from 1950) Canada were either based at or used facilities in Kure.
242:
232:
49:
21:
217:
61:
budget was met from grants made by the
Australian Government. A further important source of revenue was the
62:
33:
118:. Sydney: NewSouth Books; New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 181–94, 206–220.
92:
25:
201:
Immigration
Department briefing note. National Archives of Australia: A446, 1962/67628.
211:
113:
29:
87:
83:
48:(BCOF) between 1946 and 1952 and continued to be used by the
30:
mixed-race offspring of Allied servicemen and Japanese women
165:
Ito Yone. "Report of ISS Kure Project". ISSJ, October 1977.
20:
was a welfare, counseling and educational program run by
115:"Children of the Occupation: Japan's Untold Story"
192:Hamilton, "Children of the Occupation", p. 184.
183:Hamilton, "Children of the Occupation", p. 158.
174:Hamilton, "Children of the Occupation", p. 221.
95:") policy, which was not abolished until 1972.
137:Hamilton, Children of the Occupation, op. cit.
146:Hamilton, Children of the Occupation, p. 216.
8:
228:Organizations based in Hiroshima Prefecture
78:The Kure Project and inter-country adoption
238:Multiracial affairs in the United States
104:
32:born during and soon after the postwar
44:Kure had been the headquarters of the
46:British Commonwealth Occupation Force
7:
223:Child-related organizations in Japan
91:country's restrictive immigration ("
22:International Social Service Japan
14:
50:British Commonwealth Forces Korea
28:, between 1960 and 1977 for the
1:
243:Australian diaspora in Asia
259:
26:Kure, Hiroshima Prefecture
233:American diaspora in Asia
112:Hamilton, Walter (2012).
24:(ISSJ) in the city of
56:Origins and funding
34:Occupation of Japan
250:
202:
199:
193:
190:
184:
181:
175:
172:
166:
163:
157:
153:
147:
144:
138:
135:
129:
126:
120:
119:
109:
258:
257:
253:
252:
251:
249:
248:
247:
218:Children in war
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
196:
191:
187:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
160:
154:
150:
145:
141:
136:
132:
127:
123:
111:
110:
106:
101:
93:White Australia
80:
71:
58:
42:
12:
11:
5:
256:
254:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
210:
209:
204:
203:
194:
185:
176:
167:
158:
148:
139:
130:
121:
103:
102:
100:
97:
79:
76:
70:
67:
63:A. J. Ferguson
57:
54:
41:
38:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
255:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
213:
198:
195:
189:
186:
180:
177:
171:
168:
162:
159:
152:
149:
143:
140:
134:
131:
125:
122:
117:
116:
108:
105:
98:
96:
94:
89:
85:
77:
75:
68:
66:
64:
55:
53:
51:
47:
39:
37:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
197:
188:
179:
170:
161:
151:
142:
133:
124:
114:
107:
81:
72:
59:
43:
18:Kure Project
17:
15:
212:Categories
99:References
40:Background
88:Yokohama
69:Results
84:Osaka
156:149.
86:and
16:The
214::
36:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.